2. The types of fights the jiu-jitsu representatives participated in included exhibition matches, stage shows, circus acts, officially sanctioned amateur tournaments, professional matches, and preliminary amateur matches in professional shows. Some fights were straight jiu-jitsu, some were straight luta livre, some were mixed grappling styles, some were mixed grappling versus striking, and some were vale tudo (everything permitted). On a few occasions the jiu-jitsu representative confronted a representative of a second style, in a match according to rules of a third style, for example a jiu-jitsu man and a luta romana man in a boxing match, or a jiu-jitsu man and a capoeira in a catch match. Non-jiu-jitsu representatives occasionally took part in straight jiu-jitsu matches (they are listed in the “Rivals” section). Consult appropriate chapter and appendices for additional information.
3. Rivals, on any given occasion (with a few exceptions), represented either grappling (luta romana, luta livre, catch) or striking (capoeiragem, boxing), or both (vale tudo). The exceptions were those who had no training or ring experience. Refer to main text for details. Dates are years during which the individual worked/fought with a jiu-jitsu representative, not his overall career.
4. Toon was scheduled to meet George Gracie January 5, 1930.
5. Gabriel (possibly Gabriel Pena) was scheduled to meet George Gracie January 19, 1930.
6. Many fighters also refereed fights.
7. A jiu-jitsu academy was any place where people taught, learned, and trained jiu-jitsu. The difference between a club and an academy was one of degree. Clubs sometimes had highly qualified instructors, sometimes not. The primary difference was the extensiveness of the schedule as permitted by having access to a definite and suitably equipped facility for a fixed period of time. Some academies were located within sports clubs, some in military installations, some in hotels, theaters, and office buildings, some in private residences. The names below are not necessarily the official names of any club or academy. Most were simply “Academia de Jiu-Jitsu”, or in the case of clubs, were simply options in the club’s schedule of activities. In case the academy was announced as a “new school of jiu-jitsu” [nova escola de jiu-jitsu] without a name, it is listed below simply as “Escola de Jiu-Jitsu”.
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Appendix 2
Fights
1. With a few exceptions, the matches listed were public fights with pre-set rules in front of a paying audience.Some matches were scheduled as preliminaries to main events, and the main event was reported but preliminaries were not. Demonstrations of self-defense techniques are not included. Fighters’ names are written as they were reported (so a few appear with multiple spellings of their names. In a few cases, it is not certain who the individual was. Refer to main text for detail.
2. Koma and Satake had at least one meeting prior to this, between September 25 and October 2.
3. Probably May 11.
4. Date was either May 17 or May 18.
5. One ad said Shimuzu vs. Okura, another said Shimizu vs. Conde Koma.
6. Oliveira was limited to self-defense only. (See text for discussion).
7. According to Cairus 2010, p. 34, citing O Tempo 28-12-15, a fight was scheduled for December at the Polytheama in Manaus.
8. According to A Batalha 23-3-33.
9. Both 1916 fights with Leconte, according to Cairus 2011, citing O Tempo, and Folha do Norte.
10. According to Cairus 2010, citing Folha do Norte 9-7-29;
11. According to Cairus 2010, citing Folha do Norte 12-7-20.
12. Francisco and Ritter were probably the same individual, namely Francisco Ritter.
13. This was rematch of a previous Omori vs Dudú meeting that ended in a draw after 3 hours. Other information is lacking.
14. This was a rematch of a fight that ended in a draw.
15. Possibly Eberle Haubert.
16. Possibly Antonio Maia.
17. Lutador Lusitano refers to an unspecified Portuguese fighter.
18 . Stack was probably Luiz Stock.
19. This was a return match, meaning they had met at least once previously.
20. Jin Assahira was probably Jun Assahama.
21. According to Mundo Esportivo (14-3-47), Yano fought and defeated Gattoni, some time just previous to March 12.
22. Probable date.
23. No professional jiu-jitsu fights were reported in 1949.
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Appendix 3
Lineages
1. [“Seu estilo ao lutar era agressivo―usava chutes e soccos para lever o adversario ao solo, onde rapidamente o finalizava com uma chave ou um estrangulamento”] (Gracie 2008, p. 37).
2. According to Nunes (2011, p. 62) Yano died in Belo Horizonte sometime in the 1980’s. Regrettably the sources Nunes cites do not seem to provide the relevant information about Yano.
3. In addition to the above, Carlos Gracie claimed to have learned from Conde Koma. He claim was doubted by journalists who cared enough to have an opinion, and was denied by Koma’s student Donato Pires dos Reis. Oswaldo Gracie also claimed, although not often, to have learned directly from Conde Koma. Koma taught for many years in Belém. There is at least one photograph of him with seven students wearing modern judo gis. A fact easily forgotten is that a Conde Koma lineage was not of any particular value until Rorion Gracie made it the starting point of his story in 1988. Before that, it is likely that anyone descending from Conde Koma would have sought affiliation within the judo community.
4. Takeo Yano spent some time with Conde Koma in Belém and was described as a “discipulo” implying that he was student of sorts. Yano had already graduated at the 3-dan level (after only one year) from the Kodokan before coming to Brazil [“gradou-se, em doze mezes, com a titulo de faixa preta, 3.0 grau”] (Correio Paulistano 6-10-39).
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Appendix 4
Glossary
1. “A few years ago luta livre became increasingly rare and the number of fans shrank. But just when it seemed that the sport was about to completely disappear, something new suddenly happened and the sport achieved a surprising level of popularity. “Catch-as-catch-can” in North America, where this report was filed, became for a time as successful at the box-office as boxing. Why? Because the fans, consciously or not, responded to the theatrical aspects of the shows more than the sports aspects.” [“A poucos annos atrás de raro em raro se realizava um espectaculo de luta livre. E era diminuta a frequencia, pois tae, encontros contavem, tambem, com um reduzido numero de aficionados. Mas de repente, quando se previa o seu complete desappraecimento, esse sport tomou um impulse desconcertante, ganhando uma surprehendente popularidade. Na America do Norte, donde procede a presente reportagem, a renda de bilheteria apurada nas exhibições de “catch-as-catch-can” igualava-se, durante algum tempo, com os espectaculos de box. E por que? Ė que a assistencia, parte conscientemente e outra não, passou a applaudir uma representação theatral, ao invés de competição sportiva.”] (O Globo Sportiva 26-8-39, p. 10).
2. Esporte Illustrado 8-12-49, p. 18; 15-12-49, pp. 17-18.
3. On Thursday April 7, 1949, the semi-finals of the Campeonato Carioca de Luta Livre Olimpica were held (seven matches), as the preliminary segment in a “mixed show” [Espectaculo Misto] at Estadio Carioca on avenida Passos that featured a catch match between Peruano and Az de Ouro, a “catch versus capoeira” match between Lobo and Garrido, and a capoeira match between Perez and Rudolph Hermanny [who later became a well-known judoka]. The capoeiristas represented different regional styles, Perez the Bahia style of mestre Bimba, Hermanny the Carioca style of Sinhôzinho (Diario Carioca 7-4-49). The Campeonato Carioca de Luta Livre Olimpica was intended as a prelude to the Campeonato Brasileiro de Luta Livre Olimpica, to take place between July and December, 1949.
4. [”…jiu-jitsu, modalidade de jogo semelhante á luta livre, cuja differençe maior está no kimono”] (A Noite 26-6-34).
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