Carter, Rosalynn, 68
Cartledge, Sir Brian (Ambassador to USSR 1985–88), 37, 470
Casaroli, Cardinal, 230
cash planning, 137
Castro, Fidel, 329
Catholic Church, 390, 392, 778, 779
Catto, Henry, 817
Cavaco Silva, Anibal (Portuguese Prime Minister 1985-), 752
Ceauşescu, Nicolae (President of Romania 1967–89), 790
Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB): coal stocks (1981), 142; coal stocks (1984), 341, 343; miners’ strike (1984–5), 347, 350, 353, 358–9, 373; oil- fired power stations, 341, 350; nuclear-powered stations, 341; privatization issues, 682–4
Central Office, 287, 288–9, 291, 421, 574
Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS), 30, 118, 277–8
Centre for Policy Studies, 14
Centre Forward, 416
Challenger tanks, 825, 828
Channel 4, 635, 636, 637
Channel Tunnel, 345
Channon, Paul (Trade and Industry Secretary 1986–87, Transport Secretary 1987–89): DTI, 437, 639; BL, 437, 440–1; Gorbachev meeting, 460; South Africa discussions, 515; leaves Cabinet, 756
Chatham, William Pitt, ist Earl, 10
Chatham dockyard, 251
Chelsea Barracks bomb (1981), 393
Cheltenham speech (1990), 661–2
Cheney, Dick (US Secretary for Defense 1989–93), 818, 821
Chequers, 21, 36–7, 860–1
Chernenko, Konstantin (Soviet General Secretary 1984–85), 458, 459, 461, 469, 546
Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 498
Chevaline, 244, 245
Cheysson, Claude (French Minister for External Relations 1981–84), 542
child: abuse, 626, 627; care, 630–1; benefit, 631
Child Support Act (1991), 630
China: MT’s visit (1982), 259–62, 488; Hong Kong sovereignty, 259–62; role, 487; Hong Kong negotiations, 488–95; Tiananmen Square massacre, 494
Chirac, Jacques (French Prime Minister 1974–76, 1986–88), 729–31, 734–7
Chissano, Joaquim, 527
Chope, Chris, 855
Church of England, 31
Church of Scotland, 704
churches: attitude to education reforms, 593; hostels for young people, 627
Churchill, Winston (Conservative Prime Minister 1940–5, 1951–5), 23, 193, 468, 481, 483, 829, 851
Cities Policy Group, 282
City Technology Colleges, 592, 593
Civil Contingencies Unit, 356
civil service: interventionist policy, 6; relationship with new government, 18; recruitment freeze, 32; reform, 45–9; strike (1981), 139; pay increase for top civil servants, 417
Civil Service College, 47
Civil Service Commission, 47
Civil Service Department (CSD), 47–8
Civil Service Pay Research Unit, 45
Clark, Alan, 853
Clark, Joe (Canadian Prime Minister 1979–80), 68
Clarke, Kenneth (Chancellor of the Duchy 1987–88, Health Secretary 1988–90, Education Secretary 1990–92): Cabinet position, 418; election campaign (1987), 584; Health, 614; Education, 614; Health review, 614–16, 756; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Education, 835; leadership election (1990), 852
Clegg, Hugh, 32
Clegg Commission, 32, 44, 44–5
closed shop, 98, 99, 272–3, 275, 669
clothes, MT’s, 80, 162, 164, 458, 575–6, 779. 845
coal industry: dispute (1981), 139–43; pit closure programme, 139–41, 342–3, 344. 357. 377. 686; overtime ban (1983), 342; coal stocks (1983), 343–4; miners’ strike (1984–5), 344–78; coal stocks (1984), 358; electricity privatization, 684, 685; privatization plans, 685–6; see also National Coal Board, National Union of Mineworkers
Cockfield, Arthur, Lord (Trade Secretary 1982–83, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1983–84, Vice-President European Commission 1985–88), 547
Coggan, Donald, Archbishop, 31
Cold War, 170–1, 450, 769, 799
Coleman, Professor Alice, 605
COMECON, 457
Common Agricultural Policy, see EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Commonwealth Games, Edinburgh, 520- 1
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGMs):
Lusaka (1979), 52, 67, 71, 73–6, 523
Melbourne (1981), 164, 166–7
New Delhi (1983), 332, 491
Nassau (1985), 504, 515, 516–19, 520, 521
London (Special Conference 1986), 520–4
Vancouver (1987), 522–4, 700
Kuala Lumpur (1989), 502, 530–1, 715, 716
communism: Eastern European collapse, 789–90; Soviet Union, 801; see also Marxism, socialism
Communist Party, 295
