8 Quoted in Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: New Viewpoints, 1973), p. 149. The final sentence is my translation.
9 “‘The Lesser Evil’: An Interview with Norodom Sihanouk,” New York Review of Books, March 14, 1985, p. 24.
10 Quoted in François Ponchaud, Cambodia: Year Zero (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977), pp. 50-51.
11 Arn Yan, “My Mother’s Courage,” in Kim DePaul, ed., Children of Cambodia’s Killing Fields: Memoirs by Survivors, compiled by Dith Pran (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 141.
12 From Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 458. Used with permission. The figures here and in this section are taken from Ben Kiernan, “The Cambodian Genocide—1975- 1979,” in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, and Israel W. Charny, eds., Genocide in the Twentieth Century: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts (New York: Garland, 1995), pp. 436-441.
13 Chhun Von, author interview, Lowell, Massachusetts, April 11, 2008.
14 Teeda Butt Mam, “Worms from Our Skin,” in DePaul, ed., Children of Cambodia’s Killing Fields, pp. 13-14.
15 Moly Ly, “Witnessing the Horror,” in DePaul, ed., Children of Cambodia’s Killing Fields, p. 61.
16 Quoted in Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79, p. 2.
17 Ponchaud, Cambodia, pp. 50-51.
18 Quoted in Jean Hatzfeld, Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), p. 96.
19 John Hughes, Indonesian Upheaval (New York: David McKay, 1967), p. 175.
20 Alisa Muratčauš, author interview, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, July 12, 2008.
21 Hatzfeld, Machete Season, p. 9.
22 Ibid., p. 93.
23 BA Koblenz, ZSg. 101 Sammlung Brammer zur Pressepolitik des NS-Staates, no. 41, pp. 55-57.
24 Quoted in Alf Lüdtke, “The Appeal of Exterminating ‘Others’: German Workers and the Limits of Resistance,” in Michael Geyer and John W. Boyer, eds., Resistance Against the Third Reich, 1933-1990 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 73.
25 Ngarambe, author interview.
26 Hatzfeld, Machete Season, pp. 71 and 219.
27 Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Knopf, 1996), especially pp. 450-454.
28 Hatzfeld, Machete Season, pp. 219 and 170.
29 Max Weinreich, Hitler’s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in the Germany’s Crimes Against the Jewish People (New York: YIVO, 1946); Léon Poliakov and Joseph Wulf, eds., Das Dritte Reich und seine Denker (The Third Reich and Its Thinkers) (Frankfurt, Germany: Ullstein, 1983); Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986); Ingo Müller, Hitler’s Justice: The Courts of the Third Reich (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991); and Paul Lawrence Rose, Revolutionary Antisemitism in Germany from Kant to Wagner (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).
30 Quoted in Hatzfeld, Machete Season, pp. 153-154.
31 Quoted in Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, p. 115.
32 Quoted in Hatzfeld, Machete Season, p. 68.
33 Lucy Ngima Wahome, author interview, Nyeri District, Kenya, May 1, 2008; Paul Mahehu, author interview, Nyeri District, Kenya, May 1, 2008; and John Nottingham, author interview, Nairobi, Kenya, May 4, 2008.
34 Nottingham, author interview.
35 Josiah Mwangi Kariuki, “Mau Mau” Detainee: The Account by a Kenya African of His Experiences in Detention Camps, 1953-1960 (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 81.
36 Mahehu, author interview.
37 Much of this paragraph closely follows a paragraph from Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, p. 459. For Frank’s statements, see Poliakov and Wulf, eds., Das Dritte Reich und seine Denker, pp. 503-504. For Himmler’s statement, see “Indictment against R.R., M.B., and E.K.,” StA Regensburg I 4 Js 1495/85, p. 36.
38 See Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, “The Nazi German Revolution,” pp. 455-461.
39 Otto-Ernst Duscheleit, author interview, Berlin, Germany, July 19, 2008.
40 The last few sentences mainly reproduce a section from Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, p. 171.
41 Galician Kalinnikovich, author interview, St. Petersburg, Russia, June 26, 2008.
42 Ukhnalev Ilyich, author interview, St. Petersburg, Russia, June 26, 2008.
43 Kalinnikovich, author interview.
44 Ilyich, author interview.
45 Quoted in Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (New York: Anchor Books, 2003), p. 241.
46 R. J. Rummel, China’s Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1991), p. 214.
47 Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1919), pp. 338 and 348; Davis quoted in Peter Balakian, The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America’s Response (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 236.
48 Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, pp. 289-290; and Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981), pp. 281-282.
49 Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, eds., Nazism: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts, vol. 2 (New York: Schocken, 1988), p. 1131.
50 Applebaum, Gulag, pp. 29-30, 108-110, and 471-472.
51 Guatemala: Memory of Silence, Report of the Commission for Historical Clarification, “Conclusions and Recommendations,” paragraphs 72 and 73, http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/report/english/toc.html.
