The Male Brain

by Louann Brizendine, M. D.

  Lever, J. (1976). “Sex differences in the games children play.” Social Problems 23: 478–87.

  Lever, J., D. A. Frederick, et al. (2006). “Does size matter? Men’s and women’s views on penis size across the lifespan.” Psychology of Men & Masculinity 7(3): 129–43.

  Levine, S. C., J. Huttenlocher, et al. (1999). “Early sex differences in spatial skill.” Developmental Psychology 35(4): 940–49.

  Levinson, D. J. (1978). Seasons of a Man’s Life. New York: Ballantine.

  Li, A. A., M. J. Baum, et al. (2008). “Building a scientific framework for studying hormonal effects on behavior and on the development of the sexually dimorphic nervous system.” Neurotoxicology 29(3): 504–19.

  Li, H., S. Pin, et al. (2005). “Sex differences in cell death.” Ann Neurol 58(2): 317–21.

  Li, W., I. Moallem, et al. (2007). “Subliminal smells can guide social preferences.” Psychol Sci 18(12): 1044–49.

  Lim, M. M., E. A. Hammock, et al. (2004a). “The role of vasopressin in the genetic and neural regulation of monogamy.” J Neuroendocrinol 16(4): 325–32.

  Lim, M. M., A. Z. Murphy, et al. (2004b). “Ventral striatopallidal oxytocin and vasopressin V1a receptors in the monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster).” J Comp Neurol 468(4): 555–70.

  Lim, M. M., Z. Wang, et al. (2004c). “Enhanced partner preference in a promiscuous species by manipulating the expression of a single gene.” Nature 429(6993): 754–57.

  Lim, M. M., and L. J. Young (2006). “Neuropeptidergic regulation of affiliative behavior and social bonding in animals.” Horm Behav 50(4): 506–17.

  Lim, M. M., and L. J. Young (2004d). “Vasopressin-dependent neural circuits underlying pair bond formation in the monogamous prairie vole.” Neuroscience 125(1): 35–45.

  Lincoln, G. A. (2001). “The irritable male syndrome.” Reprod Fertil Dev 13(7–8): 567–76.

  Lindenfors, P. (2005). “Neocortex evolution in primates: The ‘social brain’ is for females.” Biol Lett 1(4): 407–10.

  Lindenfors, P., L. Froberg, et al. (2004). “Females drive primate social evolution.” Proc Biol Sci 271, suppl. 3: S101–S103.

  Lindenfors, P., C. L. Nunn, et al. (2007). “Primate brain architecture and selection in relation to sex.” BMC Biol 5: 20.

  Little, A. C., B. C. Jones, et al. (2007). “Preferences for masculinity in male bodies change across the menstrual cycle.” Hormones and Behavior 51(5): 633–39.

  Liu, Y., J. T. Curtis, et al. (2001). “Vasopressin in the lateral septum regulates pair bond formation in male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster).” Behav Neurosci 115(4): 910–19.

  Liu, Y., and Z. X. Wang (2003). “Nucleus accumbens oxytocin and dopamine interact to regulate pair bond formation in female prairie voles.” Neuroscience 121(3): 537–44.

  Lonstein, J. S., B. D. Rood, et al. (2005). “Unexpected effects of perinatal gonadal hormone manipulations on sexual differentiation of the extrahypothalamic arginine-vasopressin system in prairie voles.” Endocrinology 146(3): 1559–67.

  Lorey, B., M. Bischoff, et al. (2009). “The embodied nature of motor imagery: The influence of posture and perspective.” Exp Brain Res 194(2): 233–43.

  Lourenco, S. F., and J. Huttenlocher (2008). “The representation of geometric cues in infancy.” Infancy 13(2): 103–27.

  Loving, T. J., M.E.J. Gleason, et al. (2009). “Transition novelty moderates daters’ cortisol responses when talking about marriage.” Personal Relationships 16(2): 187–203.

  Lu, S., N. G. Simon, et al. (1999). “Neural androgen receptor regulation: Effects of androgen and antiandrogen.” J Neurobiol 41(4): 505–12.

  Lu, S. F., Q. Mo, et al. (2003). “Dehydroepiandrosterone upregulates neural androgen receptor level and transcriptional activity.” J Neurobiol 57(2): 163–71.

  Luders, E. (2006). “Gender effects on cortical thickness and the influence of scaling.” Human Brain Mapping 27(4): 314–24.

  Luna, B. (2004a). “Algebra and the adolescent brain.” Trends Cogn Sci 8(10): 437–39.

  Luna, B., K. E. Garver, et al. (2004b). “Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood.” Child Dev 75(5): 1357–72.

  Lundberg, U. (1983). “Sex differences in behaviour pattern and catecholamine and cortisol excretion in 3–6 year old day-care children.” Biol Psychol 16(1–2): 109–17.

