Black Tudors
Page 44
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and maps. Names of nobility are indexed by their title, for example: ‘Arundel, Henry Fitzalan, 19th Earl of’. Works of literature and plays are indexed under author’s name.
Abd al Malik, Sultan of Morocco I Sa’adi, Sultan of Morocco 137, 143
Abd-al-Wahid bin Masoud see al-Annuri, Abd-al-Wahid bin Masoud bin Muhammad
Abell (servant to Paul Bayning) 146
Abigail 176–177
Abu Abdallah Mohamed II Sa’adi, Sultan of Morocco 136, 137–138
Accomy, John 126
Acts of Apparel 19, 22
adultery 155, 234, 239
Afonso I, King of Kongo 181
Africans, in Tudor and Stuart period
bequeathed money and items 256
depicted in artwork 8-9, 14, 30, 44, 102, 120–121, 121
employment
as household servants 101–102 see also Swarthye, Edward
in independent trades 110, 121–123, 125, 227–228, 250, 256 see also Blackman, Reasonable; Cattelena of Almondsbury; Cobbie, Anne
on ships 73–74, 197, 199 see also Diego
in ship salvage 44 see also Francis, Jacques
in Europe and North America 13, 34–35, 120, 184, 20 see also England, Africans in
funerals of 132
loss of identity 161–162
marriages between 124
mixed-race children of 237–238
nobility, sent to Europe 181, 182, 183–184, 193
in prostitution 229, 240–241 see also Cobbie, Anne
testimonies in courts given by 51–52, 108–109 see also Francis, Jacques
white Europeans, perception of 97, 172–173, 192 see also women, African
Africanus, Leo 48, 136, 166
Ahmad al-Mansur, Sultan of Morocco 135, 138, 142, 167
allies with Elizabeth I 151, 153–153, 166–167
at Battle of Alcazar 137
al-Annuri, Abd-al-Wahid bin Masoud bin Muhammad 165
al-Mansur see Ahmad al-Mansur
Almondsbury, Gloucestershire 243, 244–245, 244, 255
Alvarez, Pero 15, 17
America see North America
Anchieta, Juan de 13
Ane Blak Moir, Dunbar 27
Anne of Denmark 30
Anthony (servant to Paul Bayning) 146, 157
Anthony, John 196
arrives in England 201, 203, 204
returns to Dover 212, 214, 215, 216–217, 218
on Mainwaring’s pirate ship 198, 199, 200, 201
voyage to Virginia 207, 208–209
Antonio, Don, Prior of Crato 139, 151, 152, 174, 185
Armada see Spanish Armada (1588)
Arundel, Aletheia Howard, Countess of 224–225
Arundel, Henry Fitzalan, 19th Earl of 53
Balmford, James 127, 128, 129, 131
Bankes, John and Jane 221, 225, 226, 228, 233, 234–235, 240
baptism, of Africans 48, 100–101, 132, 158, 159–160, 162–163
Jacques Francis 47–48, 109
loss of identity by 161–162
Mary Fillis 134, 156–157, 158
Reasonable Blackman 124–125
see also Dederi Jaquoah, Prince
Barbot, Jean 171, 172, 190
Barker, (Mrs) Anne 135, 140, 155
Barker, John 139–140, 144, 146, 150, 152, 155
Barsaw, King of Cestos (Peter) 190, 191
basket weaving 135
Battle of Alcazar (1578) 137, 139, 143, 148, 149
Battle of the Solent (1545) 36
bawdy houses 221, 223, 226, 227, 229, 240
arrest and punishment of owners 233–234
Bankes, John and Jane 221, 225, 226, 228, 233, 234–235, 240
Baynham, Lucy 229, 241
Bayning, Paul 146, 157
Beckingham, Thomas 39, 40
Belleforest, Francois de 99
Berkeley, Lady Elizabeth 248
Bermuda 209
Bible, The 48
Bilqasim, Ahmad, ‘Mushac Reyz’ 150, 151–152
Bix, Nicholas 157, 163
‘blackamoor’, ‘blackmoor’, ‘blakemoor’, origins of terms 115
Blackbeard 199
Black Death 131 see also plague epidemics
Blackman, Reasonable 113, 115, 132–133
marriage and family 123, 127, 129, 132–133
Blake, William 91
Blanke, John 7, 9, 29–30
arrival in England 12, 13, 18–19
as royal trumpeter 8–9, 16, 19, 21–22, 24, 28
