by Susan Jaques
37 Ibid.
38 Les Catacombes.
39 Ibid.
40 Erin-Marie Legacey, “The Paris Catacombs: Remains and Reunion beneath the Postrevolutionary City,” French Historical Studies 40, no. 3 (August 2017): 516.
41 Ibid., 523.
42 Ibid., 522.
43 “Père Lachaise Cemetery,” Napoleon Foundation, https://www.napoleon.org/en/magazine/places/pere-lachaise-cemetery/.
44 Ibid.
THREE: MARS THE PEACEMAKER
1 O’Brien, “Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker,” 358.
2 Klein, “Napoleons Triumphbogen,” 244.
3 Johns, Politics of Patronage, 100.
4 Hugh Honour, “Canova’s Napoleon,” Apollo (Sept. 1, 1973): 183.
5 Grafton, The Classical Tradition, 646.
6 Honour, “Canova’s Napoleon,” 183.
7 Edward P. Alexander, Museum Masters: their Museums and their Influence (Nashville, Tenn.: The American Association for State and Local History, 1983), 99.
8 Huet, “Napoleon I,” 58.
9 Grafton, The Classical Tradition, 646.
10 Huet, “Napoleon I,” 59.
11 Johns, Antonio Canova, 95.
12 Fred Licht, Canova (New York: Abbeville Press, 1983), 97.
13 O’Brien, “Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker,” 356.
14 Ibid., 366.
15 Johns, Antonio Canova, 99.
16 Ferdinand Boyer, Le monde des arts en Italie et la France de la Révolution et de l’Empire. (Biblioteca di studi francesi, Torino: Società editrice internazionale, 1970), 136.
17 Honour, Canova’s Napoleon, 182.
18 Huet, “Napoleon I,” 59.
19 Margaret Plant, Venice: Fragile City, 1797–1997 (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2002), 72.
20 Johns, “Portrait Mythology,” 126.
21 Judith Nowinski, Baron Dominique-Vivant Denon (Cranbury, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1970), 74.
22 O’Brien, “Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker,” 371.
23 Licht, Canova, 101.
24 Johns, Antonio Canova, 104.
25 Huet, “Napoleon I,” 64.
26 Johns, “Portrait Mythology,” 124.
27 Johns, Antonio Canova, 101.
28 O’Brien, “Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker,” 359.
29 Ibid., 365.
30 Johns, “Portrait Mythology,” 125.
31 Andrew Graham-Dixon, Art of France: There Will Be Blood, aired in February 2017 on BBC4.
32 Grafton, The Classical Tradition, 643.
33 Michael Squire, “Embodied Ambiguities on the Prima Porta Augustus,” Art History (April 2013): 257.
34 Larissa Bonfante, “Nudity as a Costume in Classical Art,” American Journal of Archeology 93, no. 4 (Oct. 1989): 569.
35 Johns, Politics of Patronage, 97.
36 Squire, “Embodied Ambiguities,” 260.
37 Christopher H. Hallett, The Roman Nude (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2005), 100.
38 Ibid., 98–99.
39 Ibid., 100.
40 Ibid., 160.
41 Shelley Hales, “Men are Mars, Women are Venus: Divine Costumes in Imperial Rome,” in The Clothed Body in the Ancient World, ed. Liza Cleland, Mary Harlow, and Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones (Oxford, U.K.: Oxbow, 2005), 136.
42 Ibid., 134.
43 Hallett, The Roman Nude, 339.
44 Benjamin Hemmerle, “Crossing the Rubicon into Paris: Caesarian Comparisons from Napoleon to de Gaulle,” in Julius Caesar in Western Culture, ed. Maria Wyke (Malden, Mass., and Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 2006), 289.
45 Melchior Missirini, Della vita di Antonio Canova: libri quattro, ed. Francesco Leone, trans. Francesco Mazzaferro (Bassano del Grappa: Istituto per gli Studi su Canova e il Neoclassicismo, 2004), 173, 175.
46 “ROME–PARIS. Academies face to face. The Accademia di San Luca and the French artists,” Artsy, Oct. 13, 2016, https://www.artsy.net/show/accademia-nazionale-di-san-luca-rome-paris-academies-face-to-face-the-accademia-di-san-luca-and-the-french-artists.
47 Zanella, Canova in Rome, 45.
48 Nicassio, Imperial City, 185.
49 Ronald T. Ridley, The Eagle and the Spade: The Archaeology of Rome During the Napoleonic Era 1809–1814 (Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 86.
50 Ibid., 85.
51 Johns, Politics Patronage, 110.
52 Jean-Marie Sani, et al.,Politique de l’amour: Napoléon Ier et Marie-Louise à Compiègne, Musée national du Palais Impérial de Compiègne (1810; repr., Paris: Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 2010), 151.
53 Nicassio, Imperial City, 189–90.
54 Ibid., 34.
55 Ibid., 184.
56 Ibid., 184.
57 Huet, “Napoleon I,” 59.
58 Nicassio, Imperial City, 32.
59 Ibid., 203, 205.
60 Rubin, Hierarchies of Vision, 139.
PART EIGHT: THE FALL
ONE: THE GOLDEN PRISON
1 Edward Sheehan, “When Napoleon Captured the Pope,” New York Times, Dec. 13, 1981,http://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/13/theater/when-napoleon-captured-the-pope.html?pagewanted=all.
2 Anderson, Pope Pius VII.
3 “Doctor Claraz and Pope Pius VII,” La Trace Claraz, http://www.latraceclaraz.org/pie-vii-et-le-docteur-claraz.html#montcenis.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Beyeler, Pie VII, 11.
8 Guillaume Picon, A Day at château de Fontainebleau (Paris: Flammarion, 2015), 156.
9 Christophe Beyeler, The Château de Fontainebleau (Paris: Connaissance des Arts, 2008), 40.
10 Jonathan Marsden, “Napoleon’s Bust of ‘Malbrouk’,” Burlington Magazine 142, no. 1166 (May 2000): 305.
11 Picon, A Day at Château de Fontainebleau, 208.
12 Haig, Walks Through, 79.
13 Picon, A Day at Château de Fontainebleau, 177.
14 Beyeler, Pie VII, 177.
15 Louis Godart, The Quirinale Palace: The History, the Rooms and the Collections (Rome: Treccani, 2016), 47.
16 Ulrich Hiesinger, “The Paintings of Vincenzo Camuccini, 1771–1844,” Art Bulletin 60, no. 2 (June 1978): 305.
17 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 108.
18 Ibid.
19 Godart, The Quirinale Palace, 181.
20 Ibid., 186.
21 Ibid., 184–85.
22 Ibid., 207.
23 Ibid., 115.
24 Beyeler, Pie VII, 162.
25 Susan L. Siegfried, Ingres: Painting Reimagined (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2009), 24.
26 Ibid., 120.
27 Ibid., 127.
28 Mansel, Eagle, 77.
29 Nicassio, Imperial City, 195.
30 Hugh Honour, Canova’s Statues of Venus, 666.
31 Ibid., 670.
32 Bonaparte, Aphorisms, 97.
33 Mansel, Splendour, 173.
34 J. David Markham, Napoleon for Dummies (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Publishing, 2005), 189.
35 Mansel, Splendour, 173.
36 Napoleon et Paris, 153.
37 Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace, trans. Anthony Briggs (1868–9; repr, London: Penguin Books, 2005), 865.
38 Mansel, Splendour, 57.
39 Napoleon Enters Moscow, History.com, 2010, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/napoleon-enters-moscow.
TWO: RETRENCHMENT
1 Armand-Augustin-Louis Caulaincourt, With Napoleon in Russia, ed. Jean Hanoteau (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2005), 259.
2 Lozier, Napoleon & Paris, 40.
3 Nicassio, Imperial City, 217.
4 Beyeler, Pie VII face à Napoleon, 177.
5 Ibid., 208.
6 Anderson, Pope Pius VII.
7 Stammers, “The man,” 154.
8 Ibid., 159.
9 David Van Zanten, “Le Fonds Fontaine a l’Art Institute a Chicago,” Northwestern University, http://www.artic.edu/sites
/default/files/fontaine_rome.pdf.
10 Beauhaire, Béjanin and Naudeix, L’Elephant de Napoleon, 14.
11 Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 3.
12 Beauhaire, Béjanin and Naudeix, L’Elephant de Napoleon, 13.
13 Ibid.
14 John Scarborough, Review, “The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World,” Classical Journal 72, no. 2 (Dec. 1976–Jan. 1977): 175.
15 William Heckscher, “Bernini’s Elephant and Obelisk,” Art Bulletin 29 (1947): 155–182.
16 Picon, A Day at Château de Fontainebleau, 28, 77.
17 Howard Hayes Scullard, The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974), 215.
18 Scullard, The Elephant, 75.
19 Ibid., 76.
20 Lionel Casson, “Ptolemy II and The Hunting of African Elephants,” Transactions of the American Philological Association 123 (1993): 253.
21 Michael B. Charles and Peter Rhodan, “Magister Elephantorum: A Reappraisal of Hannibal’s Use of Elephants,” Classical World 100, no. 4 (Summer 2007): 380.
22 Scullard, The Elephant, 169.
23 Charles and Rhodan, “Magister Elephantorum,” 388.
24 Debra L. Nousek, “Turning Points in Roman History: The Case of Caesar’s Elephant Denarius,” Phoenix 62, no. 3/4 (Fall–Winter 2008): 290.