  Lundstrom, J. N., M. K. McClintock, et al. (2006). “Effects of reproductive state on olfactory sensitivity suggest odor specificity.” Biol Psychol 71(3): 244–47.

  Lutchmaya, S., and S. Baron-Cohen (2002a). “Human sex differences in social and non-social looking preferences, at 12 months of age.” Infant Behavior & Development 25(3): 319–25.

  Lutchmaya, S., S. Baron-Cohen, et al. (2002b). “Foetal testosterone and eye contact in 12-month-old human infants.” Infant Behavior & Development 25(3): 327–35.

  Lutchmaya, S., S. Baron-Cohen, et al. (2002c). “Foetal testosterone and vocabulary size in 18-and 24-month-old infants.” Infant Behavior & Development 24(4): 418–24.

  Lykins, A. D., M. Meana, et al. (2008). “Sex differences in visual attention to erotic and non-erotic stimuli.” Arch Sex Behav 37(2): 219–28.

  Lytton, H. R., and M. David (1991). “Parents’ differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta-analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 109(2): 267–96.

  Ma, E., J. Lau, et al. (2005). “Male and female prolactin receptor mRNA expression in the brain of a biparental and a uniparental hamster, Phodopus, before and after the birth of a litter.” J Neuroendocrinol 17(2): 81–90.

  Maccoby, E. E. (1990). The Role of Gender Identity and Gender Constancy in Sex-Differentiated Development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  Maccoby, E. E., ed. (2004). Aggression in the Context of Gender Development. New York: Guilford Publications.

  Maccoby, E. E., ed. (2003). The Gender of Child and Parent as Factors in Family Dynamics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  Maccoby, E. E., ed. (2002a). The Intersection of Nature and Socialization in Childhood Gender Development. Florence, KY: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.

  Maccoby, E. E., ed. (2002b). Perspectives on Gender Development. New York: Psychology Press.

  Maccoby, E. E. (1998). The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Maccoby, E. E., ed. (1995). The Two Sexes and Their Social Systems. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  Maccoby, E. E. (1991). Different Reproductive Strategies in Males and Females. UK: Blackwell.

  Maccoby, E. E., and C. N. Jacklin (1987). “Gender segregation in childhood.” Adv Child Dev Behav 20: 239–87.

  Maccoby, E. E., and C. N. Jacklin (1974). The Psychology of Sex Differences. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

  Maccoby, E. E., and C. N. Jacklin (1973). “Stress, activity, and proximity seeking: Sex differences in the year-old child.” Child Dev 44(1): 34–42.

  MacDonald, G., and M. R. Leary (2005). “Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain.” Psychological Bulletin 131(2): 202–23.

  Maestripieri, D., J. R. Roney, et al. (2004). “Father absence, menarche and interest in infants among adolescent girls.” Dev Sci 7(5): 560–66.

  Mak, A. K., Z. G. Hu, et al. (2010). “Sex-related differences in neural activity during emotion regulation.” Neuropsychologia 47(13): 2900–8.

  Malorni, W., I. Campesi, et al. (2007). “Redox features of the cell: A gender perspective.” Antioxid Redox Signal 9(11): 1779–1801.

  Manasco, P. K., D. M. Umbach, et al. (1995). “Ontogeny of gonadotropin, testosterone, and inhibin secretion in normal boys through puberty based on overnight serial sampling.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80(7): 2046–52.

  Maner, J. K., C. N. DeWall, et al. (2007a). “Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the ‘porcupine problem.’” J Pers Soc Psychol 92(1): 42–55.

  Maner, J. K., C. N. DeWall, et al. (2008a). “Selective attention to si
gns of success: Social dominance and early stage interpersonal perception.” Pers Soc Psychol Bull 34(4): 488–501.

  Maner, J. K., M. T. Gailliot, et al. (2007b). “Can’t take my eyes off you: Attentional adhesion to mates and rivals.” J Pers Soc Psychol 93(3): 389–401.

  Maner, J. K., M. T. Gailliot, et al. (2007c). “Power, risk, and the status quo: Does power promote riskier or more conservative decision making?” Pers Soc Psychol Bull 33(4): 451–62.

  Maner, J. K., S. L. Miller, et al. (2008b). “Submitting to defeat: Social anxiety, dominance threat, and decrements in testosterone.” Psychol Sci 19(8): 764–68.

  Manning, J. T. (2007). “The androgen receptor gene: A major modifier of speed of neuronal transmission and intelligence?” Med Hypotheses 68(4): 802–4.

  Manning, J. T., B. Fink, et al. (2006). “The second to fourth digit ratio and asymmetry.” Ann Hum Biol 33(4): 480–92.

  Manning, T. (2004). “Prenatal testosterone in mind: Amniotic fluid studies.” In: S. Baron-Cohen, S. Lutchmaya, and R. Knickmeyer. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 131.

