by Max Hastings
Federal Bureau of Investigation (USA): role, 4, 98, 285; view of British, 100; wartime expansion, 284; claims successes, 285–6, 532; incompetence against spying, 383–4, 534; never infiltrated, 384
Feffer, Itzik, 526
Feklisov, Alexander, 371–2, 374, 383–4
Fellers, Bonner, 454
Fenner, Wilhelm, 93, 449, 451–3, 458–9
Ferguson, Alan, 137, 140
Ferguson, Violet, 135, 137, 140
Fermi, Enrico, 526–8, 531
Field, Noel, 372, 377
Fifth Columns, 260
Fighter Command (Royal Air Force), 53
Finland: war with Russia (1939–40), 186, 547
Finnegan, Joe, 170
Fischer, Franz, 46
Fish messages (German), 413–15, 486
Fish, Mildred see Harnack, Mildred
Fitin, Lt. Gen. Pavel: and German plan to invade USSR, 116, 119, 123–4, 128, 131–2; heads foreign section of NKVD, 116; background, 123; disbelieves Nelidov, 128; Rybkina presents report to, 130; meets Stalin, 131, 134; signs rehabilitation documents for Sudoplatov, 175; suspicion of Philby, 365; complains of late delivery of documents, 382; character, 395; and Donovan’s willingness to cooperate, 537
Flato, Charles, 381
Fleet Radio Unit Pacific (FRUPAC), 173, 505–7, 551
Fleming, Cmdr Ian, xxv, 98, 213, 343
Fleming, Col. Peter, xxiii, 512
Fletcher, Admiral Frank Jack, 64
Florev, George, 527
Flowers, Tommy, 414–16
Fogel (US Communist Party member), 532
Foot, M.R.D., xxvi, 727
Foote, Alexander, 24–6, 107–9, 187, 251–2, 348, 478, 542; see also ‘Lucy’ Ring
Forbes, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles, 214
Force K (Royal Navy), 195
Foreign Armies West see Fremde Heer West
Foreign Office (British): receives pre-war intelligence, 16; declines approaches from German Resistance, 395
‘Fortitude’, Operation (Allied invasion deception), xxiii, 228, 402, 467, 483–5, 502
Fourcade, Marie-Madeleine, 262
France: intelligence departments, 6–7; falls (1940), 52; collaborators, 56; and Japanese aims in Indochina, 153; Resistance, 254, 262–3, 274, 557; SOE operations in, 272–3; Germany reads pre-war diplomatic traffic, 450; Germans recruit stay-behind agents, 491; and control of Indochina, 517
Franco, Gen. Francisco, 297–8, 360
Franken (rumoured German aircraft carrier), 42
Frankfurter, Felix, 376
Franz, Wolfgang, 451
Fraser, Ingram, 97
‘Fred’ (German agent), 63
Free French, 274–5
Freeman, John, 69
Fremde Heer Ost (FHO; Foreign Armies East), 224–5, 234
Fremde Heer West (FHW; Foreign Armies West), 50, 483, 501–2
Frenay, Henri, 275
‘Freya’ (German radar system), 256, 2457
Freyberg, Gen. Bernard, VC, 84
Freytag von Loringhoven, Wessel, 473
Fricke, Walther, 451
Friede, Viktor, 460
Friedman, William, 5, 77, 101, 160, 404, 408, 451; Elements of Cryptanalysis, 158
Frolov, Captain, 321
Fromme, Franz, 331
Frost, Major John, 256–9
Frowein, Lt. Hans-Joachim, 220
FRUPAC see Fleet Radio Unit Pacific
Fuchs, Klaus, 26, 525–7, 529–35
Fukudome, Vice-Admiral Shigeru, 406
Gabin, Jean, 107
Gaertner, Dieter, 33
Gaevernitz, Gero von, 306
Gagel, Karl, 249, 541
Gambier-Parry, Col. Richard: qualities, 59–60; intercept German signals, 77; Trevor-Roper criticises, 208
Gamelin, Gen. Maurice, 50, 52
Gamow, George, 532
Gamow, Rho, 532
Gamsakhurdia, Konstantin, 178
Garbers, Heinrich, 62–3, 346
‘Garbo’ (agent), 285, 468, 484, 544
Gaulle, Gen. Charles de, 274–6, 300, 312, 385
Geheime Kommandosache, 450
Gehlen Bureau (of CIA), 545