25 Ibid., 292.
26 Ibid., 298.
27 Mike Markowitz, “Ancient Coins—Elephants on Ancient Coinage,” Coin Week, February 6, 2017, https://coinweek.com/ancient-coins/elephants-ancient-coins/.
28 Beauhaire, Béjanin and Naudeix, L’Elephant de Napoleon, 19.
29 Ibid., 24.
30 Ibid., 14.
31 Suetonias, “The Lives of the Twelve Caesars.”
32 Ibid.
33 François Houdecek, The Collapse of the Grand Empire, Vol. 14, Correspondance Generale de Napoleon Bonaparte, trans. Peter Hicks and R. Young (Paris: Fondacion Napoleon, 2017), intro.
34 Robert, Napoleon, 674.
35 Ibid., 683.
36 Ibid., 675.
37 Ibid., 683.
38 Ibid., 685.
39 Michel Kerautret, “The Meeting at Erfurt,” trans. and ed. Hamish Davey Wright, Napoleon Foundation, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/the-meeting-at-erfurt/.
40 Robert, Napoleon, 685.
THREE: FUNERAL OF THE EMPIRE
1 Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women, 207.
2 Picon, A Day at Château de Fontainebleau, 132.
3 Haig, Walks Through, 85.
4 Roberts, Napoleon: A Life, 720.
5 Ibid.
6 Mansel, Eagle, 57.
7 Patricia Rubin. “Hierarchies of Vision: Fra Angelico’s ‘Coronation of the Virgin’ from San Domenico, Fiesole,” Oxford Art Journal 27, no. 2 (2004): 139.
8 Ibid.
9 Three hundred unpublished letters from Napoleon I to Marie Louise (London: Sotheby & Co., 1934), 36–37.
10 Haig, Walks Through, 91.
11 Johns, Antonio Canova and the Politics of Patronage, 117.
12 Johns, “Empress Joséphine’s Collection,” 31.
13 Ibid., 30.
14 Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, 112.
15 Rémusat, Memoires de Madame de Remusat, 272.
16 DeLorme, Joséphine, 54.
17 Rosenthal, Citizens and Kings, 324.
18 Louis Marchand, Memoires de Marchand (Paris: Tallandier, 2003), 169.
19 Sudhir Hazareesingh, The Legend of Napoleon (London: Granta Books, 2004), 19.
20 “Napoleon becomes emperor—again,” Observer Archive, April 1, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/apr/01/from-the-observer-archive-napoleon-becomes-emperor-again.
21 Haig, Walks Through, 87.
22 Hazareesingh, Legend, 16.
23 Mansel, Dressed to Rule, 90.
24 John Cam Hobhouse, The Substance of some Letters written by an Englishman resident at Paris during the Last Reign of the Emperor Napoleon, (Philadelphia: M. Thomas, 1816), 415.
25 Hazareesingh, Legend, 35.
26 Ibid., 36.
27 Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women, 257.
28 Haig, Walks Through, 93.
29 Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, 50.
30 Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women, 262.
31 Cecelia Rodriguez, “Secret Island To Open Its Treasures: Napoleon’s Saint Helena, A Hot Destination For 2017,” Forbes, December 30, 2016, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2016/12/30/secret-island-to-open-after-500-years-napoleons-saint-helena-will-be-a-2017-hot-destination/#569ff5a87038.
32 “Island of St Helena,” Napoleon Foundation, https://www.napoleon.org/en/magazine/places/island-of-st-helena/.
33 Zarzeczny, Meteors, 170.
34 Las Cases, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, 260–61.
35 Ibid., 3.
36 Mansel, Dressed to Rule, 91.
37 Napoleon, Aphorisms, 87.
38 Herold, The Mind of Napoleon, 58.
39 Ibid., 227.
40 Debra Nousek, “Caesar, Man of Letters,” in The Landmark Julius Caesar Web Essay, ed. Kurt A. Raaflaub, www.thelandmarkcaesar.com.
41 Herold, The Mind of Napoleon, xvii.
42 Ibid., 279.
43 Ibid., 110.
44 Caracciolo, Les Soeurs de Napoleon, 22.
PART NINE: LEGACY
ONE: A MORAL LESSON
1 Haskell and Penny, Taste & the Antique, 114.
2 Katharine Eustace, “The Fruits of War: How Napoleon’s Looted Art Found its Way Home,” The Art Newspaper 269 (June 2015).
3 Oliver, From Royal to National, 66.
4 Jonah Siegel, “Owning Art after Napoleon: Destiny or Destination at the Birth of the Museum,” PMLA 125, no. 1 (Jan. 2010): 145.
5 Gould, Trophy of Conquest, 134–35.
6 Mainardi, Assuring the Empire of the Future, 156.
7 Katharine Eustace, Ideal Heads, 12.
8 Johns, Politics of Patronage, 177.
9 T. H. Lunsingh Scheurleer, A. B. de Vries, L. Brummel, H. E. van Gelder, 150 jaar Koninklijk Kabinet van Schilderijen/Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Koninklijk Penningkabinet (‘S-Gravenhage: Staatsdrukkerij, 1967), 38.
