The Downing Street Years, 1979-1990

by Margaret Thatcher

  Howell, David (Energy Secretary 1979–81, Transport Secretary 1981–83), 140–2, 151, 283, 307

  Hua Guo Feng, 260

  Huddleston, Bishop Trevor, 514

  Hughes, Bill, 621

  Hume, John (Leader SDLP 1979-), 404

  Hungary: MT’s visit (1984), 454–8; Austrian border open, 789; MT’s visit (1990), 809

  hunger strikes (Maze Prison), 388–93

  Hunt, David, 657

  Hunt, Sir John (Cabinet Secretary 1973–79), 31

  Hunt, Mavis Amanda, 234

  Hunt, Rex (Governor Falkland Islands (1980–82, Civil Commissioner 1982–85), 180, 187, 196, 234

  Hurd, Douglas (Northern Ireland Secretary 1984–85, Home Secretary 1985–89, Foreign Secretary 1989-): Northern Ireland Secretary, 399; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 405; Home Secretary, 419; Foreign Secretary, 531; South Africa sanctions issue, 531; Strategy Group, 565; broadcasting policies, 636, 637; community charge, 666; EMU question, 726; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Kohl meeting, 765–6; German reunification, 793; Gulf crisis, 816–17, 822, 824, 827, 834; leadership election campaign (1990), 840, 844, 847, 850, 851, 852, 853, 858, 861; MT’s resignation, 856, 857

  Hussein, King of Jordan (1933-): Falklands crisis, 183; MT’s visit (1985), 508–9; peace initiative, 508–9, 512; Gulf crisis, 816–17, 822, 824

  Hussein, Saddam (Iraqi ruler 1979-), 91, 769, 817–22, 823–8, 831

  Hussey, Marmaduke (Chairman BBC Board of Governors 1986-), 637

  Hu Yaobang, 493

  Hyde Park bomb (1982), 394

  Ibbs, Robin (Prime Minister’s Adviser on Efficiency in Government 1983–88), 48, 118

  ICI, help to USSR, 480

  Iliescu, Ion (President of Romania 1990-), 802

  immigration, 307, 553, 555

  imports, 689

  incomes policy, 14, 42, 93–4, 126

  Independence, USS, 329–30

  Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), 637

  Independent Television Commission (ITC), 637–8

  India, MT’s visit (1981), 161–2

  individualism, 626–7

  Indonesia, MT’s visit (1985), 503

  Industrial Charter, 12

  inflation: rise, 8; control, 33, 123, 673, 690, 694, 709; (1979), 42, 52, 53; (1980), 123–126; (1981), 136, 153; (1982), 272; (1983), 315; US, 322; role of taxation, 673–4; first term success, 688; effect of Lawson’s policies, 691; (1986), 698–9; (1988–9), 706–7, 710, 714–15, 718, 830; (1990), 675, 724, 831

  information technology (IT), 271

  Information Technology Year (1982), 271

  INF treaty (1987), 771, 773, 774, 784

  Ingham, Bernard (Chief Press Secretary 1979–90): relationship with MT, 20; public expenditure discussions (1980), 130; coal dispute (1981), 140; TSRB recommendations (1985), 417; Nigerian visit (1988), 525; leadership election (1990), 835, 843; MT’s resignation, 856

  Inkatha, 533

  Inner London Educational Authority (ILEA), 590, 650, 652–3

  Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 465

  interest rates, see MONETARY POLICY

  International Democratic Union (IDU), 499–500

  International Monetary Fund (IMF), 42, 169–70, 522, 525, 526–7

  International Transport Workers’ Federation, 103

  interventionist policies, 6, 8, 92–3

  Intrepid, HMS, 248

  investment: state direction, 8; opportunities, 671; state-owned industries, 677

  Investment Income Surcharge, 673

  Invincible, HMS, 179, 181, 185, 202, 228

  IRA: Mountbatten murder, 56; Warrenpoint bomb (1979), 56–7; Irish-American support, 58, 166, 384, 415; Brighton bomb (1984), 368, 371, 379–83, 399, 414; terrorist problem, 383–4; hunger strikes, 389–93; Chelsea Barracks bomb (1981), 393; Hyde Park and Regent’s Park bombs (1982), 394- 5; Harrods bomb (1983), 397; Mill Hill bomb (1988), 410; Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411; broadcasting ban, 412; Deal bomb (1989), 414; Gow murder, 414–15

  Iran: fall of Shah, 42, 156; US hostages, 69, 86–8, 156, 825; London embassy siege, 89–90, 826; war with Iraq, 91, 162, 163–4, 487, 824

  Iraq: war with Iran, 91, 162, 163–4, 487, 824; invasion of Kuwait, 164; 816–22; British hostages, 823, 827

  Ireland, see Irish Republic, Northern Ireland Irish Commission for Justice and Peace (ICJP), 392

  Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 396

  Irish Republic: Falklands stance, 191, 216, 225, 394; EC, 337, 539; Anglo-Irish summit (1980), 390; Anglo-Irish relations, 393–6; Anglo-Irish Agreement background, 396–402; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 402–6, 409- 10, 413–415

  Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC), 103, 106, 109–13

  ‘Iron Lady’, 65, 184

  Israel: EC discussions, 90–1; peace talks, 322; Lebanon, 326–7; refuseniks, 460, 476, 484, 510; ‘land for peace’, 507, 511; Gulf War, 507; MT’s visit (1986), 510–12

  Italy: economy, 7; Falklands crisis, 191, 223; nuclear policy, 241; IGC plans, 549–51, 555; Rome European Council, 765

  ITV, 588, 634–7

  Ivashko, Vladimir, 807

  Jaguar, 438

  Jakobovits, Immanuel, 510

  Jankowski, Father, 781

  Japan: trade balance, 64; G7, 164–5, 738–9; Falklands, 191, 231–2; MT’s visit (1982), 259, 496–7; role, 487; trade negotiations, 495–6; MT’s visit (1986), 498–9; MT’s visit (1989), 499–501; business investment, 668; agricultural policy, 738–9

  Jaruzelski, General Wojciech (Polish Prime Minister 1981–85, President 1985–90), 251, 253. 777–82, 789

  Jay, Douglas, 6

  Jayewardene, Junius Richard (President of Sri Lanka 1978–88), 503–4, 517–18

  Jenkin, Patrick (Health and Social Security Secretary 1979–81, Industry Secretary 1981–83, Environment Secretary 1983–85), 55n, 151, 294, 420, 644, 646

  Jenkins, