B002QX43GQ EBOK

by Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah

  6 “MEMRI TV Monitor Project—Hizbullah Leader Hassan Nasrallah: ‘The American Administration Is Our Enemy . . . Death to America,’” MEMRI Special Dispatch Series—No. 867, February 22, 2005, http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP86705.

  7 For examples from Hamas and the Palestinian Authority more generally, see “PA Indoctrination of Children to Seek Heroic Death for Allah—Shahada,” TV Archives—Video Library, www.pmw.org.il/tv%20part1.html.

  8 “Somali Cleric Calls for Pope’s Death,” The Age, September 17, 2006, www.theage.com.au/news/world/somali-cleric-calls-for-popes-death/2006/09/16/1158334739295.html.

  9 “Al Qaeda Threat to ‘Slit Throats of Worshippers of the Cross,’” Daily Mail, September 18, 2006, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article=405758/Al-Qaeda-threat-slit-throats-worshippers-cross.html.

  10 “The Charter of Allah: The Platform of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas),” www.palestinecenter.org/cpap/documents/charter.html.

  11 Messages to the World.

  12 Quoted in Amal Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu’llah: Politics and Religion (London: Pluto, 2002), p. 170.

  13 “Terror for Terror” interview of October 21, 2001, for Al-Jazeera (first aired on January 31, 2002), and “To the Americans” Internet posting of October 6, 2002, in Messages to the World, pp. 108 and 162.

  14 BBC Monitoring: Al-Manar, September 27, 2002, cited in Deborah Passner, “Hassan Nasrallah: In His Own Words,” CAMERA, July 26, 2006, www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=7&x_issue=11&x_article=1158.

  15 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, speech at “World without Zionism” Conference, posted at MEMRI Special Dispatch Series—No. 1013, October 28, 2005, http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP101305.

  16 “Iran: President Wants to ‘Annihilate Corrupt Powers,’” AKI, www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=1.0.2058939507.

  17 Ahmadinejad, speech at “World without Zionism” Conference; and “Text of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s Speech,” New York Times, October 30, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/weekinreview/30iran.html?ex=1161230400&en=26f07fc5b7543417&ei=5070.

  18 Suleiman Abu Gheith, “In the Shadow of Lances,” posted at MEMRI Special Dispatch Series—No. 388, June 12, 2002, www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=sp38802#_edn1; and Nasir bin Hamid al-Fahd, “A Treaties on the Legal Status of Using Weapons of Mass Destruction Against Infidels,” May 2003, p. 8, posted at http://www.carnegieendowment.org/static/npp/fatwa.pdf.

  19 Jane Perlez, “From Finding Radical Islam to Losing an Ideology,” New York Times, September 12, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/09/12/world/europe/12britain.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print.

  20 Colin Freeman and Philip Sherwell, “Iranian Fatwa Approves Use of Nuclear Weapons,” Daily Telegraph, February, 19, 2006, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/02/19/wiran19.xml.

  21 Owen Bowcott, “Arrest Extremist Marchers, Police Told,” Guardian, February 6, 2006, www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/feb/06/raceandreligion.muhammadcartoons; “London Protests: Call for Arrests,” CNN.com, February 7, 2006, http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/02/06/london.cartoon.protests/; and Ian Fisher, “Tens of Thousands Protest Cartoon in Gaza,” New York Times, February 3, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/02/03/international/middleeast/03cnd-mide.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=will%20not%20accept%20less%20than%20severing%20the%20heads%20of%20those%20responsible&st=cse.

  22 “Hamas Leader Khaled Mash’al at a Damascus Mosque: The Nation of Islam Will Sit at the Throne of the World and the West Will Be Full of Remorse—When It’s Too Late,” MEMRI Special Dispatch Series—No. 1087, February 7, 2006, www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sd&ID=SP108706&Page=archives.

  23 Itamar Marcus and Barbara Crook, “Hamas Video: We will drink the blood of the Jews,” Palestinian Media Watch, February 14, 2006, www.pmw.org.il/Latest%20bulletins%20new.htm#b140206.