community charge: Baker’s role, 420, 650–1, 652; Ridley’s role, 563; Patten’s role, 602, 656–8; abolition, 642; defects of rating system, 642–7; origins, 647–51; Chequers seminar, 647–9; dual running, 650–2; abandonment of dual running, 651–5; preparing for introduction, 655–8; political crisis, 658–63; Trafalgar Square riot, 661; capping, 663–7; Heseltine and, 666–7; leadership election campaign (1990), 848–9
Community Housing Trusts, 605
Community Land Act, 39
Confederation of British Industry (CBI): Heath plans, 7; price controls, 39; trade union reform, 99, 104–5; MT’s relationship, 130, 271; Industrial Trends Survey, 149; Scottish, 621
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE): preparations for summit (1990), 764; role, 796, 799–800, 805; summit (1990), 802, 836, 842–3; German reunification, 814
Congdon, Professor Tim, 696
Conqueror, HMS, 214–15
Conquest, Robert, 451, 452
consensus, 167
Conservative Party: Shadow Cabinet, 4, 13n, 14–15; policies, 6–7, 276–80; general election (1979), 17; Conference (1979), 54, 101; Conference (1980), 122; Central Council, 138, 477; Conference (1981), 153–5; funding, 275; general election manifesto (1983), 281–5, 305–6; Conference (1984), 365, 367–8, 379–83; problem issues, 560, 564; Conference (1986), 566–9, 571; general election manifesto (1987), 570–5; Scottish antipathy, 619; Scottish, 621; 892 Conference (1989), 714; leadership election (1989), 830; Conference (1990), 831; leadership question, 832; leadership election (1990), 840–55, 860–1
Conservative Research Department, 12, 282–3, 286, 291, 567, 859
Conservative Trade Unionists (CTU), 101
Contingency Reserve, 49
Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) negotiations, 788, 799–800, 842
Cortonwood colliery, 344
Cossiga, Francesco (Italian Prime Minister 1979–80, President 1985–92), 82–3, 84, 241, 246
Costa Mendez, Nicanor (Argentinian Foreign Minister 1981–82), 193, 197, 199
Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (CATE), 598
Coventry, HMS, 227, 228
Cradock, Sir Percy (British Ambassador to Peking 1978–83, Prime Minister’s Foreign Policy Adviser 1984–92), 473, 492
Crawford, Cynthia (‘Crawfie’): Downing St arrival, 25; Brighton bomb (1984), 380–1; MT’s clothes, 575–6; MT’s toothache, 584; Lawson resignation, 716; leadership election, 843; Downing St departure, 858, 861; Chequers departure, 860
Craxi, Bettino (Italian Prime Minister 1983–7). 549–51
crime, see law and order
Criminal Justice Act (1988), 628
Cropper, Peter, 283, 287
cruise (and Pershing) missiles: deployment decision (1979), 156, 241, 243, 245, 300; deployment significance, 171; US development, 240; ‘dual track’ approach, 240; European attitudes to deployment, 241, 243–4, 258–9, 269, 318, 323, 335; opposition to deployment, 267–9, 332, 335; ‘dual key’ question’, 268, 332; deployment preparations, 450; Soviet response to deployment, 453; defence strategy, 472; INF treaty implications, 771–2; see also NATO, nuclear weapons Cuba, 158–9, 329
Cuckney, Sir John, 4
26, 429, 431, 434
current account deficit, 668
curriculum, national, 593–7, see also education
Czechoslovakia: Havel Presidency, 789–90; MT’s visit (1990), 808–9
Daily Express, 103
Daily Mail, 332, 714
Daily Mirror, 295
Davies, Edmund, Lord Justice, 32
Davies, John (Shadow Conservative Foreign Secretary 1976–78), 421
Davy Loewy, 170
Day, Graham (Chairman BL/Rover 1986–91), 679
Day, Sir Robin, 111, 293, 351, 586
Deal Music School bomb (1989), 414
defence: spending, 49, 51, 125, 128, 185, 237, 316; MT’s objectives, 237; political issue, 267–70; unilateralism, 267–8; policy group, 565; troops in Germany, 772; see also cruise, NATO, nuclear weapons, Trident
Defence Review (1981), 177, 185, 249–51
de Gaulle, Charles (French President 1958–69), 82, 85, 798, 802, 806, 815
Deidesheim, MT’s visit (1989), 746–8, 786–7
de Klerk, F.W. (South African State President 1989-), 529, 531–4
de la Billière, Sir Peter (Commander British Forces in the Middle East, 1990–1), 90, 825–6
