64 Quoted in Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, p. 452. Many other studies and much published documentary evidence have since confirmed the book’s conclusions. See, for example, Mallmann, Rieß, and Pyta, eds., Deutscher Osten 1939-1945.
65 Oscar Pinkus, The House of Ashes (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1964), p. 119.
66 Quoted in Hatzfeld, Machete Season, p. 157.
67 Ngarambe, author interview.
68 Ibid.
69 Quoted in Hatzfeld, Machete Season, p. 120.
70 Quoted in Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, p. 280.
71 Pipit Rochijat, “AM I PKI OR NON-PKI?” Indonesia 40 (October 1985), p. 45.
72 Ibid., p. 43.
73 See Helen Fein, Accounting for Genocide: National Victimization and Jewish Responses During the Holocaust (New York: Free Press, 1979).
74 Quoted in Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, eds., Nazism: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts, 1919-1945, vol. 2 (New York: Schocken, 1988), p. 1132.
75 See Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair (New York: Knopf, 2002), for an extensive discussion of these themes.
76 See Yuki Tanaka, Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), pp. 201-206.
77 See John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986), pp. 53-55.
78 J. Samuel Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan, rev. ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), pp. 105-106.
79 Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 1953-1956: The White House Years (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963), pp. 312-313; and William D. Leahy, I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), p. 441.
80 All quoted in Benjamin Lieberman, Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), p. 233.
81 Ibid., p. 234.
82 Quoted in Norman M. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 118.
83 Quoted in Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (New York: Knopf, 2005), p. 545.
84 Suleiman Abu Gheith, “In the Shadow of Lances,” posted at MEMRI Special Dispatch Series—No. 388, June 12, 2002, www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=sp38802#_edn1.
85 Jon Bridgman and Leslie J. Worley, “Genocide of the Hereros,” in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, and Israel W. Charny, eds., Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 20.
86 Ibid., p. 27.
87 Peter Balakian, The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America’s Response (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 223.
88 Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1919), pp. 162-170.
89 Vahakn N. Dadrian, “The Secret Young-Turk Ittihadist Conference and the Decision for the World War I Genocide of the Armenians,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 7, no. 2 (Fall 1993): 173-175.
90 Charlotte Kechejian, author interview, Flushing, New York, April 9, 2008.
91 Quoted in Tim Judah, The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 132-133; see also p. 127.
92 Quoted in Martin Bell, In Harm’s Way (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1995), p. 132.
93 Yasmin Khan, The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 79 and 85.
94 Quoted in Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, “Physical and Cultural Genocide of Various Indigenous Peoples,” in Totten, Parsons, and Charny, eds., Genocide in the Twentieth Century, p. 494.
95 Quoted in Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, p. 280.
96 Geert Platner und Schüler der Gerhart-Hauptmann-Schule in Kassel, eds., Schule im Dritten Reich: Erziehung zum Tod (Cologne, Germany: Paul-Rugenstein, 1988).
97 Roger Fry, “An Essay in Aesthetics,” in Craufurd D. Goodwin, ed., Art and the Market: Roger Fry on Commerce in Art: Selected Writings (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), p. 80.
98 Melita Maschmann, Account Rendered: A Dossier of My Former Self (London: Abelard-Schuman, 1964), p. 56.
99 Quoted in Jean Hatzfeld, Machete Season, pp. 10-11. 100. This reproduces a section from Goldhagen, A Moral Reckoning, pp. 82-83. For these and other passages from Civiltà cattolica, see Georges Passelecq and Bernard Suchecky, The Hidden Encyclical of Pius XI (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1997), pp. 123-136.
101 Bridgman and Worley, “Genocide of the Hereros,” pp. 21 and 29-30.
102 Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers, p. 220.
103 For a discussion of how to analyze these issues, see Goldhagen, A Moral Reckoning, pp. 120-121.
104 For a discussion of why the notion of collective guilt is to be rejected, of the nature of individual culpability, and of the various kinds of culpability, see Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, “Foreword to the German Edition,” Hitlers Willige Vollstrecker: Ganz gewöhnliche Deutsche und der Holocaust (Berlin: Siedler, 1996), reprinted in Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Vintage, 1997), pp. 481-482, and Goldhagen, A Moral Reckoning, pp. 4-5, 9, and 124-131.
105 “Ceausescu’s Absolute Power Dies in Rumanian Popular Rage,” New York Times, January 7, 1990, quoted in James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 204.