52 Quoted in Applebaum, Gulag, p. 271.
53 Ratha Duong, “Hurt, Pain, and Suffering,” in DePaul, ed., Children of Cambodia’s Killing Fields, p. 96.
54 Quoted in Kiernan, “The Cambodian Genocide—1975-1979,” p. 478.
55 S. A. Malsagoff, An Island Hell: A Soviet Prison in the Far North (London: A. M. Philpot, 1926), p. 174.
56 Quoted in Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (New York: Knopf, 2005), p. 325.
57 Ly, “Witnessing the Horror,” pp. 63-64.
58 Elizabeth Becker, When the War Was Over: Cambodia’s Revolution and the Voices of Its Rebirth (New York: Touchstone, 1986), pp. 41-42.
59 Eugon Kogan, The Theory and Practice of Hell (New York: Berkeley Medallion Books, 1968), p. 90.
60 Report on the Natives of South-West Africa and Their Treatment by Germany, (presented to both houses of Parliament by Command of His Majesty, August 1918) (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1918), p. 100.
61 Armen Hairapetian, “‘Race Problems’ and the Armenian Genocide: The State Department File,” Armenian Review (Spring 1984): 57.
62 Quoted in Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), p. 257.
63 Rithy Uong, author interview, April 11, 2008, Lowell, Massachusetts.
64 Joseph Schupack, Tote Jahre: Eine jüdische Leidensgeschichte (Tübingen, Germany: Katzmann, 1984), p. 138.
65 Uong, author interview.
66 Quoted in Robert Conquest, Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 132.
67 Savuth Penn, “The Dark Years of My Life,” in DePaul, ed., Children of Cambodia’s Killing Fields, p. 48.
68 Quoted in Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, p. 166.
69 Chang and Halliday, Mao, p. 106.
70 Quoted in Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Mao’s Secret Famine (New York: Free Press, 1996), p. 146.
71 Chang and Halliday, Mao, p. 421.
72 Navy Dy, “The Tragedy of My Homeland,” in DePaul, ed., Children of Cambodia’s Killing Fields, pp. 89-90.
73 Charles Karumi, interview with Caroline Elkins, Westlands, Nairobi, Kenya, August 9, 2003.
74 Wolfgang Gust, ed., Der Völkermord an den Ar
meniern 1915/16: Dokumente aus dem Politischen Archiv des deutschen Auswärtigen Amts (Springe, Germany: zu Klampen, 2005), p. 262.
75 Fredy Peccerelli, author interview, Guatemala City, Guatemala, June 5, 2008.
76 Quoted in Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, pp. 256-257.
77 Quoted in Hatzfeld, Machete Season, pp. 132-133.
78 See Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, “There Is No Hierarchy Among Victims,” New York Times, January 18, 1997.
79 See Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, pp. 295-300, from which the passage here reproduces some sections.
80 Quoted in Applebaum, Gulag, p. 270.
81 Ilyich, author interview.
82 Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Mao’s Secret Famine (New York: Free Press, 1996), p. 194.
83 Quoted in Hatzfeld, Machete Season, p. 131.
84 Von, author interview.
85 Uong, author interview.
86 See Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 72-74.
87 See Daniel Gilbert, “He Who Cast the First Stone Probably Didn’t,” New York Times, July 24, 2006.
88 Roeun Sam, “Living in the Darkness,” in DePaul, ed., Children of Cambodia’s Killing Fields, pp. 76-77.
89 Quoted in Jean Hatzfeld, Into the Quick of Life: The Rwandan Genocide—The Survivors Speak (London: Serpent’s Tail, 2005), p. 75.
90 Ibid.
91 See Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, p. 307.
92 Yuki Tanaka, Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), p. 204.
93 Erwin Wickert, ed., The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe (New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 173.
94 Quoted in Roy Gutman, “The Rapes of Bosnia,” in A Witness to Genocide: The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-winning Dispatches on the “Ethnic Cleansing” of Bosnia (New York: Macmillan, 1993), pp. 69-70.
95 Quoted in Alexandra Stiglmayer, “The Rapes in Bosnia-Herzegovina,” in Alexandra Stiglmayer, ed., Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), p. 92.
96 Ibid., p. 85.
97 Quoted in Human Rights Watch, Kosovo: Rape as a Weapon of “Ethnic Cleansing,” 2000, www.hrw.org/reports/2000/fry/Kosov003-02.htm#P155_28604.
98 Ibid.
99 Quoted in Rounaq Jahan, “Genocide in Bangladesh,” in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, and Israel W. Charny, eds., Genocide in the Twentieth Century: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts (New York: Garland, 1995), p. 398.
100 Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1976), pp. 85 and 81-82.
101 Ibid., pp. 60-61.
102 See Julie Mertus, “Women in Kosovo: Contested Terrains,” in Sabrina P. Ramet, ed., Gender Politics in the Western Balkans: Women and Society in Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Successor States (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), p. 178.