  24 See Matthias Küntzel, “Ahmadinejad’s Demons,” New Republic, April 24, 2006.

  25 Quoted in Matthias Küntzel, “From Khomeini to Ahmadinejad,” Policy Review (December 2006), reproduced at www.matthiaskuentzel.de/contents/from-khomeini-to-ahmadinejad.

  26 “Mashaal: Talks with Israel a Waste of Time,” YNET, February 21, 2006, www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3219163,00.html; and Ahmadinejad, speech at “World without Zionism” Conference.

  27 “Text of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s Speech,” New York Times, October 30, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/weekinreview/30iran.html?ex=1161230400&en=26f07fc5b7543417&ei=5070.

  28 “Terror for Terror” interview of October 21, 2001, for Al-Jazeera (first aired on January 31, 2002) in Messages to the World, pp. 108-109.

  29 Quoted in Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Knopf, 2006), p. 187.

  30 Quoted in Husain Haqqani, “The Ideologies of South Asian Jihadi Groups,” Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, vol. 1 (Hudson Institute, 2005), www.futureofmuslimworld.com/research/pubID.30/pub_detail.asp.

  31 “Hamas Leader Khaled Mash’al at a Damascus Mosque.”

  CHAPTER ELEVEN

  1 Haris Silajdžić, author interview, Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, July 11, 2008.

  2 For a discussion of the issues, see Jeffrey D. Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin, 2005).

  3 Norimitsu Onishi, “Released from Rigors of a Trial, a Nobel Laureate’s Ink Flows Freely,” New York Times, May 17, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/05/17/world/asia/17oe.html?scp=1&sq=Norimitsu%20Onishi,%20?Released%20From%20Rigors%20of%20a%20Trial,%20a%20Nobel%20Laureate?s%20Ink%20Flows%20Freely&st=cse.

  4 For an explanation of the somewhat singular and positive way Germans have dealt with their past’s horrific part, see Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, “Modell Bundesrepublik: National History, Democracy, and Internationalization in Germany,” in Robert R. Shandley, ed., Unwilling Germans? The Goldhagen Debate (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), pp. 275-285; and Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair (New York: Knopf, 2002), pp. 282-288. Also, see my open letter to the Turkish government, “Turkey After Pamuk,” New York Sun, January 24, 2006, for a discussion of how Turkey should emulate Germany in dealing with its past. (It was published in German in Die Welt.)

  5 See, for example, for Belgium, Rudi Van Doorslaer et al., Gewillig België: Overheid en Jodenvervolging tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog (Antwerp/ Amsterdam: Meulenhoff/Manteau, 2007); for Switzerland, “Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland—Second World War,” www.uek.ch/en/index.htm; and for the Northern Protestant State Church in Germany, “Kirche, Christen, Juden in Nordelbien 1933-1945,” www.kirche-christen-juden.org/.

  6 Quoted in Samantha Power, “A Problem from Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. 307.

  7 Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2009, www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=445.

  8 “African Union in a Nutshell,” www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAu/au_in_a_nutshell_en.htm.

  9 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (December 2001), available at the Responsibility to Protect Web site, www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/pages/2.

  10 UN Security Council Resolution 1706, August 31, 2006, reproduced at the Responsibility to Protect Web site, www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/united_nations/792?theme=alt1.

  11 Thomas Patrick Melady, Burundi: The Tragic Years (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1974), p. 83. Melady stunningly comments, just one page before his apologetics about U.S. inaction: “The UN posture on the Burundi matter gave the impression that while the UN would exercise great energy to protest the violations of human rights, in various parts of the world, it would not do so in regard to Burundi. Such a double standard only brings into disrepute the universal mandate of the United Nations to protect human rights everywhere” (p. 82).