Blitheman, Edward 169, 182, 189–190, 191, 193
Book of Common Prayer, The 48, 124, 134, 155, 156, 162
Boorde, Andrew 8, 43
Braems, Daniel 210, 212
Braems, Jacob 206, 209, 210, 212, 213, 216
Bristol 247
Bromley, Anne, Lady 257
Brooke, Fulke Greville, 1st Baron 96
brothels see bawdy houses
Bucke, Anne 104, 105, 112
Bucke, James 103, 104, 105–106, 108
Bumi Jaleen, King of Jolof people 181
Burghley, William Cecil, 1st Baron 11, 148, 150
Cabot, John 8
Caddi-biah, King of River Cestos 170–171, 176, 189, 190
Calvin, John 160, 162
Camden, William 79, 86, 88, 114, 205
Canada 110–112, 111
cannibalism 76
Carew, Sir Wymond 38
Caribbean 194, 199
Cassango 129, 132
Catalina (chambermaid to Katherine of Aragon) 15, 16
Catechism 155, 160
Catholicism 1, 48, 80, 82
Cattelena of Almondsbury 243, 244, 250–253, 255–256, 258–259
possible early life 247–249
Cecil, John de 12, 22
Cecil, Sir Robert see Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of
Cecil, William see Burghley, William Cecil, 1st Baron
Chamberlain, John 165, 166, 224
Charles I, King of England 30
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 14, 119
Cheapside, London 122
Chester, Thomas 246, 249
Chinano 80, 160–161
Christianity
conversion of Africans to 47–48, 52, 155, 181 see also Moors
enslavement of Christians 157
inclusion of Africans in 160–162, 163
Cimarrons 57, 59, 61–63, 67, 68, 79, 81
deals with Drake 62–63, 64–65, 66–67, 68
Cini, Filippo 49
Cleopatra 221, 231
clothing, Tudor period 19, 22, 102, 117–118, 214, 253
Clowes, William 77, 236
Cobbie, Anne 219, 240, 242
described as ‘tawny moor’ 220, 221
working as a prostitute 221, 226–228, 235
Colle, Jeane 133
Columbus, Christopher 3, 184
Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa 194–195
conversion, to Christianity 156, 157–158, 161, 181–182
see also baptism, of Africans; Moors
Coree the Saldanian 180, 181, 185, 186–187, 188
fears of espionage by 182, 183, 192
returns to Africa 186, 189
Cornish, William 22
Corsi, Peter Paulo 33, 34, 38–41, 53
court case against 41–42, 44–45, 46, 50–51, 52–53
diving ability of 44–45
salvage techniques by 45, 46
Cosimo I de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 11
Cosmographia, Munster 95
court see royal court
Court of Star Chamber 108–109
cows 253–254
Cranley, Thomas 227
Cromwell, Thomas 8, 38
Dassell, Anthony 180, 181, 184, 185, 186
Davenant, Sir William 68, 236
Davies, John 175–176, 177, 186, 193
baptism of Prince Dederi Jaquoah 178
employment of A
fricans 178–179
da Vinci, Leonardo 45
Dederi Jaquoah, Prince 169, 170–171, 176
baptism of 177–178, 188
returns to Africa 189–190, 191
time in England 186, 188–189
voyage to England 176, 177, 182
Dekker, Thomas 116, 118, 128, 227, 232
De La Warr, Thomas West, 3rd Baron 205
Diego 58, 79–80, 86
conversations with Pascual 78, 80, 81
encounters Sir Francis Drake 56, 60–62
in England (1570s) 67, 68, 70
injury and death 76, 77–78, 85
works for Sir Francis Drake 62–64, 72
circumnavigation 71-73, 72, 74-76, 84
Diogo 203
diving
ability of Africans 42–43, 44
apparatus / instruments for 45, 46
see also swimming, ability of Tudors
DNA tests, for genealogy 239–240
Dolphin Inn, Southampton 39, 40, 45, 54
domestic servants see servants, household
Domingo (servant to Sir William Wynter) 102, 132, 146
Domingo, Harry 217
Dorset, Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of 102
Doughty, Thomas 71, 75
Dover, Kent 201–202, 213
‘Drake Jewel’ 67–68
Drake, Sir Francis 56, 57, 67–68, 70, 80