Delors, Jacques (President of EC Commission 1985-): Finance minister, 338, 547; President of European Commission, 547, 740; EC objectives, 551, 555, 742, 759, 833; Luxemburg Council, 555, 556; Presidential style, 558–9; MT’s relationship, 558, 726, 740; EMU Report, 708, 709, 720, 721, 725, 750; Brittan conversation, 710; CAP, 736; TUC address, 742; Rome European Council, 766–7, 802; Gorbachev meeting, 767
‘demand side’ problems, 668–9
Democracy in Trade Unions (Green Paper), 275, 284
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 387, 394
Deng Xiaoping (Chinese ruler 1977-), 260–2, 488–9, 491, 492, 493–4
Denmark: economy, 7; farming subsidies, 731–2; EMU approach, 741
DEPARTMENTS AND MINISTRIES
Agriculture, Ministry of, 729–30
Defence, Ministry of (MOD): overspending (1980), 125; Falklands media management, 230; overspending (1983), 316; Westland affair, 425, 427; ABM Treaty interpretation, 465
Education and Science, Department of (DES), 13, 51, 592, 594, 597
Employment, Department of, 51
Energy, Department of, 141, 350, 685
Environment, Department of the (DoE): housing policy, 602–6, 621; community charge, 648–50, 655, 658, 663
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO): Falklands position, 175–6, 181–2; qualities, 309; Soviet seminar, 451; nuclear policies, 465; Hong Kong negotiations, 489; European policies, 559; ERM question, 691, 695; Walters currency proposals, 725; Soviet Union break-up, 801
Health, Department of, 614, 617
Health and Social Security, Department of (DHSS), 47, 50, 608–13, 614
Home Office, 628, 634, 636, 638
Industry, Department of, 26, 120
Northern Ireland Office (NIO), 399
Overseas Development Administration (ODA), 525
Scottish Office, 619–23
Social Security, Department of (DSS), 603, 614
Trade and Industry, Department of (DTI): Westland 425, 426, 429, 434; BL, 438; gas privatization, 681; rail privatization study, 687
Transport, Department of, 687, 756
Treasury: forecasts, 51; conduct of monetary policy, 134; public spending cuts, 148; ‘end-year flexibility’, 317; universities, 599; housing reforms, 602; NHS review, 609; attitude to NHS funding proposals, 610, 612, 615–16; child benefit debate, 631; broadcasting franchises, 637; community charge, 655–7, 662, 663; Lawson budget spies, 672; gas privatization, 681; rail privatization study, 687; ERM question, 691–2, 695, 721; exchange rate intervention, 702; inflation paper (1989), 710; Walters currency proposals, 725
dependency culture, 627
deutschmark (DM), 668, 675, 690, 697, 699–705, 722, 763
devaluation, 714
Diego Garcia, 246
Dimbleby, Jonathan, 585
Diplock, Lord, 106
dirty protest, 58, 389, 391
disarmament, see nuclear weapons
Disraeli, Benjamin, 37
District Health Authorities (DHAs), 608, 615, 617
divorce, 628, 630
dock strikes (1984), 355–7, 361–2
doctors, see British Medical Association, health
Dooge, James, 550
Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (Conservative Prime Minister 1963–64), 13, 20, 66, 829
Downing Street (No. 10): Policy Unit, 19, 30, 283, 428, 597, 605, 614, 617, 640, 831; Political Office, 19, 21; Press Office, 19; Private Office, 19, 20; staff, 19–20; hours of work, 20; living arrangements, 21; furnishing, 23–4
Druze, 327
Dubai: MT’s visit (1981), 163; MT’s visit (1988), 506–7
du Cann, Sir Edward, 296
Duff, Sir Antony, 76
Duport Steels, 103, 106
Eagleburger, Lawrence, 158
Eastern Europe, 769–70, 789–90
Eaton, Michael, 365
Eban, Abba, 511
E (Cabinet Committee), 39, 274, 394, 429, 639
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), see under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY
Economist, 277, 446–7
Economy Policy Group, 565
Eden, Anthony (Conservative Prime Minister 1955–7), 66, 483, 851
Eden, Clarissa, 362
Eden, Sir John, 286
education: importance, 5; assisted places scheme, 39, 591; computers, 271; parent power, 278; vouchers, 278, 279, 578, 591–2, 614, 831; reform programme, 279–80, 306, 590–2; teacher training, 280; curriculum, 280, 570, 590–1, 593–7; Northern Ireland, 386; standards, 562; parental choice, 562, 591; testing, 570, 593–4; funding, 570, 591; open enrolment, 570, 591; grant-maintained schools, 570–1, 578, 592–3, 597; manifesto (1987), 570–1, 578, 590; selection, 578; centres of excellence, 578–9; City Technology Colleges, 592, 593; LMS, 592; national curriculum, 593–7; teacher training, 597–8; universities, 598–9; student loans, 598; Scotland, 620–1
