European Magna Carta, 800, 808, 842
European Monetary Fund proposals, 720, 721, 750
European Monetary System (EMS), see Exchange Rate Mechanism
European Parliament: elections (1979), 60, 61; elections (1984), 537, 540; powers, 554; MT’s speech (1986), 558; elections (1989), 711, 748–50, 754
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): MT’s attitude, 63, 554; German views, 63, 83, 692; Lawson’s attitude, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–13, 722; Major’s policy, 690; path to EMU, 690–1; discussions (1979–82), 691–3; arguments (1985), 693–8, (1989), 709–14; ‘Madrid conditions’, 712–13, 718, 719, 722, 723; discussion (1990), 719–21; entry of sterling, 721–4
Falklands crisis, Argentina embargo, 190–1, 223, 548
Franco-German axis, 61, 727–8, 759–63, 790, 814–15
Integrated Mediterranean Programmes, 545, 546
Inter-Governmental Conference (IGC), 549–51, 555, 711, 720, 725, 750–2, 759–61, 765–7
Monetary Committee, 721
monetary compensation amounts (MCAs), 336
Political Union (federalist project), 727–8, 742, 760–3, 814–15, 833
Single European Act, 555–7, 558, 741
Single Market, 551–4; MT’s hopes, 545, 547, 549, 745; implementing, 557; EMU, 708; progress, 727; Bruges speech, 745; Social Charter, 751
Social Charter, 750–2, 759–60
South Africa sanctions issue, 515- 16, 521–2, 534
sovereignty issue, 690
European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (ECST), 401, 402–3, 405
exchange controls, see MONETARY POLICY
exchange rate, see MONETARY POLICY
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), see EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY
Exocet missiles, 212, 216, 226–7, 233–4
EXPO ’88, 505
export markets, 5, 689
Ezra, Sir Derek (Chairman NCB 1971–82), 140–1
Face the Nation, 771
Face the People, 586
Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia (1982-), 818, 820–2
Fair Trading, Director-General of, 40
Falkland Islands: history, 174–5; Communications Agreement, 175, 197; lease-back proposals, 175–6; invasion, 177; retaken, 234–5; MT’s visit, 234
Falklands War: significance, 173–4, 235; task force, 179, 183, 189, 194, 201; War Cabinet, 188–9, 200, 209, 212, 221, 223, 224, 234–5; Haig negotiations, 188, 190, 191–200, 202–8, 210–11, 216, 217, 222–3, 224, 229–30; Haig proposals, 194–5; bombing of runway at Port Stanley, 212; Belgrano sinking, 214–16; Peruvian peace proposals, 215, 216, 217; Sheffield sinking, 216–17; SAS raid, 222; UK final proposals, 222–3; taskforce landing, 223–5; Harriers, 226, 227–8; Atlantic Conveyor loss, 227–8; Darwin and Goose Green retaken, 229–30; media reporting, 229–30; Bluff Cove, 233; Port Stanley assault and retaking, 233–5; ‘Falklands factor’, 264, 266; financing, 270; MT’s experience useful for Gulf War, 817, 826
Fallon, Michael, 856
Family Health Service Authorities, 608n
family policies, 282, 565, 628–32
Family Policy Group, 279
Fearless, HMS, 189, 248
Federal Reserve, US, 693
Fergusson, Sir Ewen (British Ambassador to France 1987–93), 843
Fianna Fail Party, 388
Fiat, 428, 430–1
Fieldhouse, Sir John (C-in-C Fleet 1981–82, Chief of Naval Staff and First Sea Lord 1982–85), 189, 205, 214, 226
Fieldhouse, Midge, Lady, 205
Figaro, Le, 82
Financial Services Act (1986), 311
Financial Times, 138, 701, 715
Finchley constituency: MT’s work, 22; work during Falklands crisis, 224–5; election campaign (1983), 302, 303; Jewish population, 509, 577; twinning, 512; Ugandan Asian population, 517; election campaign (1987), 577, 587–8; rates issue, 644
