343. AFHRA, Disc MAAF 233, Air Ministry to HQ 15th Air Force, 14 Oct 1944, additions to target list (as well as Dresden, the additions were Eberswalde, Plauen, Jenbach, Obergrafendorf).
344. CCAC, BUFT 3/51, Combined Strategic Targets Committee, ‘Target Priorities for Attack of Industrial Areas’, 27 Nov 1944.
345. CCO, Portal papers, Folder 5, Portal to Churchill, 4 Oct 1944.
346. Ibid., Folder 6, Report by A. H. Birse (Churchill’s interpreter) ‘Notes on Air Chief Marshal Sir A. Tedder’s Meeting with Marshal Stalin’, 15 Jan 1945.
347. Probert, Bomber Harris, 318; UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/58, Note by the Air Staff, ‘Strategic Bombing in Relation to the Present Russian Offensive’, 25 Jan 1945; Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol 3, pt ii, 611.
348. Ian Hunter (ed), Winston & Archie: The Collected Correspondence of Winston Churchill and Archibald Sinclair 1915–1960 (London: 2005), 410–11, Sinclair to Churchill, 26 Jan 1945; Churchill to Sinclair, 26 Jan 1945; Sinclair to Churchill, 27 Jan 1945.
349. CCO, Portal papers, Folder 6, Portal to Churchill, 28 Jan 1945.
350. Webster, Frankland, Strategic Air Offensive, vol 4, 301, Bottomley to Harris, 27 Jan 1945; Sebastian Cox, ‘The Dresden Raids: Why and How’, in Paul Addison, Jeremy Crang (eds), Firestorm: The Bombing of Dresden, 1945 (London: 2006), 22–5; Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol 3, pt ii, 611.
351. CCAC, BUFT 3/51, ‘Strategic Bombing in Reaction to the Present Russian Offensive’, note by the Air Staff for CoS Meeting, 31 Jan 1945, 1.
352. Davis, Carl A. Spaatz, 546–8.
353. S. M. Plokhy, Yalta: The Price of Peace (New York: 2010), 213–14; AFHRA, K239.046-38, Joseph Angell, ‘Historical Analysis of the 14–15 February Bombings of Dresden’ [n.d. but 1953], 12.
354. RAFM, Harris papers, H136, ‘Notes on Bomber Command’ [n.d. but 1961 or 1962], 7.
355. Freeman, The Mighty Eighth, 432; Davis, Carl A. Spaatz, 551–3; Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 388–9, 398–400; Richard Overy, ‘The Post-War Debate’, in Addison, Crang (eds), Firestorm, 129–30.
356. Götz Bergander, Dresden im Luftkrieg: Vorgeschichte – Zerstörung – Folgen (Munich: 1985), 256–7; Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 412; Matthias Gretzschel, ‘Dresden im Dritten Reich’, in Hamburg und Dresden im Dritten Reich: Bombenkrieg and Kriegsende. Sieben Beiträge (Hamburg: 2000), 97.
357. Tami Davis Biddle, ‘Wartime Reactions’, in Addison, Crang (eds), Firestorm, 107–10.
358. Ibid., 113.
359. CamUL, Boyle papers, Add 9429/1B, Harris to Boyle, 13 June 1979.
360. CCAC, BUFT 3/51, HQ Bomber Command, ‘Bomber Command’s “Battle of the Ruhr” ’, 24 Mar 1945.
361. Greenhous et al., Crucible of War, 862.
362. CCO, Portal papers, Folder 6, Portal to Churchill, 20 Apr 1945; Hunter, Winston & Archie, 414, Churchill to Sinclair, 19 Apr 1945.
363. Webster, Frankland, Strategic Air Offensive, vol 4, 183–4, Strategic Directive no. 4, 16 Apr 1945.
364. Davis, Carl A. Spaatz, 582–4.
365. Mets, Master of Airpower, 283–4.
366. TNA, HO 196/30, RE8 Report, 25 May 1945.
367. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 143, Spaatz to commanding generals, 8th, 9th and 15th Air Forces, 24 Aug 1944.
368. Arnold, Global Mission, 490–91; USSBS, ‘Over-all Report (European War)’, Washington, DC, 30 Sept 1945, vol 2, ix; Gordon Daniels (ed), A Guide to the Reports of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (London: 1981), xix–xxii; Gian Gentile, How Effective is Strategic Bombing? Lessons Learned from World War II to Kosovo (New York: 2000), 33–54.
369. NC, Cherwell papers, F247, Churchill to Sinclair, 3 Jan 1945; on the problems surrounding the survey see Sebastian Cox (ed), The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945: The Official Report of the British Bombing Survey Unit (London: 1998), xvii–xix.
370. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/1, BBSU Advisory Committee, minutes of 1st meeting, 6 June 1945; Note for Air Ministry and SHAEF, 13 June 1945; Cox (ed), The Strategic Air War Against Germany, xx–xxi.
371. TNA, AIR 14/1779, Minutes of meeting, 27 Feb 1945, on the future of the RE8 Department. The personnel were absorbed into the Air Ministry establishment on 1 March 1945.
372. CCAC, BUFT 3/51, ‘Proposals for the Establishment of a British Strategic Bombing Unit’, 30 May 1945, 1–3.
373. CCAC, BUFT 3/65, ADI (K) Report, ‘Factors in Germany’s Defeat’, 17 May 1945.
374. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 68, HQ USSTAF, ‘The Allied Air Offensive against Germany and Principal Criticisms by Enemy Leaders’, 4–5, 6.
375. Ibid., Table D, Ninth Air Force interrogation of Hermann Göring, 1 June 1945; interrogation of Milch, 23 May 1945; Table E, SHAEF interrogation of Speer, 3 June 1945; Gentile, How Effective is Strategic Bombing?, 69.
376. Gentile, How Effective is Strategic Bombing?, 7; LC, Spaatz papers, Box 134, ‘Interrogation of Reich Marshal Hermann Goering’, 10 May 1945, 5.
377. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 134, USSBS Interrogation no. 8, Lt. Gen. Karl Koller, 23–24 May 1945, 6–7.
378. USSBS, Over-all Report (European Theatre), 25–6, 37–8, 73–4; Gentile, How Effective is Strategic Bombing?, 55–6. For a convincing case on the diminishing returns from bombing, see the recent economic analysis by Jurgen Brauer, Hubert van Tuyll, Castles, Battles & Bombs: How Economics Explains Military History (Chicago, IL: 2008), 211–13, 217–19, 235–6.
379. Cox (ed), The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 129–34.
380. Ibid., 154.
381. Ibid., 94–7.
382. CCAC, BUFT 3/51, Bufton to Portal, 3 Jan 1945. The report was passed on to Harris by Portal, but with the reference to Hamburg deleted.
383. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/3, Exercise Thunderbolt, précis no. 8, ‘The Course of the Combined Bomber Offensive from January 1943 to April 1944’, 2; précis no. 18, ‘The Course of the Combined Strategic Bomber Offensive from 14 April 1944 to the End of the European War’, 3–4.
384. Ibid., Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/2, précis of lecture by Wing Commander G. A. Carey Foster, ‘On the Effects of Strategic Bombing on Germany’s Capacity to Make War’.
385. Ibid., Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/3, Zuckerman, rough notes on Exercise Thunderbolt, 13–16 Aug 1947.
386. Ibid., Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/103, Nicholas Kaldor typescript, ‘The Nature of Strategic Bombing’, 4–6; Kaldor typescript, ‘Capacity of German Industry’, 2–5.
387. Nicholas Kaldor, ‘The German War Economy’, Review of Economic Statistics, 13 (1946), 20ff; see Richard Overy, ‘Mobilization for Total War in Germany 1939–1941’, English Historical Review, 103 (1988), 613–39, and more recently Adam Tooze, ‘No Room for Miracles: German Industrial Output in World War II Reassessed’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 31 (2005), 439–64.
388. Webster, Frankland, Strategic Air Offensive, vol 4, 469–70, 494, App 49 (iii), 49 (xxii).
389. Richard Overy, ‘The Economy of the German “New Order” ’, in Johannes ten Cate, Gerhard Otto, Richard Overy (eds), Die ‘Neuordnung’ Europas: NS- Wirtschaftspolitik in den besetzten Gebieten (Berlin: 1997), 14–26; on financial contributions, Willi Boelcke, Die Kosten von Hitlers Krieg (Paderborn: 1985), 98, 110. On labour Ulrich Herbert (ed), Europa und der ‘Reichseinsatz’. Ausländische Zivilarbeiter, Kriegsgefangene und KZ-Häftlinge in Deutschland 1938–1945 (Essen: 1991), 7–8. The totals were: POWs 1,930,087; forced labourers, 5,976,673. On booty policy and its results, Götz Aly, Hitlers Volksstaat: Raub, Rassenkrieg und Nationaler Sozialismus (Frankfurt am Main: 2005), 59ff.
390. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/103, ‘Nature of Strategic Bombing’, 6–7.