106 Quoted in Hatzfeld, Machete Season, p. 219.
107 Ibid., pp. 58-59.
CHAPTER SIX
1 “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,” adopted by Resolution 260 (III) A of the UN General Assembly on December 9, 1948, reproduced at Prevent Genocide International, www.preventgenocide.org/law/convention/text.htm.
2 Nicolas D. Kristof, “A Wimp on Genocide,” New York Times, September 18, 2005.
3 “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.”
4 Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair (New York: Knopf, 2002).
5 Robert Cribb, “The Indonesian Massacres,” in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, and Israel W. Charny, eds., Genocide in the Twentieth Century: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts (New York: Garland, 1995), p. 310.
6 William J. Clinton, “Remarks at the United States Naval Academy Commencement Ceremony in Annapolis, Maryland,” May 25, 1994, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=50236.
7 Quoted in David Remnick, “The Wanderer,” New Yorker, September 18, 2006, www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/09/18/060918fa_fact1.
8 Quoted in Frontline: The Triumph of Evil: How the West Ignored Warnings of the 1994 Rwanda Genocide and Turned Its Back on the Victims , www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/etc/slaughter.html.
9 Quoted in Samantha Power, “A Problem from Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002), pp. 310-311.
10 Quoted in René Lemarchand, “Burundi,” Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity (Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2005), pp. 133-134.
11 Quoted in Baroness Emma Nicholson of Winterbourne, “The Human Rights of the Sukan Al-ahwar (Marsh Arabs of Iraq),” speech delivered at the Mesopotamian Marshes Conference, October 30, 2004, Harvard University, www.cceia.org/resources/transcripts/5135.html.
12 Reported by BBC News, March 26, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3573229.stm.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1 See “The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: The 40th Anniversary,” at the National Security Archive, The George Washington University, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/audio.htm.
2 Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, eds., Nazism: A History in Documents and Eyewitn
ess Accounts, 1919-1945, vol. 2 (New York: Schocken, 1988), p. 1130.
3 Quoted in François Ponchaud, Cambodia: Year Zero (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977), p. 50.
4 See Ulrich Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1918 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968), p. 127.
5 Quoted in African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance (London: African Rights, 1994), pp. 54-55.
6 Quoted in African Rights, Rwanda, p. 57.
7 Quoted in Gérard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia, 1995), p. 222.
8 Quoted in Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), p. 42; see also pp. 38-46.
9 Quoted in Jean Hatzfeld, Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), p. 219.
10 These examples come from Amartya Sen, whose pioneering work shows these essential facts about famine. See “Public Action to Remedy Hunger,” (August 2, 1990), posted at Global Policy Forum, www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/hunger/general/1990/0802public.htm (accessed May 13, 2009).
11 Quoted in Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, pp. 259 and 262.
12 Quoted in Taner Akçam, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006), p. 156.
13 Quoted in Robert Melson, “Provocation or Nationalism: A Critical Inquiry into the Armenian Genocide of 1915,” in Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, eds., The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), pp. 282-283.
14 Quoted in David Chandler, Voices from S-21: Terror and History in Pol Pot’s Secret Prison (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 76.
15 Quoted in Lemarchand, Burundi, p. xvii.
16 World Health Organization, “Smallpox: Historical Significance,” www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/.
17 Hitler’s Secret Conversations, 1941-1944 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1953), entry of February 22, 1942, pp. 269-270.
18 Quoted in Noakes and Pridham, eds., Nazism, p. 1131.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1 James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 221.
2 Elie Ngarambe, author interview, Kigali, Rwanda, May 8, 2008.
3 Alison Des Forges, Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda (Human Rights Watch, 1999), www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/.
4 Augustin Bazimaziki, author interview, Kigali, Rwanda, May 8, 2008.
5 Quoted in Jean Hatzfeld, Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), pp. 167-168 and 173-174.
6 William Pierce, The Turner Diaries, 2nd ed. (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books, 1978), pp. 42 and 59.
7 Cited in Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, eds., Nazism: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts, vol. 2 (New York: Schocken, 1988), pp. 998-999.
8 Quoted in Tetsuo Najita and H. D. Harootunian, “Japanese Revolt Against the West: Political and Cultural Criticism in the Twentieth Century,” in Peter Duus, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6, The Twentieth Century (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 770.