circumnavigation 71–73, 72, 74–76, 78–81, 84–85
makes deal with Cimarrons 63, 64–65, 66–67
raids on Spanish colonies 58, 59, 60–62, 64–66, 96–98, 151–152
reputation of 89
treatment of Africans 83, 86–87, 88, 89, 97
works for John Hawkins 57, 58
Drake, John (brother of Sir Francis) 62, 64, 74
Drake, John (cousin of Sir Francis) 70, 76, 78, 86, 87, 88
Dudley, Lord Admiral John see Northumberland, John Dudley, 1st Duke of
Dunbar, William 27
Dürer, Albrecht 120, 121
East India Company 144, 180, 185, 189, 198
see also Smith, Sir Thomas (merchant)
East Indies 81, 87, 180, 197
East Smithfield, Middlesex 153
Edward VI, King of England 48
Edwards, Anne 226, 233
Edwards, Clement 233, 234, 235
Edwards, Denis 241–242
Elene (or Helenor) 17
Elizabeth I, Queen of England 37, 94, 115, 151, 165
allies with al-Mansur 138, 143
clothing of 30, 117
‘Drake jewel’ 67–68
‘expulsion of Africans’ 2
Elyot, Thomas 47
‘Emmanuel the Moor’ (of Cornwall) 125
England
Africans in 1, 4, 8
arriving on merchant ships 180, 182, 183–184, 185 see also Dederi Jaquoah, Prince
arriving on pirate ships 202–203 see also Anthony, John
arriving on privateering ships 144–146
attitudes to 4
brought by nobility 224
in countryside 246–247 see also Cattelena of Almondsbury
in independent trades 110, 121–123, 125, 227–228, 250, 256
see also Blackman, Reasonable; Cattelena of Almondsbury; Cobbie, Anne
in London 223–224
records of 17, 54, 262
factories established in Africa 192–193
and Morocco
diplomatic relations with 167
embassy visit from 165, 166–167
joint attacks on Spain 150–152, 153
trade with 142–144, 150–151, 167–168
slavery in 6, 16
Elizabeth I, ‘expulsion of Africans’ 2
Henry VIII release of Pero Alvarez 15
legal status 48–49, 60, 156, 185, 263–264
see also Elizabeth I, ‘expulsion of Africans’; Hawkins, John
and Spain
diplomatic relations with 71, 87, 150–151, 198
naval battles 200
Spanish Armada (1588) 91, 100, 144, 151, 152
trade in Africa 167–168, 173–175, 176
Erasmus 20
Erizzo, Domenico 39–40, 41, 42, 50, 52
espionage 11, 182
Essex, Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of 70
Fawkes, Guy 235
Fenner, John 207, 210, 218
Fenton, Edward 44, 73, 87, 184
Ferdinand I, King of Naples 11
Ferdinand II of Aragon, King of Castile and León 13, 14, 15, 18
Ferdinando I, de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 44
feudal systems 16–17
Fez, Morocco 135–136, 137
Fillis, Mary 167
conversion and baptism of 134, 155–156, 158, 159, 160, 163
early life 135, 139
employment with Barkers 152, 153
employment with Millicent Porter 153, 154–155, 164
Finch, Eme 225
Fletcher, Francis 76, 80
Flushing, Netherlands 210–211, 211
‘flyting’ 27
Ford, Helen 250, 251, 258
Forman, Andrew 18, 28
Fortini, Bartholomew 39–40
Fortunatus (servant to Robert Cecil) 164, 223
France 16, 36, 99, 173, 184
Frances (of Bristol) 158, 161, 163
Francis I, King of France 10, 37, 166
Francis II, Duke of Brittany 11
Francis, Jacques 17, 32
accused of being a slave 46, 48, 50, 51
early life 33, 34, 41, 42–43
employment in ship salvage 38–39, 53–54
testifies at court case 41–42, 46, 48
wages of 50–51
freediving see diving, ability
funerals, for Africans 132
Gage, Thomas 68
Galen of Pergamon 237–238
Gelofe, Juan 6, 60
George ‘a blackamoore’ (of Kent) 125
Gheeraerts the Younger, Marcus 67
godparents 156
Golden Hinde 75, 77, 79, 82–83
see also Drake, Sir Francis, circumnavigation; Pelican
Gómez de Fuensalida, Gutierre 18
Gonzales, Francisco 54
Granada, Spain 14
‘Great Plague’ (1665) 131