391. LC, Spaatz papers, J. K. Galbraith, ‘Preliminary Appraisal of Achievement of Strategic Bombing of Germany’, 2.
392. TNA, AIR 48/33, USSBS, Civilian Defense Report no. 4, Hamburg Field Report, vol 1, 83.
393. Details from BA-B, R3102/10031, Reichsministerium für Rüstung- und Kri
egswirtschaft, ‘Vorläufige Zusammenstellung des Arbeiterstundenausfalls durch Feindeinwirkung’, Tables 1 and 4, 4 Jan 1945.
394. Albert Speer, Spandau: The Secret Diaries (London: 1976), 360, entry for 12 Apr 1959: ‘No-one has yet seen that this was the greatest lost battle on the German side.’
395. CCAC, BUFT 3/51, note by Bufton, ‘Part Played by the RAF in the Crossing of the Rhine – 24 March 1945’.
396. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/3, Portal to Tedder, 10 Sept 1947.
397. Air Ministry, Rise and Fall of the German Air Force, 274, 302. Boog, ‘Strategischer Luftkrieg’, 287.
398. Cox (ed), The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 97; Air Ministry, Rise and Fall of the German Air Force, 274, 298; Golücke, Schweinfurt und der strategische Luftkrieg, 153–9; IWM, MD, vol 53, 877, German Flak Office to Milch, 12 Aug 1943.
399. John K. Galbraith, A Life in Our Times: Memoirs (London: 1981), 240.
400. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/2, Carey Lecture, 8; TNA, AIR 10/3866, Report of the British Bombing Survey Unit, 38; NARA, RG 107, Box 138, Statistical Control Division, ‘An Estimate of Costs of AAF Strategic Air Forces Fighting Germany’, 12 Apr 1945. Since this last figure covered the period up to 31 Dec 1944, it is likely that the final figure was between 12 and 13 per cent.
401. TNA, AIR 20/2025, Casualties of RAF, Dominion and Allied Personnel at RAF Posting Disposal, 31 May 1947.
402. Greenhous et al., Crucible of War, 864.
403. TNA, AIR 22/203, War Room Manual of Bomber Command Operations 1939–1945, 9.
404. Davis, Carl A. Spaatz, App 4, App 9.
7. THE LOGIC OF TOTAL WAR: GERMAN SOCIETY UNDER THE BOMBS
1. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 134, ‘Interrogation of Hermann Goering, Augsburg, 10 May 1945’; Hopper to Spaatz, 12 May 1945.
2. Spaatz papers, Box 203, ‘Jeeping the Targets in a Country that Was’, 17–22 Apr 1945, 1, 19.
3. CCAC, BUFT 3/51, Bufton to Brig. Gen. F. Maxwell, 17 May 1945.
4. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/1, ‘Notes on the “pocket” ’, 28 Apr 1945, 4–5, 7, 10.
5. Bernd Lemke, Luftschutz in Grossbritannien und Deutschland 1923 bis 1939 (Munich: 2005), 255.
6. BA-B, R 1501/1513, RLM, ‘Grundsätze für die Führung des Luftschutzes’, Feb 1942, 5.
7. BA-B, NS 18/1333, Göring, Goebbels and Wilhelm Frick (Interior Minister) to all Reichsverteidigungskommissare, 7 May 1942, ‘Aufgabenverteilung bei Luftschutzmassnahmen’.
8. Lemke, Luftschutz, 258–61.
9. Jörn Brinkhus, ‘Ziviler Luftschutz im “Dritten Reich” – Wandel seiner Spitzenorganisation’, in Dietmar Süss (ed), Deutschland im Luftkrieg: Geschichte und Erinnerung (Munich: 2007), 27–30.
10. Andreas Linhardt, Feuerwehr im Luftschutz 1926–1945: Die Umstruktierung des öffentlichen Feuerlöschwesens in Deutschland unter Gesichtspunkten des zivilen Luftschutzes (Brunswick: 2002), 37–8, 85–7, 114–20, 134–9, 204–5.
11. BIOS Report no. 18, ‘Fire Fighting Equipment and Methods in Germany during the Period 1939–1945’ (London: 1949), 7–9.
12. Lemke, Luftschutz, 254–6.
13. BA-B, R1501/823, Luftschutzgesetz, 7 Durchführungsverordnung, 31 Aug 1943, 519–20.
14. TNA, AIR 48/29, USSBS, ‘Civilian Defense Division: Final Report, 26 Oct 1945’, 117–26.
15. BA-MA, RL 41/3, RLB, Luftschutz-Berichte, 21 May 1941, 1. Leitsätze für Luftschutz-Warte.
16. BA-B, R1501/1513, RLM, ‘Grundsätze für die Führung des Luftschutzes’, Feb 1942, 6.
17. BA-MA, RL41/7, RLB, Rundschreiben, 2 Oct 1942, ‘Führungsaufgaben’; 16 Oct 1942, ‘Besonderer Einsatz von Amtsträgerinnen bei Terrorangriffen’.