Fine Gael, 388
Fitt, Gerry (Leader SDLP 1970–79), 395
FitzGerald, Garret (Irish Prime Minister 1981–82, 1983–87): EC budget, 337, 544; compared with Haughey, 388, 393; hunger strikes, 392; MT’s relationship, 393, 410; Northern Ireland discussions, 395–6, 398–402; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 402–5, 407; VAT issue, 538
Fletcher, Michael, 371
Fletcher, WPC Yvonne, 351, 442
FI-II aircraft, 239, 443, 445, 447, 772
Foot, Michael (Leader, Labour Party 1980–83): Falklands, 210, 224; Labour leadership, 265–6, 360; unilateralism, 267; election campaign (1983), 287, 295, 296; Maze hunger strikers, 391
Ford of Europe, 439–41, 679
Foreign Affairs Policy Group, 565
Forsyth, Frederick, 362
Forsyth, Michael, 620–3, 856
Fowler, Norman (Transport Minister 1979–81, Health and Social Security Secretary 1981–87, Employment Secretary 1987–90): Transport, 29; DHSS, 151, 277; Family Policy Group, 279; BL debate, 440; health targets, 571; election campaign (’987), 583–4. 584; NHS discussions, 607; leadership election campaign (1990), 840
France: economy, 7; EC role, 61, 540–1; lamb imports, 80, 84, 85; nuclear energy, 140, 341; Polish crisis, 254; nuclear deterrent, 323; Lebanon involvement, 328, 333–4; Libya policy, 442–3, 446; educational system, 591; federalist project, 727–8, 760–3, 814–15; elections (1988), 731, 734; Revolution Bicentennial (1989), 752–4; German reunification, 796–7; attitude to US European presence, 815; Gulf crisis, 819; see also Mitterrand
Francis of Assisi, St, 19
Franks Committee, 177
Fraser, Malcolm, 71, 76, 191, 519
Frederick the Great, 191
free enterprise, 6–7
free trade, 739, 764
Freight Rover (FR), 438, 441
French Revolution, MT’s remarks (1989), 753
Friedman, Professor Milton, 618, 710n, 804
Frost, David, 584, 586
Fulton Committee Report, 47
Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar (Libyan ruler 1969-): NUM contact, 351, 368–9; IRA supporter, 384, 401; US bombing of Libya, 442–4, 446, 449
Gaisman, Tessa, 285
Gaitskell, Hugh, 6n
Galtieri, General Leopoldo (Argentine President 1981–82): comes to power, 176; Reagan contacts, 179–80, 201–2; Haig diplomacy, 193, 197–8; proposals, 224
Gandhi, Indira (Indian Prime Minister 1966–77, 1980–84), 161–2, 169, 368, 504
Gandhi, Rajiv (Indian Prime Minister 1984–89), 426, 504, 517, 521, 523
Gandhi, Sonia, 504
Garda, 397–8
Gardiner, Sir George, 855
Garel-Jones, Tristan, 830, 850, 854
gas: prices, 52; privatization, 681–2
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), 496, 732, 738–40, 745, 764–5
GCHQ, Cheltenham, 139n
Gdansk: Lenin Shipyard, 778, 779, 780–1; MT’s visit (1988), 780–2
GEC, 431
Gemayel, Amin (President of the Lebanon 1982–88), 327
General and Municipal Workers’ Union (GMWU), 111
General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 704
General Belgrano, 214–16, 217, 296, 302
General Council of British Shipping, 356
General Motors (GM), 438, 439, 440–1
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich (German Foreign Minister and Deputy Chancellor 1974–92), 335, 736, 740, 774, 785, 793
George II, King, 24
Germany: economy, 5, 7, 94; EC role, 61, 313, 552; NATO nuclear policies, 240, 241, 258–9, 268, 323, 335, 771–2, 774–5, 784–7; Polish crisis, 254; Berlin Wall, 263, 759, 789, 793; MT’s visit (1983), 318, 319; South African sanctions issue, 522; farmers, 544, 731, 732–3, 734, 736, 766; reunification, 552, 759, 769, 783, 792–6, 813; monetary union (EMU) policy, 554, 555, 720; European objectives, 556, 760–1; Bundesbank, 690, 696, 720, 740, 763, 814; hyperinflation experience, 707; interest rates, 707, 714, 814; Social Charter, 751; US relationship, 768, 783–4, 789; MT’s attitude to ‘German Question’, 769, 790–1, 813–1