Gehlen, Lt. Col. Reinhard: activities, xxiv; claims Bormann in Rössler’s pay, 188; background and career, 224–5; analysis of situation in Russia, 225–7; Demyanov (‘Max’) reports to, 231–2, 234, 456; awards Demyanov Iron Cross, 236; keeps job, 238; offers services to Americans, 544–5
Gendin, Major Simon, 22, 28
Gerlach, Christiane, 32
Germany: security agencies, 6; pre-war economic weakness, 13–14; rearms, 15; pre-war intentions, 16; agreement with Japan, 38; invasion threat to Britain, 53–4; plans to invades USSR, 56, 85, 103, 105–6, 118–20, 122, 126; belief in immunity of Enigma, 72, 93, 551; breaks Allied codes, 72; invasion and advance into Russia, 121, 133, 174, 187, 189, 203–4, 223, 483; Soviet speculations on strategy, 128–9; military strength and deployment at invasion of Russia, 130; economy misjudged, 210–11, 301–2; intelligence organisations and weaknesses, 223, 447–51, 457–8, 468–72; loathed by occupied peoples, 260; persecution of Jews, 300; proposals to provoke revolution in, 300; lacks special operations units, 305; Dulles on post-war treatment of, 307, 312; Dulles reports on opposition in, 311–13; fear of USSR, 311; anti-partisan reprisals in Russia, 322–5; oil shortage, 398; expects Allied landing in Pas de Calais, 402; uses teleprinters, 411–16; rocket and V-weapons development, 421–6; closes selected foreign interception stations, 457; military dispositions known in Allied invasion, 486; lacks resources for reaction in Normandy and NW Europe, 487, 502; possible last-ditch ‘Alpine redoubt’ stand, 503; lack of trust with Japan, 522–3; and atomic bomb development, 527; susceptibility to deception, 554; see also Berlin; ‘Red Orchestra’
Gestapo: and RSHA, 61; suppresses Resistance activity, 223
Gibson, Guy, 58
Gibson, Major Harold, 40
Giering, Hans, 247–9
‘Gilbert’ (agent), 363
Gill, Walter, 58–9
Giraud, Gen. Henri, 477
Gisevius, Hans-Berndt, 64, 110, 308–9
Giskes, Maj. Herman, 269, 271
Glasser, Harold, 381
Glebov (Russian conspirator), 229
Glodjai, Heinz (‘Sharp’), 252
Glushenko (Soviet partisan), 320
Gneisenau (German heavy cruiser), 196, 199, 257
Göbbels, Joseph, 360, 396, 469, 478
Godfrey, Rear-Admiral John: Churchill recommends to succeed Sinclair, 17; visits USA, 98; reports on US intelligence, 156–7; in JIC, 202; personal staff, 212; replaced, 213; and protection of Ultra secret, 214
Godfrey, Margaret, 74
Godin, Baron Michel von, 24
Goggins, Captain William, 172
Gold, Harry, 373, 527, 531, 534
Goldberg, Arthur, 297–8
Golikov, Gen. Filip, 106, 128
Golos, Jacob, 379–80, 385
Good, Jack, 415
Gördeler, Karl: nationalist views, 46; and Rössler, 110; anti-Hitler group, 118; JIC considers as contact, 204
Gorgopotamos viaduct (Greece), 267
Göring, Franz, 481
Göring, Hermann: and German invasion plans for Russia, 131; given Japanese samurai sword, 140; assassination proposed, 177, 481; and exposure of ‘Red Orchestra’, 244; Forschungsamt, 450
Gorsky, Anatoly, 355, 360, 381, 525
Görtz, Hermann: pre-war tour in England, 3; in Ireland, 333–7
Gourevitch, Anatoli Sukolov- (‘Vincente Sierra’; ‘Monsieur Kent’): background, 22–3; in Spain, 22; in Belgium with Trepper, 23, 31, 54–5, 189–90, 239; memoirs, 30, 247; training, 30; personal life, 54, 190, 239–40, 249; moves to Geneva, 107–8; sets up Simexco (trading company), 189–90, 239; travels to Prague and Berlin, 191; encounters Schulze-Boysen and ‘Red Orchestra’, 192–3; moves to Paris, 240; arrested and interrogated, 241, 247; Pannwitz releases, 249–50; post-war trial and imprisonment in Russia, 539; dea
th, 539
Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS) see Bletchley Park
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 546
Grand, Laurence, 263
Grand mufti of Jerusalem see Husseini, Muhammed Amin el-
Graupe (German in North Africa), 453
Gray, LAC, 87
Grazier, Able Seaman Colin, 89–90
Greece: Germany invades, 103, 105; SOE in, 278, 280; Germans withdraw from (1944), 280, 390; OSS in, 294; agents in, 390
Greene, Graham, 55, 391, 394
Greene, Herbert (Midorikawa), 144
Greenglass, David and Ruth, 533
Gregg, Joseph, 379
Grey Pillars, Cairo, 278
Gribble, Col. Philip: Diary of a Staff Officer, 91
Grossvogel, Leon, 31
Groves, Gen. Leslie, 526
GRU (Red Army’s intelligence organisation), 18; purged, 20–1, 28; in Belgium, 23; in Switzerland, 24–6; German network, 28; informants in London, 105; attempted coup in Yugoslavia thwarted, 106; and prospective German invasion of USSR, 121; predicts Hitler’s Operation ‘Blue’, 228; identifies collaborators, 229; agents in Germany, 252; in USA, 369; sends spies for local work, 494; deception operations, 553
Guadalcanal, 172, 504, 519
Guards Chapel, London: destroyed by flying bomb, 394
Gubbins, Colin, 264, 272, 279
Guderian, Gen. Heinz, 457
Guerisse, Captain Albert, 273
guerrilla campaigns and partisans, 261, 305, 314–29, 556–7
Guichard, Xavier, 466
Guisan, Gen. Henri, 475–7
Gumassat, Bhagat Ram, 339
Gumpertz, Hedda, 372
Haas-Heye, Libertas, 29
Hagen, Ursula, 448
Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, 17
Halder, Col. Gen. Franz, 118, 130, 188, 204, 318
Halfaya Pass, 85
Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of: appeasement policy, 15; character, 261; Maclean and, 359
Hall, Cmdr Richard, 216
Hall, Ted, 383, 524, 533
Hall, Admiral Sir William (‘Blinker’), 74
Halperin, Maurice, 377
Halsey, Admiral William (‘Bull’), 166, 521
Hambro, Sir Charles, 264
Hambro, Olaf, 74
Hamburger, Ursula (‘Sonya’), 25–6, 107–8, 525, 530, 539
Hamel, Edmond, 107, 109, 251
Hamel, Olga, 251
Hampshire, Stuart, 361–2
Handeeming, Col., 50
Handel, Michael, 65
Hanfstaengl, Helene, 478
Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers, 1st Baron, 351, 355
Hansell, Gen. Heywood, 211
Hansen, Col. Georg, 473
Harker, Brigadier Oswald (‘Jasper’), 207
Harnack, Arvid: recruited as Russian agent in Berlin, 29–31, 247; activities in ‘Red Orchestra’, 114, 116–22, 130, 193–4, 242, 548; loses contact with Moscow, 189; Gourevitch contacts, 191; arrested and hanged, 246
Harnack, Mildred (née Fish), 29, 246–7
Harriman, Averell, 301, 380
Harris, Kitty, 357
Harrison, Leland, 306
Hart, Basil Liddell, 359
Hasenjaeger, Gisbert, 452
Hastings, Captain Edward, 101
Hastings, Max: All Hell Let Loose, 555
Haulkelid, Knut, 280
Hausamann, Captain Hans, 110, 307
Haushofer, Karl, 33
Havemann, Wolfgang, 242
Hawaii: Japanese colony on, 155; see also Pearl Harbor
Hayashi, Lt. Col. Saburo, 143, 151
Hayden, Sterling (‘Buzz’), 290–2, 294–5, 538
Hayes, Carlton, 297
Hayes, Stephen, 336
Hazell, Lt. Col. Ronald, 435–7, 442
heavy water, 279, 528
Heenan, Captain Patrick, 155
Held, Stephen, 333–4
Helms, Richard, 538
Hemingway, Ernest, 381
Hempel, Eduard, 334
Henderson, Sir Nevile, 11, 16
Henniger, Hans, 29
Hensler, Hermann, 250
Herbst, Josephine, 372
Herivel, John, 79, 81
Hermes, R.A. see Rössler, Rudolf
Hess, Rudolf, 127, 129, 360
Hessler, Albert, 241–2
Heuvel, Frederick vanden (‘Fanny’), 306, 421–2
Hewitt, Abram Stevens, 480
Heydrich, Lena, 473
