The Caesar of Paris
Page 64
36 Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women, 169.
37 Caracciolo, Les Soeurs de Napoleon, 73.
38 Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women, 167.
39 Caracciolo, Les Soeurs de Napoleon, 32.
40 Ibid., 32.
PART SIX: CAPITAL OF THE UNIVERSE
ONE: ABDUCTION
1 Morton, Fountains, 142.
2 Ibid., 144.
3 Louis Godart, The Quirinale Palace: The History, the Rooms and the Collections (Rome: Treccani, 2016), 110.
4 Lascelles, Pontifex Maximus, 242.
5 Peter Hicks, “Napoleon and the Pope: From the Concordat to the Excommunication,” Napoleon Foundation, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/napoleon-and-the-pope-from-the-concordat-to-the-excommunication/.
6 Ambrosini, Secret Archives, 291.
7 Bernardine Melchior-Bonnet, Napoléon et le Pape (Paris: Amiot Dumont, 1958), 126.
8 Herold, The Mind of Napoleon, 109.
9 Ibid.
10 Melchior-Bonnet, Napoléon et le Pape, 122.
11 Felix Markham, Napoleon (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1963), 139.
12 Anderson, Pope Pius VII.
13 Ibid.
14 Herold, The Mind of Napoleon, 109.
15 Ibid., 109.
16 Englund, Napoleon, 355.
17 Herold, The Mind of Napoleon, 270.
18 Bette Wyn Oliver, From Royal to National: the Louvre Museum and the Bibliotheque Nationale (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2007), 62.
19 Napoleon Bonaparte, A Selection from the Letters and Dispatches of the First Napoleon: With Explanatory Notes (Chapman and Hall, 1884), 54–55.
20 “History of the Vatican Medagliere,” Vatican Library, https://www.vatlib.it/home.php?pag=dipartimento_numismatico&ling=eng.
21 Ambrosini, Secret Archive, 292.
22 Brian Haughton, “What happened to the great library at Alexandria?” Ancient History Encyclopedia, February 1, 2011, https://www.ancient.eu/article/207what-happened-to-the-great-library-at-alexandria/.
23 Evan Andrews, “8 Legendary Ancient Libraries,” History.com, November 17, 2016, http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/8-impressive-ancient-libraries.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Tarbell, Napoleon’s Addresses.
27 Mansel, Eagle, 61.
28 Zachary M. Stoltzfus, “Napoleon’s Kindle: Libraries, Literature, and the Legacy of the Napoleonic Era,” Journal of the International Napoleonic Society (December 2016): 80.
29 Ibid.
30 “Schönbrunn Palace,” Napoleon Foundation, https://www.napoleon.org/en/magazine/places/schoenbrunn-palace/.
31 Natalia Gustavson, “Retracing the restoration history of Viennese paintings in the Musée Napoléon (1809-1815),” CeROArt, April 10, 2012, https://ceroart.revues.org/2325.
32 Wilhelm Treue, Art Plunder: The Fate of Works of Art in War and Unrest, trans. Basil Creighton (New York: John Day Co., 1961), 168.
33 Nouvel-Kammerer, Symbols of Power, 171.
34 William H. Peck, “‘Description de l’Égypte’: A Major Acquisition from the Napoleonic Age,” Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts 51, no. 4 (1972): 116.
35 Anne Godlewska, “Map, Text and Image. The Mentality of Enlightened Conquerors: A New Look at the Description de l’Egypte,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20, no. 1 (1995): 7.
36 Ibid., 22.
37 Peck, “Description de l’Égypte,” 112.
38 Godlewska, “Map, Text and Image,” 7.
TWO: TROPHY WIFE
1 Emmanuel de Waresquiel, ed., Mémoires du Prince de Talleyrand (Paris: R. Laffont, 2007), 330–31.
2 Hamish Davey Wright, “Napoleon’s ‘Divorce,’” Napoleon Foundation, December 2009, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/napoleons-divorce/.
3 Hortense, consort of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, Mémoires de la Reine Hortense Vol. II (Paris: Plon, 1927), 44–45.
4 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household,, 90.
5 Giorgia Haot, “The Divorce of Napoleon and Joséphine,” History and Other Thoughts, January 2014, http://historyandotherthoughts.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-divorce-of-napoleon-and-josephine.html.
6 Fraser, Pauline Bonaparte, 178.
7 Kleiner, Roman Sculpture, 60.
8 Susan M. Treggiari, Roman Marriage: Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 594.
9 Marie Martin, Maria Féodorovna en son temps (1759–1828): Contribution a l’histoire de la Russie et de l’Europe (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2003).
10 Shannon Selin, “The Marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise,” Shannon Selin: Imagining the Bounds of History, April 2016, http://shannonselin.com/2016/04/marriage-napoleon-marie-louise/.