5; Gorbachev’s influence, 783; fall of Honecker, 789; border with Poland, 797, 799; see also Kohl, Schmidt
Gersons, 224
Gibraltar: shooting of IRA terrorists (1988), 407, 409; discussions with Spain, 746
Gilmour, Sir Ian (Lord Privy Seal 1979–81): Foreign Office, 28–9; EC budget, 86; trade union reform, 105; economic critique, 130; dismissed, 151
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry (French President 1974–81): Downing Street visit, 24; EC, 61–4, 552; G7, 69–70, 84; Trident, 246
Glamorgan, HMS, 233–4
glasnost, 475
Glemp, Cardinal, 778
Gleneagles Agreement, 166
Glenholmes, Evelyn, 405
global warming, 640
Glover, Eleanor, Lady, 845
González, Felipe (Spanish Prime Minister 1982-), 546, 746, 752, 767, 793
Goodlad, Alastair, 835
Goold, Sir James, 621, 647
Gorbachev, Mikhail (Soviet President 1985–91): Trudeau’s impression, 321; NUM connection, 369; public image, 437. 453; MT’S attitude, 452–3, 770, 774, 800–1, 813; embassy deal, 458; Chequers visit (1984), 459- 63, 468, 474; Soviet leadership, 469, 475; Geneva summit with Reagan, 470; Reykjavik, 470–2; MT’s Moscow visit (1987), 474, 478–85; Perestroika, 475, 773, 803–4; de Klerk comparison, 532; ‘Gorby-mania’, 747; Delors meeting, 767; INF treaty (1987), 771, 774; MT’s discussions (1987), 772–4; Reagan Washington summit (1987), 774; Afghanistan withdrawal, 774; influence on Germany, 783; UK visit (1989), 786; Soviet changes, 790; MT’s visit (1989), 792, 802; German reunification, 798–9, 805; Yeltsin opposition, 803–4; MT’s Soviet visit (1990), 805–6; CSCE summit (1990), 843, 845; MT’s resignation, 858
Gorbachev, Raisa, 459, 461, 470, 478, 480, 483–4, 773, 786
Gordievsky, Oleg, 470, 476, 774
Gormley, Joe (President NUM 1971–82), 140
Gould, Bryan, 581
Gow, Ian (PPS to Prime Minister 1979–83): PPS, 29–30; memo on backbench morale, 132;. Cabinet reshuffle, 151; frames quotations from Powell, 184n; Falklands, 185; election campaign (1983), 285, 288; Anglo-Irish proposals, 394; resignation, 403; murder, 414–15, 822; leadership election campaign (1989), 830
Gow, Jane, 414–15
Gowrie, Grey, Lord (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1984–85), 420
Granada 500, 293
grant-maintained schools, 570–1, 578, 592–3, 597
grant-related expenditure assessments (GREAs), 643
Greater London Council (GLC), 284, 305
Greece: EC membership, 545–6; support for German EC proposals, 763
Greenham Common, 243
Grenada: Bishop government, 166; military coup, 328–9; US invasion, 328–32, 334–5, 818
Griffiths, Professor Brian (Head of Prime Minister’s Policy Unit 1985–90): Strategy Group, 565; education proposals, 570, 592, 597–9; Manifesto Committee, 572; education in Scotland, 620–1; ERM question, 700
Griffiths Report, 47
Gromyko, Andrei (Soviet Foreign Minister 1957–85), 242, 458, 451, 468, 469
G7 (Group of Seven) summits:
Tokyo (1979), 65–71
Ottawa (1981), 164–6, 739
Versailles (1982), 192, 231–2, 256–8
Williamsburg (1983), 290, 299–301, 586
Tokyo (1986), 498–9
Venice (1987), 586
Toronto (1988), 737, 738–40
Paris (1989), 752, 754, 759
Houston (1990), 762, 763–4
Guardian, 43, 52, 561
Guise, George, 640
Gulbenkian Collection, 633
