Tsuda, Takeyuki G. (2001). When identities become modern: Japanese emigration to Brazil and the global contextualization of identity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24, 412-432.
Waller, Gregory A. (2008). Japan on American Screens, 1908-1915. In Early Cinema and the National, R. Abel, G. Bertolini, & R. King. Eastleigh (Eds.): John Libbey Publishing, 2008, pp. 137-50.
White, John W. (1942). The Japanese Pincers in Brazil. Saturday Evening Post, July 27, pp. 26-27, 44, 46-48.
Yabu Kotaro. (2010).柔術vs.レスリンク[Jujutsu vs. Wrestling]. In Sakaue Yasuhiro.海を渡った柔術と柔道 [Jujutsu and Judo across the Sea] (Pp. 12-59). Tokyo: Seikyusha.
Author
Roberto Pedreira is one of the numerous pseudonyms of R. A. Pedreira. He plays guitar, diatonic and chromatic harmonica, and keyboards. He has studied with Joe Henderson and performed with John Lee Hooker, among other jazz and blues legends. He worked his way through graduate school by playing guitar and harmonica in local nightclubs, low-life dives, and kicker bars in Austin, Texas. He acquired basic boxing skills as a kid and become interested in boxing history, which eventually led him to other martial arts and ring/mat sports, particularly Muay Thai and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. He has trained in Brazil, Thailand, Japan, and Korea, among other countries. He has black belts in several martial arts, including Brazilian jiu-jitsu (see Jiu-jitsu in the South Zone 1997-2008 for details).
Roberto Pedreira’s writings have been published in The Journal of Social Psychology, The International Journal of Psychology, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Asian Journal of Psychology, Journal of North East Asian Studies, Language and Communication, Visible Language, Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute, The Austin American-Statesman, The Japan Times, The Korea Herald, Black Belt, and others.
Choque: The Untold Story of Jiu-Jitsu in Brazil Vol. 1, 1856-1949 is the second volume in a trilogy. The first was Jiu-jitsu in the South Zone 1997-2008, published in 2013. The third will be Choque: The Untold Story of Jiu-Jitsu in Brazil Vol. 2, 1950-1999, to be published in 1915.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Yoko Kondo for help with the Japanese translations, and Derek Mayhew for preparing the graphics and designing the book’s cover. Thanks also to capitalism and amazon.com for making the project possible. It goes without saying that the resources provided by the Fundação Biblioteca Nacional were indispensable.
Illustrations
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Figure 1. Luta Romana in Rio 1879.
Figure 2. Nicolau Pytlazinsky became the first world luta romana champion in 1887 when he defeated the invincible Paul Pons of France.
Figure 3. Paul Pons, luta romana champion of France.
Figure 4. Gambier, French vice-champion of luta romana.
Figure 5. Luta romana bridge.
Figure 6. Luta romana “prise de tête” (Portuguese, prisão de cabaeça).
Figure 7. Luta romana hip toss.
Figure 8. Luta romana hip lock.
Figure 9. One early avenue of transmission of jiu-jitsu into Brazil was the 1906 translation of Irving Hancocks’ book.
Figure 10. Boxing versus Jiu-Jitsu. Sam MacVea, wearing kimono top, knocks out Jiu-Jitsu representative Matsuda in 1908.
Figure 11. Sada Miyako versus Arnaldo Jose Ferreira, Rio, 1909.
Figure 12. Sada Miyako versus the man who defeated Raku in Lisbon.
Figure 13. Sada Miyako versus four men, 1909.
Figure 14. Professor of Sport Japonez, Sada Miyako versus “Rich Jorje” (Rich Jorge), Wednesday April 28, 1909.
Figure 15. English boxing in Rio, sharing the stage with luta romana, 1913. Special match between João Baldi and Ambroise le Suisse.
Figure 16. Grand tournament of jiu-jitsu with Raku, the invincible Japanese fighter who has never been defeated, Rio, 1909. (Raku didn’t arrive).
Figure 17. Conde Koma’s best Brazilian student, Jacyntho Ferro. Photograph published one year before Ferro met Conde Koma in 1915.
Figure 18. Conde KomaTroupe in São Paulo, Sunday October 11, 1914.
Figure 19. Conde Koma in Rio, 1915.
Figure 20. Conde Koma versus Lisboa tomorrow, in Rio, 1915.