11 Hamish Davey Wright, “The Marriage of Napoleon I and Marie Louise of Austria,” Napoleon Foundation, March 2010, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/the-marriage-of-napoleon-i-and-marie-louise-of-austria/.
12 Monica Kurzel-Runtscheiner, “Napoleon and Marie Louise: Courtship and Wedding in Vienna,” The World of the Habsburgs, http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/napoleon-and-marie-louise-courtship-and-wedding-vienna.
13 Martin Mutschlechner, “The Handover of the Bride,” The World of the Habsburgs, http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/handover-bride.
14 Monica Kurzel-Runtscheiner, “First meeting and wedding in Paris,” The World of the Habsburgs, http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/first-meeting-and-wedding-paris.
15 Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women, 181.
16 Martin Mutschlechner, “Marie Louise—A dutiful daughter sacrificed on the altar of political expediency,” The World of the Habsburgs, http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/handover-bride.
17 “The Apartment of the Empress,” Palais de Compiègne, http://en.palaisdecompiegne.fr/one-palace-three-museums/historic-apartments/apartment-empress.
18 Edward P. Alexander, Museum Masters: Their Museums and their Influence (Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for State and Local History, 1983), 95.
19 Nouvel-Kammerer, Symbols of Power, 166.
20 Meyer Reinhold, History of Purple as a Status Symbol in Antiquity (Brussels: Latomus Revue D’Etudes Latines, 1970), 38.
21 Rapelli, Symbols of Power, 46.
22 Ibid., 46.
23 Reinhold, History of Purple, 70.
24 Elisabeth Malkin, “An Insect’s Colorful Gift, Treasured by Kings and Artists,” New York Times, Nov. 27, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/27/arts/design/red-dye-cochineal-treasure-mexico-city-history.html?smprod=nytcore-ipad&smid=nytcore-ipad-share.
25 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 274.
26 Jean-Roch. Coignet, The Note-Books of Captain Coignet, Soldier of the Empire, with an introduction by the Hon. Sir John Fontescue (London: Peter Davies, 1928), 192–94.
27 Marie-Anne Dupuy, Dominique-Vivant Denon: L’oeil de Napoleon (Paris: Editions de la Reunion des Musées Nationaux, 1999), 55.
28 Hibbert, Napoleon, 186.
29 Dupuy, Dominique-Vivant Denon, 1999, 54.
30 Martin Hirsch, “Papal Medals and the interplay of Prints, Paintings, and Numismatics,” in Full Circle: The Medal in Art History, A Symposium in Honor of Stephen K. Scher, The Frick Collection, New York, September, 8, 2017, https://www.frick.org/interact/video/scher_medals.
31 “Napoleon and Paris: Dreams of a Capital,” Musee Carnavelet, April 2015, http://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/sites/default/files/pk_napoleon_and_paris.pdf.
32 Catherine Delors, “Imperial wedding: Napoléon and Marie-Louise,” Versailles and More, May 2011, http://blog.catherinedelors.com/imperial-wedding-napoleon-and-marie-louise/.
33 Imbert de Saint-Amand, The Happy Days of the Empress Marie Louise, (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1890).
34 “Tea Service of the Emperor Napoleon,” National Museums Scotland, https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/art-and-design/tea
-service-of-the-emperor-napoleon/.
35 “Diamond in the crown: Le Grand Mazarin,” Christies, October 18, 2017, http://www.christies.com/features/Le-Grand-Mazarin-Diamond-in-the-Crown-8625-3.aspx?pid=en_homepage_row1_slot2_1.
36 Napoleon Ier ou le legend des arts, 2015, 150.
37 Lapatin, Berthouville Silver, 131.
38 Ibid., 133.
39 DeLorme, Joséphine, 115.
THREE: BREAKFAST WITH NAPOLEON
1 Valerie Huet, “Stories one might tell of Roman art: reading Trajan’s column and the Tiberius cup,” in Art and Text in Roman Culture, ed. Jaś Elsner (Cambridge, U.K. and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 13.
2 Hochel, “Dominique-Vivant Denon.”
3 Elisabeth E. Guffey, “Reconstructing the Limits of Propaganda: Pierre-Paul Prud’hon and the Art of Napoleon’s Remarriage,” Visual Resources 16, no. 3 (2000): 259.
4 Ibid., 264.
5 Elisabeth E. Guffey, “The Toilette Berceau of Marie Louise: Napoleonic Imagery in Furniture,” Apollo 143, no. 407 (Jan. 1996): 4.