Gulf: British withdrawal from (1970), 8, 162; Armilla Patrol, 91, 164, 816; MT’s visit (1981), 162–4, 817
Gulf Co-operation Council, 163
Gulf War: Belgian policy, 414; scud missile attacks on Israel, 507; Anglo-American relations, 769; build-up to, 822–8
Gummer, John (Party Chairman 1983–85, Agriculture Minister 1989–92): election campaign (1983), 292; Party Chairman, 310, 311, 421; Brighton bomb (1984), 380, 381; local government finance review, 646; Agriculture Minister, 757, 758; leadership election campaign (1990), 849, 851; MT’s resignation, 856
Gummer, Penny, 379, 380
Habibie, Professor BJ., 503
Hadfields, 107, 112
Hague, Professor Douglas, 126
Haig, Alexander (Supreme Allied Commander in Europe 1974–79, US Secretary of State 1981–82): MT’s Washington visit (1981), 158; Falklands crisis, 176, 178; shuttle diplomacy, 181; Falklands negotiations, 188, 190, 191–200, 202–8, 210–11, 216, 217, 222–3, 224, 229–30; Falklands proposals, 194–8; Peruvian peace plan, 216, 217; British Falklands landings, 229, 230; UN vote, 232; NATO, 240; Polish crisis, 253, 255
Hailsham, Quintin Hogg, Lord (Lord Chancellor 1979–87), 28, 37
Hamilton, Archie (PPS to the Prime Minister 1987–88), 411, 822
Hammond, Eric, 363
Hanna, Vincent, 588
Hanrahan, Brian, 214
Harlech, Lord, 72–3
Harper, Ross, 621
Harris, Robin, 565, 570, 572
Harrison, Margaret, 630
Harrods bomb (1983), 397
Hart, David, 365
Hassan, King of Morocco (1961-), 526
Hastings, Sir Stephen, 212
Haughey, Charles (Irish Prime Minister 1979–81, 1982–83, 1987–92): relationship with MT, 388, 410; compared with FitzGerald, 388, 393; hunger strikers, 390; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 405, 409- 10; extradition issue, 407; US speech (1988), 408–9; EC, 760, 762
Havel, Václav (President of Czechoslovakia 1989–92), 789–90, 808–9, 813, 826
Havers, Michael (Attorney General 1979–87, Lord Chancellor 1987): picketing issue, 107, 346, 348; Falklands, 189, 214, 228–9; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346–8, 374; NUM funds, 374
Hawke, Bob (Australian Prime Minister 1983–91), 504–5, 516–17, 519, 521, 530–1
Hayek, Friedrich von, 12, 618, 716
Healey, Denis (Chancellor of the Exchequer 1974–79), 26, 53, 210, 296, 301, 576
health: hospitals, 47, 581–2, 608, 611, 613–14, 615–16, 617; MT’s approach to people’s concerns, 562; manifesto (1987), 571, 577; election campaign (1987), 585; private care, 585, 607; reform programme, 606–17; elderly people, 606; review (1988), 608–9; private insurance schemes, 610, 612; self-governing (trust) hospitals, 611, 613–14, 615–16, 617; medical audit, 613; GP budget holders, 614–15; see also National Health Service
Heath, Edward (Conservative Prime Minister 1970–74): government, 7, 13–14, 20, 108, 162, 692; defeat, 14, 17; interventionist policies, 14, 167; CPRS, 30; Party Conference speech, 154–5; attack on MT, 167; Falklands Communications Agreement, 175; BL debate, 440; rates abolition pledge, 644; EC membership, 700; EMU approach, 741; European elections (1989), 749–50; leadership, 829
Helms, Jesse, 160
Helsinki Final Act (1975), 478, 794, 795
Henderson, Sir Nicholas (Ambassador to Washington 1979-82), 182, 188, 191, 204, 211, 221–2
Her Majesty’s Inspectorate (HMI), 593–4, 597
Hermes, HMS, 179, 185, 202, 228