103 Human Rights Watch, Kosovo.
104 Amnesty International Report, “Darfur: Rape as a Weapon of War: Sexual Violence and Its Consequences,” July 19, 2004, http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engafr540762004.
105 Médecins Sans Frontières, “The Crushing Burden of Rape: Sexual Violence in Darfur,” March 8, 2005, www.genocideinterventionfund.org/educate/reports/others/crushing_burden_of_rape.pdf.
106 Benjamin Joffe-Walt, “Arab Militia Use ‘Rape Camps’ for Ethnic Cleansing of Sudan,” Daily Telegraph, May 29, 2004, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/05/30/wdarf30.xml.
107 Quoted in Regina Mühlhäuser, “Between ‘Racial Awareness’ and Fantasies of Potency: Nazi Sexual Politics in the Occupied Territories of the Soviet Union, 1942-1945,” in Dagmar Herzog, ed., Brutality and Desire: War and Sexuality in Europe’s Twentieth Century (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 198.
108 Guatemala: Memory of Silence, “Conclusions and Recommendations,” paragraph 91.
109 Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, pp. 247 and 254.
110 Ibid., p. 257.
111 Quoted in Hiroko Tabuchi, “Japan’s Abe: No Proof of WWII Sex Slaves,” Washington Post, March 1, 2007, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/01/AR2007030100578.html.
112 Report on the Natives of South-West Africa and Their Treatment by Germany, p. 65.
113 James Bryce and Arnold Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916. Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden by Viscount Bryce (Princeton, NJ: Gomidas Institute, 2000), Account 24, p. 128.
114 Stiglmayer, “The Rapes in Bosnia-Herzegovina,” pp. 108-109.
115 Quoted in Gutman, “Victims Recount Nights of Terror at Makeshift Bordello,” in A Witness to Genocide, p. 76; and in Stiglmayer, “The Rapes in Bosnia-Herzegovina,” p. 121.
116 Amnesty International Report, “Darfur: Rape as a Weapon of War.”
117 Ibid.
118 Tharcisse Karugarama, author interview, Kigali, Rwanda, May 9, 2008.
119 Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1996), pp. 54-56.
120 Ibid., pp. 63-64.
121 Ibid., pp. 62-63.
122 Concessa Kayiraba, author interview, Rwamagana District, Eastern Province, Rwanda, May 6, 2008.
123 Ngarambe, author interview.
124 Muratčauš, author interview.
125 Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen, “Moving into the Field and Conducting the Interviews: Commentary and Observations by the Investigators,” in Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen, eds., Genocide in Darfur: Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 95-96.
126 Nottingham, author interview.
127 Guatemala: Never Again!, REMNI, Recovery of Historical Memory Project, the Official Report of the Human Rights Office, Archdiocese of Guatemala (New York: Orbis, 1999), pp. 31 and 29.
128 Peccerelli, author interview.
129 See Vahakn N. Dadrian, “The Secret Young-Turk Ittihadist Conference and the Decision for the World War I Genocide of the Armenians,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies (Fall 1993): 174.
130 Heinrich Himmler, “Speech of the Reichsführer-SS at the SS Group Leader Meeting in Posen (Poznan),” Nuremberg Doc. 1919-PS, reproduced at www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/posen.html.
131 Quoted in Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen, and Volker Rieß, eds., “The Good Old Days”: The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders (New York: Free Press, 1991), pp. 54 and 56.
132 Quoted in Liisa H. Malkki, Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology Among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 91.
133 African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance (London: African Rights, 1994), pp. 463-464.
134 Quoted in Hatzfeld, Machete Season, pp. 131-132.
135 Nottingham, author interview.
136 Malkki, Purity and Exile, pp. 92-93.
137 Oscar Pinkus, The House of Ashes (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1964), p. 36.
CHAPTER TEN
1 Quoted in Orly Halpern, “Exiled Hamas Leader Gives Interview,” Jerusalem Post, February 26, 2006, www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1139395452922&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull; and “Hamas Pushes for Sharia Punishments,” Jerusalem Post, December 24, 2008, www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1229868840606. An earlier version of my treatment of Political Islam appeared in Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, “The New Threat: The Radical Politics of Islamic Fundamentalism,” New Republic, March 13, 2006, pp. 15-27.
2 “To the Americans” Internet posting of October 6, 2002, in Bruce Lawrence, ed., Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden (London: Verso, 2005), pp. 166-171.
3 Steven Stalinsky, “Dealing in Death: The West Is Weak Because It Respects Life? Too Bad,” National Review Online, May 24, 2004, www.nationalreview.com/comment/stalinsky200405
240846.asp.
4 Quoted in Richard Stengel, “Osama bin Laden and the Idea of Progress,” Time, December 21, 2001, www.time.com/time/columnist/stengel/article/0,9565,189648,00.html.
5 Quoted in Stalinsky, “Dealing in Death.”
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