see also plague epidemics
Greenwich, London 29
Greville, Fulke 96
Groce, Mary 256
‘Guinea’ 34, 41, 149, 175
see also River Cestos (kingdom)
Guinea Company (London) 174, 185, 193
Guye, John 90, 104, 105
whipped by Edward Swathye 106–108
later life 110–112, 111, 249
Hakluyt, Richard (the elder) 94, 100
Hakluyt, Richard (the younger) 33, 93–94, 150, 166, 173
Principle Navigations 87, 175
Hall, Mary 226, 234, 235
Hanmer, Meredith 80, 160–161
Harridance, Thomas 135, 149, 158, 164
Harrison, William 15–16, 251–252
Hawkins, Admiral Sir John 57, 58, 68, 70, 142, 175
Hawkins, Admiral Sir Richard 44, 76, 85, 205–206
Hawkins, William 57, 70, 80, 173, 184
Helenor (or Elene) 17
Henri III, King of France 99
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 11
Henry VII, King of England 8, 12, 14, 18, 19, 187
as employer of John Blanke 9, 12
importance of music to 10, 13
position on slavery 15
Henry VIII, King of England 20, 21, 150
as employer of John Blanke 9, 19, 21–22, 29
closure of brothels 117, 223
coronation of 19–20
marriage to Katherine of Aragon 15, 18
sinking of Mary Rose 32, 36, 37
Westminster Tournament 23–26, 28
Henry, Cardinal, King of Portugal 139
Henry, Prince, Duke of Cornwall 23, 29
> Henslowe, Philip 118
Herbert of Cherbury, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron of 43
Heywood, Dr Peter 235
High Court of Admiralty 33, 41, 52, 127, 177, 185
Hill, John 145
Hispaniola 57, 68
Hortensell, Richard 35
household items, inventory of 250, 251–252
Howard, Thomas see Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of
Hudson, Henry 177
Iko, John 38, 53
illegitimacy 238
immigrants, in England 54, 116, 117, 120, 130, 135
inheritance 256–257
interpreters
court 41, 51
explorers use of 73, 74, 184, 187, 263
interracial relationships 125, 159, 208, 238, 240
Reasonable Blackman 123, 127, 129, 132–133
see also Maria, ‘negro wench’
inventories, after death 244, 250, 258
Ireland 70–71, 104–105
Isabella I, Queen of Castile 13, 14, 15, 18
Islam 9, 11, 47, 48
see also Moors; Morocco
Isle of Wight 42
Italy 14, 34–35, 224
Ivie, Gylman 247
James IV, King of Scotland 11, 17, 26
James VI and I, King of Scotland, England and Ireland 30, 198, 201, 202, 204
Jaquoah, John see Dederi Jaquoah, Prince
Jetto, Henry 110, 239
Jewish rituals 148–149
João II, King of Portugal 15
Johan (Joan), ‘slave’ to Diego Sanchez 49–50
‘John Come Quicke’ 197
Johnson, Anthony 208
Jonson, Ben 231, 252
jousting 25–26
Juana of Castile 18
Julyane (servant to Paul Bayning) 146, 160
Katherina (servant in Antwerp) 120, 121
Katherine of Aragon 7
birth and death of Prince Henry 23, 29
wedding to Prince Arthur 10, 12, 13, 14–15
Westminster Tournament 23, 25, 26, 28
Kelly, Edward 185, 187
Kent, Francis 238
Kéroualle, Louise de 102
Kilburne, Isaac 176, 178
Kirkham, Elizabeth 228, 229
Knole Park, Chester 248, 249
Knyvet, Sir Thomas 25, 26, 28
language, for trade 182–183, 184, 187–188, 190–192
see also interpreters
Latimer, Hugh, Bishop 223
Lawley, Thomas 211
Lax, John 99, 148
Leicester, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of 101, 103, 140–141, 143, 144
Leze, Zuan da 21
Liberia 170
see also River Cestos (kingdom)
Lok, John 174, 183
Longcastle, William 52, 162, 202
Lovell, John 57, 70
Lübelfing, Johann von 43
‘Lucy Negro’ 219–220, 240–241
Lydney, Gloucestershire 91, 92, 103
MacDonnell, Sorley Boy 70–71
Machyn, Henry 122
Madagascar 193
Magellan, Ferdinand 75, 85
Mainwaring, Sir Henry 196, 198–201, 203–204, 214, 216–217, 218