18. Linhardt, Feuerwehr im Luftschutz, 108–9.
19. BA-B, R1501/1516, Deutsche Gemeindetag to Göring, 3 Nov 1938; Interior Ministry to all Reich provinces, 21 Apr 1939.
20. Ibid., Air Ministry to all Regional Air Commands, Nov 1941.
21. BA-MA, RL41/2, RLB, Luftschutz-Berichte, 8 May 1940, 2 and 10 July 1940, 1.
22. Lemke, Luftschutz, 328–9.
23. BA-B, R1510/1515, Interior Ministry to Landesregierungen, Oberpräsidenten, 6 Jan 1940, 17 May 1940, 26 Sept 1940.
24. TNA, AIR 20/7287, Home Office, ‘Secret Report by the Police President of Hamburg’, 1 Dec 1943, 3–4.
25. Wilfried Beer, Kriegsalltag an der Heimatfront: Allierten Luftkrieg und deutsche Gegenmassnahmen zur Abwehr und Schadensbegrenzung dargestellt für den Raum Münster (Bremen: 1990), 108–10.
26. BA-MA, RL 41/2, RLB, Luftschutz-Berichte, vol 6, 10 July 1940; BA-B, R1501/823, Luftschutzgesetz: Zehnte Durchführungsverordnung: Luftschutzmässiges Verhalten.
27. BA-MA, RL 41/6 RLB-Präsidium, material for the press, 10 Aug 1943, 1. On shelter rules see Dietmar Süss, ‘Wartime Societies and Shelter Politics in National Socialist Germany and Britain’, in Claudia Baldoli, Andrew Knapp, Richard Overy (eds), Bombing, States and Peoples in Western Europe 1940–1945 (London: 2011), 29–31.
28. TNA, AIR 48/29, USSBS, ‘Civilian Defense Division: Final Report’, 141–7; Marc Wiggam, ‘The Blackout and the Idea of Community in Britain and Germany’, in Baldoli, Knapp, Overy (eds), Bombing, States and Peoples, 50–51.
29. BA-MA, RL 41/2, RLB, Luftschutz-Berichte, 6 and 14 Feb 1940, 12 Mar 1940; 9 and 8 Jan 1943.
30. BA-B, R1501/1515, Interior Ministry to all Reichsverteidigungskommissare, 27 Oct 1939.
31. Wilbur Zelinski, Leszek Kosinski, The Emergency Evacuation of Cities (Savage, MD: 1991), 160–64; on Hitler see BA-B, R1501/1515, Interior Ministry minute, 8 Oct 1940. On the programme of child evacuation see Gerhard Kock, ‘Der Führer sorgt für unsere Kinder …’ Die Kinderlandverschickung im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Paderborn: 1997), 69, 122, 351; Julia Torrie, ‘For Their Own Good’: Civilian Evacuations in Germany and France, 1939–1945 (New York: 2010), 52–3. On the experience of Cologne see Martin Rüther, ‘Die Erweiterte Kinderlandverschickung in Köln, Bonn und Umgebung’, in idem (ed), ‘Zu Hause könnten sie es nicht schöner haben!’: Kinderlandverschickung aus Köln und Umgebung 1941–1945 (Cologne: 2000), 69–71, 75.
32. Anton Hoch, ‘Der Luftangriff auf Freiburg 1940’, Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 4 (1956), 115–44.
33. Beer, Kriegsalltag … für den Raum Münster, 107.
34. William Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941 (London: 1941), 273–4, 364; Harry Flannery, Assignment to Berlin (London: 1942), 40–41.
35. Heinz Boberach (ed), Meldungen aus dem Reich: Die geheimen Lageberichte des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS 1938–1945, 17 vols (Herrsching: 1984), vol 4, 1,140–1, Special Report, 16 May 1940; 1,152, Special Report, 20 May 1940.
36. BA-MA, RL 41/2, RLB, Luftschutz-Berichte, 6 and 22 May 1940, 10 July 1940.
37. Ibid., 11 Sept 1940, 6 Nov 1940.
38. BA-B, R1501/823, Interior Ministry to all Statthalter, Reichsverteidigungs-Kommissare, Oberpräsidenten, 16 May 1940.
39. TNA, AIR 48/29, USSBS, ‘Civilian Defense Division: Final Report’, 33–6.
40. Wolfgang Werner, ‘Bleib übrig’: Deutsche Arbeiter in der nationalsozialistischen Kriegswirtschaft (Düsseldorf: 1983), 34–41.