  Manolakou, P., G. Lavranos, et al. (2006). “Molecular patterns of sex determination in the animal kingdom: A comparative study of the biology of reproduction.” Reprod Biol Endocrinol 4: 59.

  Manoli, D. S., G. W. Meissner, et al. (2006). “Blueprints for behavior: Genetic specification of neural circuitry for innate behaviors.” Trends Neurosci 29(8): 444–51.

  Manson, J. E. (2008). “Prenatal exposure to sex steroid hormones and behavioral/cognitive outcomes.” Metabolism 57, suppl. 2: S16–S21.

  Martini, B., G. Di Sante, et al. (2008). “Androgen receptors are required for full masculinization of nitric oxide synthase system in rat limbic-hypothalamic region.” Horm Behav 54(4): 557–64.

  Masten, C. L., N. I. Eisenberger, et al. (2009). “Neural correlates of social exclusion during adolescence: Understanding the distress of peer rejection.” Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 4(2): 143–57.

  Mather, M., and L. L. Carstensen (2005). “Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory.” Trends Cogn Sci 9(10): 496–502.

  Matsuda, K., H. Sakamoto, et al. (2008). “Androgen action in the brain and spinal cord for the regulation of male sexual behaviors.” Curr Opin Pharmacol 8(6): 747–51.

  Matthiesen, A. S., A. B. Ransjo-Arvidson, et al. (2001). “Postpartum maternal oxytocin release by newborns: Effects of infant hand massage and sucking.” Birth 28(1): 13–19.

  Mazur, A., and A. Booth (1998). “Testosterone and dominance in men.” Behav Brain Sci 21(3): 353–63; discussion 363–97.

  McCall, K. M., A. H. Rellini, et al. (2007). “Sex differences in memory for sexually relevant information.” Arch Sex Behav 36(4): 508–17.

  McCarthy, M. M. (2008). “Sex differences in the brain.” In: J. B. Becker, K. Berkley, N. Geary, E. Hampson, J. P. Herman, and E. A. Young, eds., Sex Differences in the Brain: From Genes to Behavior. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

  McCarthy, M. M., G. J. De Vries, and N. G. Forger, (2009a). “Sexual differentiation of the brain: Mode, mechanisms, and meaning.” In: R. H. Rubin and D. W. Pfaff, eds., Hormones, Brain, and Behavior. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

  McCarthy, M. M., C. L. Wright, et al. (2009b). “New tricks by an old dogma: Mechanisms of the organizational/activational hypothesis of steroid-mediated sexual differentiation of brain and behavior.” Horm Behav 55(5): 655–65.

  McClure, E. B. (2000). “A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents.” Psychol Bull 126(3): 424–53.

  McClure, E. B., C. S. Monk, et al. (2004). “A developmental examination of gender differences in brain engagement during evaluation of threat.” Biol Psychiatry 55(11): 1047–55.

  McCormick, C. M., and S. F. Witelson (1994). “Functional cerebral asymmetry and sexual orientation in men and women.” Behav Neurosci 108(3): 525–31.

  McCrae, R. R., and P. T. Costa Jr. (1996). Toward a New Generation of Personality Theories: Theoretical Contexts for the Five-Factor Model. New York: Guilford Press.

  McElwain, N. L., A. G. Halberstadt, et al. (2007). “Mother-and father-reported reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relations to young children’s emotional understanding and friendship quality.” Child Dev 78(5): 1407–25.

  McEwen, B. S. (2009). “Introduction: The end of sex as we once knew it.” Physiol Behav 97(2): 143–45.

  McGlone, F., A. B. Vallbo, et al. (2007). “Discriminative touch and emotional touch.” Can J Exp Psychol 61(3): 173–83.

  McIntyre, B., S. W. Gangestad, et al. (2006). “Romantic involvement often reduces men’s testosterone levels—but not always: The moderating role of extrapair sexual interest.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91(4): 642–51.

  McKenna, K. E. (2000). “The neural control of female sexual function.” NeuroRehabilitation 15(2): 133–43.

  Meaney, M. J., and B. Szyf (2005). “Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: Life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome.” Dialogues Clin Neurosci 7(2): 103–23.

  Mehl, M. R., S. Vazire, et al. (2007). “Are women really more talkative than men?” Science 317(5834): 82.

  Mehta, P. H., A. C. Jones, et al. (2008). “The social endocrinology of dominance: Basal testosterone predicts cortisol changes and behavior following victory and defeat.” J Pers Soc Psychol 94(6): 1078–93.

  Mehta, P. H., E. V. Wuehrmann, et al. (2009). “When are low testosterone levels advantageous? The moderating role of individual versus intergroup competition.” Horm Behav 56(1): 158–62.