Heydrich, Reinhard: and Schellenberg, 6, 473; Canaris works with, 64; uses RSHA against internal enemies, 66; and Muller’s claim to be Gestapo member, 116; assassinated, 250, 342, 474
Hignet, Gilbert, 97
Higuchi, Kiichiro, 522
Hill, Tony, 256
Hiller, George, 276
Hillgarth, Captain Alan, 297, 343
Himmler, Heinrich: and Lehmann, 27; and Venlo incident, 45; runs domestic security service (RSHA), 61; on loyalty to Hitler, 65; forms partisan unit, 305; differences with Canaris, 361; Seth claims to have met, 444; withholds SD’s reports from Hitler, 469; and Schellenberg, 473–6, 480; demands Swiss neutrality, 476; largesse, 478; given army command on Eastern Front, 481
Hince, Clarence, 100
Hinsley, Harry, xxiv, xxvi, 74, 553
Hirch, Frank, 82
Hiskey, Clarence, 525, 531
Hiss, Alger: as traitor, xviii; works for GRU, 372; background and career, 376
Hitler, Adolf: discounts objective evidence, xx, 555; diffuses power, 6; respect for British intelligence, 8; military strength, 13–14; MI6 analyses, 15; intentions, 16; and Venlo incident, 45; plans of attack in West, 48–9; launches Blitzkrieg in West, 50; plans to invade Soviet Union, 56, 85, 103, 105, 118, 120, 397; controlling nature, 65; use of intelligence, 66–7; loses Battle of Britain, 105; dissension with generals, 126, 129; rejects Soviet peace proposal, 127; invades Russia, 174; Russian assassination plan against, 176–7; and recall of Ott from Tokyo, 182; strategy in Russia, 187–8, 194, 228; obstinacy and unpredictability, 206, 554; Jung on, 308; and persecution of Jews, 310; strategy in Italy, 310–11; opposition to, 311–13; orders reprisals in Soviet Union, 322, 324; pact with Stalin, 354; July bomb plot against, 365, 402, 472, 480; meetings with Ōshima, 399–401; on Italy’s collapse, 400; changes mind, 410; and development of V-weapons, 421, 429; believes in Allied Balkan campaign, 463; SD’s reports withheld from, 469; denounces Canaris, 478; expects Allied invasion at Pas de Calais, 484; plans Ardennes offensive (1944), 498; supposed diaries, 544
Hiyo (Japanese carrier), 507
Ho Chi Minh, 353
Hoare, Sir Samuel, 297, 343
Hodges, Corporal, 87
Hogg, Cmdr W.S., 285
Holland, Elisabeth, 115
Holland, Col. John, 264
Hollard, Michel, 262, 425, 426
Hollerith punch-card machines, 160
Holmes, Jasper, 160–1, 166–7, 169–70, 172, 506, 508
Holohan, Major William, 288
Holtwick, Lt. Cmdr Jack, 160–1, 166
Holzach, Paul, 340
Hönmanns, Major Erich, 48
Hoover, J. Edgar: heads FBI, 4; Menzies seeks link with, 96; passes information to British, 97; Godfrey visits, 98; conflicts with Donovan, 284; uncooperativeness, 285; vanity, 286; unaware of anti-US activities, 369; Zarubin betrayed to, 382; and non-penetration of FBI, 384; secures demise of OSS, 538
Hopkins, Harry, 377, 380, 526
Horodyski, Count, 17
Horthy, Admiral Miklós, 24
Hoskins, Col. Harold, 291
Höttl, William, 537
House Un-American Activities Committee (USA), 382
Howard, Sir Michael, 471, 502
Hoyningen-Huene, Baron Oswald von, 348
Hozyain, 228, 528
Hradecký, Václav (‘Little Wally’), 315
‘Huff-Duff’ (High-Frequency Direction-Finding), 83, 88, 213
Hull, Cordell, 314, 374
&nb
sp; humint (human intelligence): defined, xxiiin; British dependence on, 13; British shortage inside Germany, 391, 395
Humphreys, Group-Captain Harry, xx, 408
Huntington, Ellery, 298
‘Husky’, Operation (Sicily invasion, July 1943), 455, 470
Husseini, Muhammed Amin el-, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, 479