6 Alexander, Museum Masters, 99.
7 Dupuy, Dominqiue-Vivant Denon, 54.
8 Mario Guderzo, Napoleone e Canova: Il Pantheon dell’ Imperatore a Marengo (Alessandria: LineLab.edizioni, 2016), 24.
9 Ibid., 14–15.
10 Guderzo, Napoleone e Canova, 15.
11 Christopher M. S. Johns, Antonio Canova and the Politics of Patronage in Revolutionary and Napoleonic Europe (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
12 Ibid., 107.
13 Mansel, Eagle, 51.
14 Guderzo, Napoleone e Canova, 14.
15 Antonio Canova, Napoleon and Canova: eight conversations held at the Château of the Tuileries, in 1810 (London: Printed for Treuttel and Wurtz, Treuttel, jun. and Richter, Soho-Square, 1825), 1–9.
16 Johns, Politics and Patronage, 136.
17 Ibid., 130.
18 Ibid., 123.
19 Cunial and Pavan, Antonio Canova, 237.
20 Canova, Napoleon and Canova: eight conversations, 10–15.
21 Ibid., 16–24.
22 Ibid., 30–33.
23 Ibid., 34–38.
24 Guderzo, Napoleon e Canova, 24.
25 Canova, Napoleon and Canova: eight conversations, 39–40.
26 Ibid., 41–43.
27 Cordier, Napoleon, 43.
28 DeLorme, Joséphine, 172.
29 Ibid., 48.
30 Christopher M. S. Johns, “Empress Joséphine’s collection of sculpture by Canova at Malmaison,” Journal of the History of Collections 16, no. 1 (2004): 31.
31 DeLorme, Joséphine, 49.
32 Johns, “Empress Joséphine’s collection,” 27.
33 DeLorme, Joséphine, 86.
34 Ibid., 87.
35 Johns, “Empress Joséphine’s collection,” 30–31.
36 Louis Madelin, The Consulate and the Empire, Vol. II, trans. E. F. Buckley (New York: AMS Press, 1967), 35.
PART SEVEN: DYNASTY
ONE: THE EAGLET
1 George Vilinbachov and Magnus Olausson, Staging Power: Napoleon, Charles John, Alexander (Stockholm: Nationalmuseum, 2010), 302.
2 Ibid., 301.
3 Karine Huguenaud, “The Roi de Rome’s Cradle,” Napoleon Foundation, February 2004, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/objects/the-roi-de-romes-cradle/.
4 “The Cradle of the King of Rome,” Imperial Treasury Museum, Vienna, http://wiener-schatzkammer.at/cradle-king-rome.html. Even the infant’s gilt silver and coral rattle sported an image of the she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus (Vilinbachov and Olausson, Staging Power, 310).
5 Beyeler, Pie VII, 166.
6 Diana Kleiner, “Women and Family Life on Roman Imperial Altars,” Latomus 46 (July–Sept. 1987): 545.
7 Kleiner, Roman Sculpture, 98.
8 Christophe Beyeler and Vincent Cochet, Enfance impériale: Le Roi de Rome, Fils de Napoleon (Dijon: Faton; Fontainebleau: Château de Fontainebleau, 2011), 124–25.
9 Marco Fabio Apolloni, Napoleone et le Arti (Florence and Milan: Giunti Editore, 2004), 25.
10 Vilinbachov and Olausson, Staging Power, 304.
11 Vincent Ardiet, Elisabeth Caude, et al., La pourpre et l’exil: l’Aiglon et le Prince impérial, exposition au Musée national du château de Compiègne, Nov. 25, 2004–Mar. 7, 2005. (Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux, 2004), 45–46.
12 Mansel, Eagle, 173.
13 Ardiet, La pourpre et l’exil, 46.
14 Ibid., 47.
15 Peter Hicks, “The Celebration of the Baptism of the Roi de Rome,” Napoleon Foundation, May 31, 2011, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/the-celebration-of-the-baptism-of-the-roi-de-rome/.
16 Ardiet, La pourpre et l’exil, 51.
17 Beyeler and Cochet, Enfance impériale, 132.
18 John P. C. Kent, Bernhard Overbeck, and Armin U. Stylow, Die römische Münze (Munich: Hirmer Verlag, 1973).
19 Beyeler and Cochet, Enfance impériale, 133–34.
20 Benjamin Hemmerle, “Crossing the Rubicon into Paris: Caesarian Comparisons from Napoleon to de Gaulle,” in Julius Caesar in Western Culture, ed. Maria Wyke (Malden, Mass., and Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 2006), 291.
21 Frédéric Masson, Napoléon et son fils (Paris: Alben Michel, 1929), 83–84.
22 Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women, 195.
23 Ibid., 25.
24 Martin Henig, Handbook of Roman Art: A Comprehensive Survey of all the Arts of the Roman World (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), 153.
25 Lapatin, Luxus, 253.
26 Ibid., 254.
27 Henig, Handbook of Roman Art, 155.
28 Christopher H. Hallett, The Roman Nude: Heroic Portrait Statuary 200 B.C.–A.D. 300 (Oxford, U.K., and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 257.