  Merzenich, M. M., J. H. Kaas, et al. (1983). “Topographic reorganization of somatosensory cortical areas 3b and 1 in adult monkeys following restricted deafferentation.” Neuroscience 8(1): 33–55.

  Meston, C. M., R. J. Levin, et al. (2004). “Women’s orgasm.” Annu Rev Sex Res 15: 173–257.

  Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). “Impact of prosocial neuropeptides on human brain function.” Prog Brain Res 170: 463–70.

  Miller, D. L., and L. Karakowsky (2005). “Gender influences as an impediment to knowledge sharing: When men and women fail to seek peer feedback.” J Psychol 139(2): 101–18.

  Milsted, A., L. Serova, et al. (2004). “Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription by Sry.” Neurosci Lett 369(3): 203–7.

  Miner, E. J., T. K. Shackelford, et al. (2009). “Mate value of romantic partners predicts men’s partner-directed verbal insults.” Personality and Individual Differences 46(2): 135–39.

  Miner, E. J., V. G. Starratt, et al. (2009). “It’s not all about her: Men’s mate value and mate retention.” Personality and Individual Differences 47(3): 214–18.

  Minton, C., J. Kagan, et al. (1971). “Maternal control and obedience in the two-year-old.” Child Development: 1873–94.

  Miyagawa, Y., A. Tsujimura, et al. (2007). “Differential brain processing of audiovisual sexual stimuli in men: Comparative positron emission tomography study of the initiation and maintenance of penile erection during sexual arousal.” Neuroimage 36(3): 830–42.

  Mo, Q., S. F. Lu, et al. (2004). “DHEA and DHEA sulfate differentially regulate neural androgen receptor and its transcriptional activity.” Brain Res Mol Brain Res 126(2): 165–72.

  Moffat, S. D., and S. M. Resnick (2007). “Long-term measures of free testosterone predict regional cerebral blood flow patterns in elderly men.” Neurobiol Aging 28(6): 914–20.

  Mohr, C., A. C. Rowe, et al. (2010). “The influence of sex and empathy on putting oneself in the shoes of others.” Br J Psychol, published online July 15, 2009.

  Moisio, R. J. (2007). “Men in no-man’s land: Proving manhood through compensatory consumption.” Working paper presented at the ACRC in Memphis, TN.

  Mondillon, L., P. M. Niedenthal, et al. (2007). “Imitation of in-group versus out-group members’ facial expressions of anger: A test with a time perception task.” Soc Neurosci 2(3–4): 223–37.
/>
  Mong, J. A., and D. W. Pfaff (2003). “Hormonal and genetic influences underlying arousal as it drives sex and aggression in animal and human brains.” Neurobiol Aging 24, suppl. 1: S83–S88; discussion S91–S92.

  Moons, W. G., and D. M. Mackie (2007). “Thinking straight while seeing red: The influence of anger on information processing.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33(5): 706–20.

  Moore, D. S., and S. P. Johnson (2008). “Mental rotation in human infants: A sex difference.” Psychol Sci 19(11): 1063–66.

  Moriguchi, Y., T. Ohnishi, et al. (2009). “The human mirror neuron system in a population with deficient self-awareness: An fMRI study in alexithymia.” Hum Brain Mapp 30(7): 2063–76.

  Morse, C. A., A. Buist, et al. (2000). “First-time parenthood: Influences on pre-and postnatal adjustment in fathers and mothers.” J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 21(2): 109–20.

  Motta, S. C., M. Goto, et al. (2009). “Dissecting the brain’s fear system reveals the hypothalamus is critical for responding in subordinate conspecific intruders.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(12): 4870–75.

  Moulier, V., H. Mouras, et al. (2006). “Neuroanatomical correlates of penile erection evoked by photographic stimuli in human males.” Neuroimage 33(2): 689–99.

  Mouras, H., S. Stoleru, et al. (2008). “Activation of mirror-neuron system by erotic video clips predicts degree of induced erection: An fMRI study.” Neuroimage 42(3): 1142–50.

  Muehlenhard, C. L., and S. K. Shippee (2009). “Men’s and Women’s Reports of Pretending Orgasm.” J Sex Res 5: 1–16.

  Mueller, S. C., D. Mandell, et al. (2009). “Early hyperandrogenism affects the development of hippocampal function: Preliminary evidence from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of boys with familial male precocious puberty.” J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 19(1): 41–50.

  Muir, C. C., K. Treasurywala, et al. (2008). “Enzyme immunoassay of testosterone, 17beta-estradiol, and progesterone in perspiration and urine of preadolescents and young adults: Exceptional levels in men’s axillary perspiration.” Horm Metab Res 40(11): 819–26.

  Mujica-Parodi, L. R., H. H. Strey, et al. (2009). “Chemosensory cues to conspecific emotional stress activate amygdala in humans.” PLoS One 4(7): e6415.