Heseltine, Michael (Environment Secretary 1979–83, Defence Secretary 1983–86): Merseyside work, 144, 424; ‘dual key’ option, 268; Family Policy Group, 279; election campaign (1983), 296–7; Lebanon MNF, 326, 327; Grenada, 330, 331; Environment, 420, 424; Westland affair, 423–37; MT’s relationship with, 423–4, 829–30; Defence, 424; Gorbachev visit, 460; US visit (1985), 469; local government finance review, 643–4; community charge, 666–7; council tax, 667; suitability as successor to MT, 755; leadership challenge, 829, 834, 835–8, 839, 840; leadership campaign, 840, 841, 844, 847–50, 852–3, 860–1
Heysel Football Stadium riot, 413
Hindawi, Nezar, 510
History Working Group (National Curriculum), 595–6
homelessness, 603–4
Homestart, 630
Honda, 116, 438, 439
Honecker, Erich (East German Head
of State 1976–89), 789
Hong Kong: MT’s China visit (1982), 259–62; Joint Declaration, 466; concern for future, 487; Executive Council (EXCO), 491, 492; Joint Liaison Group, 491–2
Hoskyns, John: Policy Unit, 30; ‘Stepping Stones’, 42; quoted, 56; trade union reform, 104; monetary policy, 133, 135; Central Council, 138; Cabinet reshuffle, 152; successor, 278
hospitals, see health
housing: council house sales, 39, 279, 306, 563, 602, 604, 605, 623; private rented sector, 39, 563, 600, 601, 605, 670–1; mortgages, 315, 600, 602, 671, 674, 698; benefit, 563, 600–1; tenancy reforms, 571, 599–601, 671; manifesto (1987), 571, 577, 589, 600, 602; reforms, 599–601; home ownership, 600, 601, 604, 605, 623, 671; local authority housing accounts, 600, 601; ‘flexi-ownership’, 602, 604; Scotland, 602, 621, 623; ‘Rents to Mortgages’, 602, 604, 623; homelessness, 603; Estate Action programme, 605, 621; council estate unemployment culture, 671; market (1988), 674, 706
Housing Action Trusts (HATs), 571, 600–1, 605
Housing Associations, 571, 599, 604
Housing Corporation, 599
Howard, Michael (Employment Secretary 1990–92), 422, 755, 849, 852
Howe, Derek, 285
Howe, Elspeth, 37, 380, 381, 757
Howe, Sir Geoffrey (Chancellor of the Exchequer 1979–83, Foreign Secretary 1983–89, Leader HC 1989–90): Shadow Chancellor, 15; Chancellor of Exchequer, 26; budget (1979), 31, 42–5, 50; Chequers lunch, 37; public spending cuts, 51, 53, 127, 149; budget (1980), 55, 95; trade union reform, 100, 104; BL, 118, 120–1; economic strategy, 123, 125–6; friendship with Leon Brittan, 131; budget (1981), 132–7; Cabinet discussions, 148; Party Conference (1981), 154–5; Falklands, 188; budget (1982), 270; public expenditure review (1982), 276–7; Family Policy Group, 279; election manifesto (1983), 281, 283, 284–5; election campaign (1983), 288, 293, 294, 297; Foreign Secretary, 309–10, 418; defence spending, 316; Lebanon MNF, 326, 333; Grenada, 330, 331; EC, 335, 736; Brighton bomb (1984), 380, 381; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 405; Northern Ireland speech, 409; Biffen relations, 420; Westland, 428; US bombing of Libya, 443, 445; Gorbachev visit (1984), 460, 461; US visit (1985), 469; Hong Kong negotiations, 489, 491–2; South African issues, 514, 515, 518; South Africa visit, 520; EC budget, 537; Milan Council, 548, 550–1; Strategy Group, 565; style as Chancellor, 672, 673; exchange rate concerns, 688–9; ERM question, 691–2, 693, 695, 697–8, 704, 709–12, 750; relations with MT, 704, 711–12, 718, 757, 758, 839–40; Madrid ambush, 710–12; resignation threat, 712; Leader of the House, 715, 757, 834; European elections (1989), 749; suitability as successor to MT, 755, 756; Foreign Secretary dismissal, 756, 757, 834; refuses Home Office, 757; Deputy PM, 757; single currency statement, 832–3; resignation, 834–7; Commons statement, 838, 839–40
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