9 Rithy Uong, author interview, Lowell, Massachusetts, April 11, 2008.
10 Quoted in Mark Hillel and Clarissa Henry, Of Pure Blood (New York: Pocket Books, 1976), p. 26.
11 Quoted in Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen, and Volker Rieß, eds., “Schöne Zeiten”: Judenmord aus der Sicht der Täter und Gaffer (Frankfurt, Germany: S. Fischer Verlag, 1988), p. 203.
12 Josef Ackermann, Heinrich Himmler Als Ideologue (Göttingen, Germany: Musterschmidt, 1979), p. 160.
13 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 65. In the first edition from 1925 it said “thousands.” In the second edition from 1926, it was changed to “millions.”
14 Paul Mahehu, author interview, Nyeri District, Kenya, May 1, 2008.
15 John Nottingham, author interview, Nairobi, Kenya, May 4, 2008.
16 Quoted in Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), pp. 113-114.
17 See Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, pp. 246, 106, and 47.
18 Ibid., p. 49.
19 Nottingham, author interview.
20 For a further discussion of these dimensions, see Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Knopf, 1996), pp. 35-37.
21 David P. Chandler, The Tragedy of Cambodian History: Politics, War, and Revolution Since 1945 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), p. 249.
22 Teeda Butt Mam, “Worms from Our Skin,” in Kim DePaul, ed., Children of Cambodia’s Killing Fields: Memoirs by Survivors, compiled by Dith Pran (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 12-13.
23 Quoted in Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), pp. 119-120.
24 Heinrich Himmler, “Speech of the Reichsführer-SS at the SS Group Leader Meeting in Posen (Poznan),” Nuremberg Doc. 1919-PS, reproduced at www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/posen.html.
25 Central Intelligence Agency, secret cable, Counterinsurgency Operations in El Quiché (February 1982), in the National Security Archive, The Guatemalan Military: What the U.S. Files Reveal, Volume II, Documents, Document 20, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB32/vol2.html.
26 Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Volker Rieß, and Wolfram Pyta, eds., Deutscher Osten 1939-1945: Der Weltanschauungskrieg in Photos und Texten (Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2003), p. 28.
27 Himmler, “Speech of the Reichsführer-SS.”
28 Quoted in Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), p. 17.
29 For a discussion of the evolution of Hitler’s thinking and Nazi anti-Jewish policy, see Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, pp. 131-163, especially pp. 134-136.
30 R. J. Rummel, China’s Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1991), p. 223.
31 Branimir Anzulovic, Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide (New York: New York University Press, 1999), pp. 51-52.
32 Ibid., pp. 114-116.
33 Ibid., p. 129.
34 Ibid., pp. 138-139.
35 Jacob Robinson, And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight: The Eichmann Trial, the Jewish Catastrophe, and Hannah Arendt’s Narrative (New York: Macmillan, 1965), p. 37.
36 Quoted in Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, p. 3.
37 Ibid., p. 48.
38 Cvijeto Job, Yugoslavia’s Ruin: The Bloody Lessons of Nationalism, A Patriot’s Warning (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), pp. 167-168.
39 Louis Sell, Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), p. 34.
40 Esperance Nyirarugira, Concessa Kayiraba, and Veronique Mukasinafi, author interview, Rwamagana District, Eastern Province, Rwanda, May 6, 2008.
41 Ngarambe, author interview.
42 Quoted in Hatzfeld, Machete Season, p. 218.
43 Ngarambe, author interview.
44 Yeoshua Gertner and Danek Gertner, Home Is No More: The Destruction of the Jews of Kosow and Zabie (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2000), pp. 72-73.
CHAPTER NINE
1 Sergei Khrushchev, ed., Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Volume 2: Reformer, 1945-1964 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006), pp. 158-159.
2 Elie Ngarambe, author interview, Kigali, Rwanda, May 8, 2008.
3 Quoted in Gerald Reitlinger, The House Built on Sand: The Conflicts of German Policy in Russia, 1941-1945 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1960), p. 200.
4 See Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, “There Is No Hierarchy Among Victims,” New York Times, January 18, 1997.
5 Heinrich Himmler’s sp
eech of October 6, 1943, in Posen to the leaders of the Nazi Party in Erich Goldhagen, “Albert Speer, Himmler, and the Secrecy of the Final Solution,” Midstream, October 1971, p. 46.
6 See Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, “The Globalization of Antisemitism” (republished under “Hate Turns from Shylock to Rambo”), Sunday Times, May 11, 2003, www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article884975.ece.
7 Anna Pawełczy ska, Values and Violence in Auschwitz: A Sociological Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), pp. 54-55.
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