  12 See the Responsibility
to Protect Web site, www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/.

  13 Bush on ABC-TV interview, January 23, 2000, reported in Washington Post, August 11, 2000. In the first presidential debate of the fall 2000 election campaign, Bush used the term “vital national interests,” saying, “that means,” when “our territory is threatened or [our] people could be harmed,” when “our defense alliances are threatened” or “our friends in the Middle East are threatened.” See Anthony Lewis, “Milosevic and Bush,” New York Times, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E7DD153CF934A35753C1A9669C8B63.

  14 Quoted in Michael A. Sells, The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), p. 115.

  15 Quoted in Paul Hollander, “The Distinctive Features of Repression in Communist States,” in Paul Hollander, ed., From the Gulag to the Killing Field: Personal Accounts of Political Violence and Repression in Communist States (Wilmington, DE: ISI, 2007), p. 1.

  16 See Goldhagen, “Modell Bundesrepublik.”

  17 Quoted in Taner Akçam, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility (New York: Metropolitan, 2006), p. 155.

  18 Human Rights Watch/Middle East, Iraq’s Crime of Genocide: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 254.

  19 Richard Goldstone, “Preventing and Prosecuting Crimes Against Humanity in the 21st Century,” lecture delivered in Abuja, Nigeria, February 14, 2005, www.iccnow.org/documents/GoldstoneAbuja_14Feb05.pdf.

  20 Quoted in Paul Martin, “Hezbollah Calls for Global Attacks: Wants to Export Suicide Bombings,” Washington Times, December 4, 2002, //http:nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=doc&p_docid=0F7B8C916BDA6AFE&p_docnum=5&s_accountid=AC0108052114304131874 &s_orderid=NB0108052114301531762&s_dlid=DL0108052114304931908&s_ecproduct=DOC&s_ecprodtype=&s_username=dgoldhagen&s_ accountid=AC0108052114304131874&s_upgradeable=no .

  21 Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946 (Nuremberg, Germany, 1947), “Indictment,” vol. 1, pp. 28-34 and 80-84; available also at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/count.asp.

  22 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, “Fact Sheet: U.S. Assistance to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Fiscal Years 1995- 2005,” November 18, 2005, www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/November/20051212172624xlrennef0.6925623.html.

  23 Silajdžić, author interview.

  24 Tharcisse Karugarama, author interview, Kigali, Rwanda, May 9, 2008.

  25 Otilia Lux de Coti, author interview, Guatemala City, Guatemala, June 10, 2008.

  26 José Efraín Ríos Montt, author interview, Guatemala City, Guatemala, June 10, 2008.

  27 Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2009.

  CREDITS

  Every reasonable effort has been made to secure required permissions to use all images, maps, and other art included in this volume.

  PHOTOGRAPHS

  5 National Archives

  35 Report on the Natives of South-West Africa and Their Treatment by Germany, presented to both houses of Parliament by Command of His Majesty, August 1918, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1918, p. 65.

  106 Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1919.

  121 Jenny Matthews/Panos Pictures

  161 Moriyasa Murase

  181 Courtesy of JTN Productions

  183 Courtesy of JTN Productions

  184 YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, courtesy of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The views or opinions expressed in this book and the context in which the images are used do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of, nor imply approval or endorsement by, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

  185 Courtesy of U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  186 Courtesy of Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg

  191 Copyright © Michael Freeman/Corbis

  202 U.S. Army Air Corps, courtesy of National Archives

  218 Ron Haviv/VII

  325 Library of Congress, courtesy of U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  352 Courtesy of JTN Productions

  385 Courtesy of JTN Productions

  387 Zydowski Instytut Historyczny imienia Emanuela Ringelbluma, courtesy of U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  390 Courtesy of U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  393 Instytut Pamieci Narodowej, courtesy of U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  395 National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, courtesy of U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  402 GARF