10 Nowinski, Baron Dominique Vivant Denon, 104.
11 Quentin Buvelot, “1785–1815: Intermezzo in Paris, Musée Napoléon,” in Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis: A Princely Collection, eds. Peter van der Ploeg and Quentin Buvelot (The Hague: Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis; Zwolle: Waanders, 2006), 30–31.
12 Buvelot, Intermezzo, 31.
13 Eustace, The Fruits of War.
14 Pietrangeli, Vatican Museums, 149.
15 Ibid.
16 Nowinski, Baron, 105.
17 Plant, Venice, 210.
18 David Packard, Art of the Vatican Collections. http://yourmovechessarthist.blogspot.com/2013/05.
19 Eustace, The Fruits of War.
20 Eustace, Canova Ideal Heads, 10.
21 Mainardi, Assuring the Empire, 160.
22 Pietrangeli, The Vatican Museums, 151.
23 Ibid., 153.
24 Bazin, Museum Age, 180.
25 Alexander, Museum Masters, 92.
26 Oliver, From Royal to National, 67.
27 McClellan, Inventing the Louvre, 200.
28 Pietrangeli, The Vatican Museums, 153.
29 Ibid., 154.
30 The Vatican Collections: The Papacy and Art (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art: H. N. Abrams, 1982).
31 Ambrosini, Secret Archives, 295.
32 Ibid.
33 “History of the Vatican Medagliere,” Vatican Library, https://www.vatlib.it/home.php?pag=dipartimento_numismatico&ling=eng.
34 Giuseppe Bertini, “Works of art from Parma in Paris during Napoleon’s time and their restitution” (presentation at the Development of National Museums in Europe 1794–1830 International conference, University of Amsterdam Geneva and Brussels, January 31–February 2, 2008).
&n
bsp; 35 “Diamond in the crown: The Grand Mazarin,” Christie’s, October 18. 2017, https://www.christies.com/features/Le-Grand-Mazarin-Diamond-in-the-Crown-8625-3.aspx.
36 Tomas Macsotay, ed., Rome, Travel and the Sculpture Capital (New York: Routledge, 2017), 98.
37 Alexander, Napoleon & Joséphine, 115.
38 Plant, Venice, 210
39 Ibid.
40 Mainardi, “Assuring the Empire of the Future,” 160.
41 Plant, Venice, 82.
42 Ibid., 81.
TWO: EXILES AND HEROES
1 Roberta J. M. Olson, “Representations of Pope Pius VII: The First Risorgimento Hero,” Art Bulletin 68, no. 1 (March 1986): 93.
2 Grafton, The Classical Tradition, 956.
3 Nicassio, Imperial City, 223.
4 Ibid., 223.
5 Lascelles, Pontifex Maximus, 233.
6 Olson, “Representations,” 77.
7 Nicassio, Imperial City, 224.
8 Olson, “Representations,” 91.
9 Ibid.
10 Pietrangeli, Vatican Museums, 165.
11 The Vatican Collections, 20.
12 Valter Curzi, Carolina Brook, Claudio Parisi Presicce, ed., Il museo universale: dal sogno di Napoleone a Canova (Milan, Italy: Skira, 2016).
13 Rhodi Marsden, “Pope Pius VII’s Paper Crown,” Independent, March 20, 2015, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/rhodri-marsdens-interesting-objects-pope-pius-viis-paper-crown-10116494.html.
14 Roberto Piperno, “Pope Pius VII,” Romeartlover, https://www.romeartlover.it/Storia28.html accessed 12/15/17.
15 Plant, Venice, 221.
16 Grossman, Looking, 77.
17 Cunial and Pavan, Canova, 274.
18 Joseph Farington, The Farington Diary, Vol. 8, ed. James Greig (London: Hutchinson & Co., Ltd. 1922), 49.
19 Pietrangeli, Vatican Museums, 153.
20 Cunial and Pavan, Antonio Canova: Museum and Gipsoteca, 257.
21 Ibid., 154.
22 James Barron, “Finally, From Italy, the Full George Washington,” New York Times, April 23, 2017.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Salomon, Canova’s George Washington, 34–35.
26 Ibid., 108.
27 Ibid., 60.
28 Licht, Canova, 113.
29 Mario Guderzo, email message to author, January 16, 2018.
30 Sheila Hale, Titian, His Life (New York: Harper Press, 2012), 160.
31 Freeman, Horses of St Mark’s, 213.
32 Elliott Davies and Emanuela Tarizzo, Canova and His Legacy (Verona: Paul Holberton Publishing, 2017), 14.
33 Johns, Antonio Canova and the Politics of Patronage, 93.