Education Policy Group, 282
Education Reform Act (1988), 591
Edwardes, Sir Michael (Chairman BL 1977–82), 114–20
Edwards, Nicholas (Welsh Secretary 1979–87), 110, 565
Efficiency Unit, 30
Egypt, MT’s visit (1985), 508
EH 101 helicopter project, 425, 429
Eisenhower, USS, 227
Eksund, 406, 731
elderly people, 606
Election Call, 587
elections, general: (1979), 4–5, 15, 17; Conservative manifesto (1983), 281–5; campaign planning (1983), 285–9; campaign (1983), 291–304; Conservative manifesto (1987), 569–75; campaign (1987), 576–88; see also by-elections and European Parliament (under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY)
electricity: prices, 52; privatization, 682–4
Elizabeth II, Queen: MT’s audiences with, 17–18, 208, 850, 861; African tour (1979), 74; Falklands War, 180–1, 208; US invasion of Grenada, 330; Australian Bicentennial, 504
El Salvador, 158, 159, 322, 383
Eminent Persons Group (EPG), 518–19, 520
employment: new jobs, 668; labour mobility, 670–1; see also unemployment
Employment Acts: (1980), 97–108; (1982), 272–4; (1984), 279; (1988), 669; (1990), 669
Employment Policy Group, 565
Employment Protection Act (1975), 102
EMU, see Economic and Monetary Union under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY
Enders, Thomas, 192
Endurance, HMS, 177, 178
Energy Act (1983), 682
Engineering Employers’ Federation (EEF), 98
Enniskillen bomb (1987), 406
Enterprise Policy Group, 282
Enterprise Zones, 44, 95
Enthoven, Professor Alain, 607
environment, 638–41; pollution issue, 563, 639
ERM, see Exchange Rate Mechanism under EU
ROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY
Estate Action programme, 605, 621
European Commission on Human Rights, 391
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Agriculture Council, 85, 257, 732
budget issues: British contribution, 62–4, 83–6, 91, 257, 537–45; Financial Mechanism, 62; agreement (1980), 78–86; financing, 313–14; discussion (1983), 336–8; deficit (1987), 728
Central Bank proposals, 738, 740–1
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 728–37; Walker’s approach, 28; cost, 62, 336; wastefulness, 62; French approach, 62, 84; German approach, 62, 257. 313, 319, 544; British net contribution, 80, 257, 319; Bruges speech, 745
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), 690–1; Lawson’s views, 554, 691, 708, 716; Delors Report, 707–8, 720–1, 723, 746, 750; Major’s views, 719; discussions (1990), 719–21; no compromise, 724–6; EC discussions (1988), 740–2, (1989), 759–60, (1990), 763, 765–6
enlargement, 545–8, 769–70
European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 759
European Commission: budget settlement pressure, 80; Presidency, 547, 558–9, 740; water policies, 638; ERM, 691; federalist project, 728; rebate mechanism, 729; role, 743
European Councils:
Strasbourg (1979), 61–4, 79
Dublin (1979), 79–82
Luxemburg (1980), 83–5, 388, 390
Venice (1980), 90
Brussels (1982), 178
Stuttgart (1983), 312–14, 319
Athens (1983), 318, 319, 335–8, 537, 538
Brussels (1984), 346, 538–41
Fontainebleau (1984), 541–4, 728, 733
Dublin (1984), 545–6
Brussels (1985), 546–7
Milan (1985), 401, 548–51
Luxemburg (1985), 550, 551, 554–7
Hague (1986), 519, 522
London (1986), 557–9
Brussels (1987), 729–31
Copenhagen (1987), 729, 731–3, 736–7
Brussels (1988), 733, 735–7
Hanover (1988), 409–10, 707–8, 737, 740–1
Rhodes (1988), 746–7, 784–5
Madrid (1989), 710–13, 741, 750–2, 760
Strasbourg (1989), 759–60, 796–7
Dublin (1990), 726, 760–3
Rome (1990), 764–7, 832, 837
European Court of Justice (ECJ), 80, 743
European Currency Unit (ecu), 63; ‘hard’, 720, 741, 750, 762, 765, 833
European Democratic Group (EDG), 749
European Democratic Union (EDU), 500
The Downing Street Years, 1979-1990 Page 116