  407 Memorial Society

  410 GARF

  424 Ron Haviv/VII

  465 Courtesy of JTN Productions

  531 Courtesy of JTN Productions

  542 Copyright © PersianEye/Corbis

  581 Courtesy of JTN Productions

  583 AP/Jaime Puebla

  585 Courtesy of JTN Productions

  MAPS

  594 Courtesy of Freedom House, www.freedomhouse.org

  595 Courtesy of Freedom House, www.freedomhouse.org

  THOUGHTS AND THANKS

  I started working on this book close to thirty years ago, without knowing it, when in college, as with so many of my other beginnings, I began to study genocide with my father, Erich Goldhagen, a man of magisterial character and intellect. Then about twenty years ago I started picking it up again, also unknowingly, when I began working in earnest on my doctoral dissertation, which would become the basis for Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. Hitler’s Willing Executioners was conceptually, empirically, and theoretically embedded in a broad and thorough understanding of mass murder more generally, even though I brought this in manifest form into the book only in glimpses. In the aftermath of that book’s publication, I decided to convey to others all I had learned about mass murder in yet another book that was, intellectually, a natural successor to the one focused on the Holocaust.

  I still had much to work out about how to analyze certain aspects of mass murder and eliminationist assaults more generally, and how to present such a vast subject in a way that would be faithful to the highest standards of social analysis and would be inviting to the general reader. Nevertheless, I had already developed most of this book’s fundamental ideas. That eliminationism, not genocide, was the master category became clear to me during my study of the Holocaust, when I was working to create the concept of eliminationist antisemitism to capture the particular character of the antisemitism that prevailed in Germany and in other parts of Europe: Conceiving of the antisemitism as “eliminationist” was critically important for analyzing the Germans’ persecution of the Jews, precisely because it links the content of the prejudice directly to the perpetrators’ treatment of Jews, showing that the antisemitism had the potential for multiple courses of related actions, leading to a variety of roughly functionally equivalent eliminationist policies, culminating in the Germans’ attempted total annihilation of the Jews. That any serious study of mass murder had to concentrate on human beings—taking seriously their agency and views of the world—and not abstract structures and institutions also emerged directly from my study of the Holocaust’s perpetration. That political leaders were the prime movers of eliminationist assaults was to me as self-evidently true of Mehmet Talât, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Pol Pot, and others, as it was (and as I analyzed at length in Hitler’s Willing Executioners) for Adolf Hitler. That an understanding of genocide, mass murder, and eliminationist programs had to be embedded in a general understanding of politics was as obvious to me then—after all, I was a professor of political science—as it was surprising to me that, except in the most superficial manner, it had not been treated in this way. Finally, it was also clear to me then that all this knowledge, the ways in which it and other aspects of my thinking repositioned our understanding of mass murder, necessitated a different political and policy approach to reducing the incidence of mass murder and
elimination, one that held out the promise of actually being effective.

  I was ready with all these ideas in 1997, yet it took much longer than I expected for them to emerge in book form. Not only did the aftermath of the publication of Hitler’s Willing Executioners occupy me for much longer than expected, but then, when it subsided enough for me to move on, I put aside this book after working on it for a few years, in order to write a book on another topic, this time moral philosophical, that seemed to me badly in need of exploration: moral repair. After writing, publishing, and dealing with the considerable aftermath of that book, A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair, I picked up this book yet again. Finally, three years before finishing it, I picked its themes up yet again, or rather anew, this time using the book as the basis for making a feature-length documentary of the same name for PBS together with Jay Sanderson and Mike DeWitt of JTN Productions, and with the support of Stephen Segaller of WNET.org, who when we first met zeroed in on a phrase in a memo I had written to explain the project and said, “There’s your title: ‘Worse Than War.’” The film is the first cinematic general treatment of the phenomenon of genocide, or as you now know it, eliminationism. As I am about to send the manuscript to my publisher for its final stages of production, we are also in film’s final stages of postproduction. Doing the film took me around the world to the sites of barbarities I had long studied from afar, and allowed me to interview many people well situated to impart facts and truths about eliminationist assaults—the powerful and peasants, perpetrators, victims, and bystanders, those dedicated to uncovering the truth, including forensic experts and human rights and legal activists, and those dedicated to obscuring it. The rich interviews yielded abundant, powerful new testimony about many of eliminationist assaults’ central features, enriching this book enormously.