Hüttenhain, Erich, 451–2, 457–8, 545
Hydra cipher, 83
‘Hypo, Station’, Pearl Harbor (COM 14), 160–2, 165–8, 171–2, 504–5
Iatskov, Anatoly, 534
Icardi, Lt. Aldo, 288
‘Ichi-Go’, Operation, 522
Ichijima, Kikuyasa, 182–3
Ilyin, Viktor, 236–7
Imai, Cmdr Nobuiko, 519
Imitation Game, The (film), xxvii, 546
Imphal, 510, 522
Importers and Exporters Services (USA), 284
India: troops suborned by Japanese, 154–5; British policy in, 514–15; Japanese run agents in, 520
Indian National Army, 339, 520
Indochina: as Japanese objective, 153–4; Anglo-American conflict in, 517
Industrial Intelligence Centre (British), 13
Ioffe, A.E., 533
Ireland: position in war, 330–1; Abwehr activities in, 331–8
Irish Republican Army, 330–4
Irrawaddy, river (Burma), 513
Isbutski, Hermann (‘Bob’), 248
Ishii, Hanako (‘Agnes’), 35, 39, 180, 183, 542
Ismay, Gen. Hastings Lionel (‘Pug’), 17
Istanbul, 339
Italy: pre-war intelligence gathering, 5; naval codes broken, 83–4; frogmen’s successes, 221; Hitler intends to withdraw from south, 310; partisans and agents in, 391; collapse, 400; traffic intercepted, 407–8; breaks British codes, 453; Allies invade, 479
Ito, Captain Risaburo, 145
Ivanov, Peter, 341
Ivanov, Vasily, 237
Iwo Jima, 521
Izaki, Kioya, 141
Jacob, Brigadier Ian, 70; naval and military codes, 145, 164
Janowsky, Werner, 466
Japan: pre-war spying, 5; Sorge in, 33–8; agreement with Germany, 38; deployments on Soviet border, 38; Purple cipher machine lost, 95; Americans break Purple cipher, 99, 145, 160, 162, 165, 386–7, 395, 551; US brings mock Purple machine to Britain, 100; US–British collaboration on, 100; proposed peace treaty with China, 111; restraint in entering war, 111; shock at Nazi–Soviet Pact, 111; war with China, 112, 141; Soviet neutrality pact with, 126, 151; reads captured documents on British position in Asia, 138–9; collects intelligence information before Pearl Harbor, 141; intelligence operations against Soviet Russia, 142–3; intelligence operations in Britain and USA, 144; undervalues intelligence-gathering, 144–5, 149–50, 521; complacency over security of codes, 145; counter-espionage organisations, 145–9; lack of success in naval codebreaking, 145; assessment of war in Europe, 150–2; conducts war game, 150; overconfidence of result of war, 150–1; and German invasion of Russia, 151, 179; Churchill’s memorandum to, 152–3; military objectives, 153, 555; information on Southeast Asia and Pacific, 154–6; supports Asian nationalist groups, 154; enters war (1941), 156; Orange code, 162; plans attack on Pearl Harbor, 163–4; JN-25b Fleet Code, 166–7; introduces Fleet Code JN-25c, 171; prospective threat to USSR, 179–81; changes diplomatic codes after ‘Barbarossa’, 186; messages to and from Ōshima, 397; realistic estimate of Soviet strength, 399; ‘Coral’ naval attaché code broken, 401; kept from knowing Allied intelligence secrets, 405–6; Germany reads ‘Red’ diplomatic cipher, 448; codes broken slowly, 504; JN-25 Fleet Code, 504, 506; Water Transport Code, 505, 511; ‘Maru’ cipher broken, 507; shipping losses, 507–8; Burma campaign, 510; use of code books, 512; preoccupation with USSR and China, 518–19; Central Special Intelligence Section (Tokushu Joho-bu), 519; slow development of intelligence operations, 519, 556; agents in USA, 520; overestimates US strength in Alaska, 521; kamikaze attacks, 522; lack of trust with Germany, 522–3; underestimates US moral strength, 548