29 Hallett, The Roman Nude, 257–58.
30 Lapatin, Luxus, 252.
31 Henig, Handbook of Roman Art, 156.
32 Julia C. Fischer, ed., More than Mere Playthings: The Minor Arts of Italy (Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016), 50.
33 Hallett, The Roman Nude, 339.
34 Jean-Baptiste Giard, Le Grand Camée de France (Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France, 1998), 38.
35 Nouvel-Kammerer, Symbols of Power, 164.
36 Giard, Le Grand Camée, 37.
37 DeLorme, Joséphine, 178.
38 Beyler and Cochet, Enfance impériale, 140.
39 Ibid., 140.
40 Vilinbachov and Olausson, Staging Power, 369.
41 Cordier, Napoleon, 73.
42 Beyeler and Vincent Cochet, Enfance impériale, 63.
43 Garric, Charles Percier, 245.
44 Ibid., 254–55.
45 Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine, “Napoléon Architecte,” Revue de Paris 52, (July 1833): 39–40.
46 Garric, Charles Percier, 255–56.
47 “Napoleon and Paris: Dreams of a Capital,” Musée Carnavelet, April 2015, http://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/sites/default/files/pk_napoleon_and_paris.pdf.
48 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 73.
49 Ibid.
50 Garric, Charles Percier, 213.
51 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 68.
52 Ibid., 43.
53 “Marie Antoinette at Rambouillet,” Chateau Rambouillet, http://www.chateau-rambouillet.fr/en/Explore/Marie-Antoinette-at-Rambouillet.
54 “Napoleon I at Rambouillet,” Chateau Rambouillet, http://www.chateau-rambouillet.fr/en/Explore/Napoleon-I-at-Rambouillet.
55 Ibid.
TWO: IN MEMORIUM
1 Jean-Michel Leniaud, La basilique royale de Saint-Denis, 13.
2 Penelope J. E. Davies, Death and the Emperor: Roman Imperial Funerary Monuments, from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius (Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 1.
3 Rollason, Power of Place, 351.
4 Davies, Death and the Emperor, 19.
5
Ibid., 15.
6 Rollason, Power of Place, 345.
7 Ibid., 351.
8 Davies, Death and the Emperor, 35.
9 “History of the Monument,” Centre des Monuments Nationaux, http://www.saint-denis-basilique.fr/en/Explore/History-of-the-monument.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Leniaud. La basilique royale de Saint-Denis, 49.
13 Sérullaz, Gérard, Girodet, Gros, 84.
14 Basilica of Saint Denis, “The Role of Napoleon Bonaparte,”Seine-Saint-Denis Tourisme, https://uk.tourisme93.com/basilica/the-role-of-napoleon-bonaparte-in-the-basilica-st-denis-restoration.html.
15 David O’Brien, After the Revolution, Antoine-Jean Gros, Painting and Propaganda under Napoleon (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006), 183.
16 Voltaire, Siècle de Louis XIV, Vol. 1, ed. Charles Louandre (Paris: Biblioteque-Charpentier, 1865), 133.
17 Max Weygand, Turenne Marshall of France, trans. George B. Ives (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930), 246.
18 Mary Jackson Harvey, “Death and Dynasty in the Bouillon Tomb Commissions,” Art Bulletin 74, no. 2, (1992): 273.
19 Suzanne Glover Lindsay, “Mummies and Tombs: Turenne, Napoleon, and the Death Ritual,” Art Bulletin 82, no. 3 (Sept. 2000): 490.
20 Lindsay, “Mummies and Tombs,” 491.
21 Zarzeczny, Meteors, 105.
22 Ida Östenberg, “Grief and glory: Triumphal Elements in the Roman Funeral Procession” (paper presented at the Classical Association Conference, Edinburgh, April 6–9, 2016).
23 Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 3.
24 Suetonius, “The Lives of the Twelve Caesars,” Wikisource, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Lives_of_the_Twelve_Caesars/Vitellius.
25 Karl Galinsky and Kenneth Lapatin, eds., Cultural Memories in the Roman Empire (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2015), 70.
26 Ibid., 223.
27 Ibid., 70–71.
28 Ibid., 66.
29 Bonaparte, Aphorisms, 56.
30 Suemedha Sood, “Exploring the History of Catacombs,” BBC.com, October 26, 2012, http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20121025-exploring-the-history-of-catacombs.
31 Hughes, Rome, 185.
32 Zanker, Roman Art, 153.
33 Ibid., 155.
34 Grafton, The Classical Tradition, 178.
35 Les Catacombes, Histoire de Paris, http://www.catacombes.paris.fr/en/catacombs.
36 Graham Robb, Parisians: an Adventure History of Paris (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2010), 40.