41. BA-B, R1501/1071, Labour Ministry, ‘Änderung über Erstattung von Lohnausfällen’, 22 Oct 1940; Ministry of Labour to all Provincial Labour Offices, 8 Feb 1941; Ministry of Labour Decree, 19 Nov 1941.
42. BA-B, NS 18/1060, Propaganda Ministry to Party Chancellery, 9 Oct 1941; ‘Bericht wegen Lohnausfall bei Luftalarm und Fliegerschäden’, 23 Oct 1941, 1–3.
43. BA-B, R1501/1071, General Plenipotentiary for Labour to all Gau Labour Offices, 15 Nov 1943; Reichsministerialblatt, vol 72, 18 Feb 1944, ‘Erlass über Massnahmen des Arbeitsrechts und Arbeitseinsatzes bei Fliegeralarm und Fliegerschäden’.
44. BA-MA, RL 41/3, RLB, Luftschutz-Berichte, 7 and 26 Mar 1941, 1–2.
45. Ibid., 27 Aug 1941, 3–4.
46. BA-B, R1501/823, Interior Ministry to the Gemeindetag, 2 Oct 1940.
47. BA-B
, NS 18/1333, Party Chancellery to Tiessler (Propaganda Ministry), 27 Apr 1942.
48. Martin Dean, Robbing the Jews: The Confiscation of Jewish Property in the Holocaust, 1933–1945 (Cambridge: 2008), 223–4, 239.
49. BA-MA, RL 41/2, RLB, Luftschutz-Berichte, 6 and 31 July 1940, 2.
50. Jill Stephenson, ‘Bombing and Rural Society in Württemberg’, Labour History Review, 77 (2012), 98–100; Edward Westermann, ‘Hitting the Mark, but Missing the Target: Luftwaffe Deception Operations, 1939–1945’, War in History, 10 (2003), 208–13; BA-MA, RL 41/7, RLB, Rundschreiben, 11 Jan 1943.
51. BA-B, R1501/823, ‘7th Durchführungsverordnung (Beschaffung von Selbstschutzgerät)’, 31 Aug 1943.
52. BA-MA, RL 41/2, RLB, Luftschutz-Berichte, 6 and 25 Sept 1940, 4 Dec 1940.
53. TNA, AIR 20/7287, ‘Secret Report by the Police President of Hamburg, 1 Dec 1943’, 2; Ursula Büttner, ‘ “Gomorrha” und die Folgen’, in Hamburg Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte, Hamburg im ‘Dritten Reich’ (Göttingen: 2005), 616.
54. Beer, Kriegsalltag … für den Raum Münster, 123–5.
55. TsAMO, f.500, o.12452, d.139, minutes of meeting in the Air Ministry, 17 Oct 1940, 2–3.
56. Michael Foedrowitz, Bunkerwelten: Luftschutzanlagen in Norddeutschland (Berlin: 1998), 9–12; Ralf Blank, ‘Kriegsalltag und Luftkrieg an der “Heimatfront” ’, in Jörg Echternkamp, Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (Stuttgart: 2004), 395–6.
57. BA-MA, RL 41/3, Luftschutz-Berichte, 7 and 19 Nov 1941, 2.
58. Hans Hesse, Elke Purpus, ‘Vom Luftschutzraum zum Denkmalschutz – Bunker in Köln’, in Inge Marszolek, Marc Buggeln (eds), Bunker: Kriegsort, Zuflucht, Errinerungensraum (Frankfurt am Main: 2008), 66–8.
59. Blank, ‘Kriegsalltag und Luftkrieg’, 396–7; Olaf Groehler, Bombenkrieg gegen Deutschland (Berlin: 1990), 245–7.
60. Groehler, Bombenkrieg gegen Deutschland, 245–6; Richard Evans, The Third Reich at War (London: 2008), 454–5.
61. Howard Smith, Last Train from Berlin (London: 1942), 116; Dietmar Süss, ‘Wartime Societies and Shelter Politics in National Socialist Germany and Britain’, in Baldoli, Knapp, Overy (eds), Bombing, States and Peoples, 25–6; Blank, ‘Kriegsalltag und Luftkrieg’, 403–5. See too Roger Moorhouse, Berlin at War: Life and Death in Hitler’s Capital 1939–1945 (London: 2010), 310–11.
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