Figure 21. Conde Koma teaching civil guards in Rio, 1915.
Figure 22. Conde Koma and troupe, Maranhão 1915. Luku (Raku) scheduled to face Leonel Silva tomorrow.
Figure 23. Jiu-jitsu professor Mario Aleixo and students, Rio, 1915.
Figure 24. Mario Aleixo (standing, center) and students, Rio 1916.
Figure 25. Mario Aleixo jiu-jitsu technique “tesoura” 1922.
Figure 26. Mario Aleixo demonstrating the jiu-jitsu “Bahiana”, 1922.
Figure 27. Mario Aleixo demonstrating “joelhada” (knee strike), 1922.
Figure 28. Mario Aleixo demonstrating a self-defense technique, 1922.
Figure 29. Mario Aleixo demonstrating a self-defense technique, 1922.
Figure 30. Mario Aleixo demonstrating a self-defense technique, 1922.
Figure 31. Mario Aleixo demonstrating a self-defense technique, 1922.
Figure 32. Mario Aleixo demonstrating a self-defense technique against boxing, 1922.
Figure 33. Mario Aleixo demonstrating a self-defense technique against a bear-hug, 1922.
Figure 34. Mario Aleixo, showing ground positions from his personal style of self-defense, a combination or jiu-jitsu and capoeiragem. Above trapping arm, below “high mount”.
Figure 35. Dontao Pires dos Reis (left), said to be the only Brazilian with a diploma from Conde Koma, 1930.
Figure 36. Manoel Rufino dos Santos, professor of Luta Livre. He beat Carlos Gracie in the ring and paid painfully for it.
Figure 37. Donato Pires dos Reis in his new academy of jiu-jitsu on rua Marquez Abrantes 106, in 1930, with his two “monitors”.
Figure 38. Former luta romana champion. João Baldi (left), at age 50, preparing to do battle with a representative of “jiu-jitsu”, 1931.
Figure 39. Young “Strongman” from São Paulo named Sanson (on bottom) promised to “break” jiu-jitsu representative Geo Omori in half, 1931.
Figure 40. The man with the “muscles of steel”, Roberto Ruhmann, vowed to teach Geo Omori a lesson, 1932.
Figure 41. Geo Omori, publicity photo, c. 1932.
Figure 42. Kodokan graduate Geo Omori demonstrating scientific technique on newspaper editor, c. 1932.
Figure 43. Albino da Costa “o Indigesto”, student of Geo Omori, fought boxer Tavares Crespo in 1933.
Figure 44. Jose Barbosa, jiu-jitsu professor, Rio, 1932.
Figure 45. Complete course of jiu-jitsu was 36 lessons.
Figure 46. Body-building versus jiu-jitsu. The first notable vale tudo fight in Brazil, 1933.
Figure 47. Luta Livre techniques, 1933.
Figure 48. Gracie Academy luta livre representatives (left to right) Jose Cayat, Ary Martini, Edward Stone, Francisco Lima, and Roberto Villa, 1934.
Figure 49. Kodokan graduate and exponent of “modern jiu-jitsu” Yassuiti Ono on attack (top). Old-school representative will soon be tapping to a choke, 1937.
Figure 50. Do you want to always win the lottery? Learn the secret techniques. Send for free booklet, 1933-1938.
Table of Contents
ALSO BY ROBERTO PEDREIRA
Preface
Chapter 1 1856-1899
Chapter 2 1900-1908
Chapter 3 1909
Chapter 4 1910-1913
Chapter 5 1914
Chapter 6 1915
Chapter 7 1916-1927
Chapter 8 1928
Chapter 9 1929
Chapter 10 1930
Chapter 11 1931
Chapter 12 1932
Chapter 13 1933
Chapter 14 1934
Chapter 15 1935
Chapter 16 1936
Chapter 17 1937
Chapter 18 1938
Chapter 19 1939
Chapter 20 1940
Chapter 21
1941
Chapter 22 1942-1945
Chapter 23 1946
Chapter 24 1947
Chapter 25 1948
Chapter 26 1949
Epilogue
Appendices
Chapter Notes
References
Author
Acknowledgments
Illustrations
Choque: The Untold Story of Jiu-Jitsu in Brazil 1856-1949 (Volume 1) Page 61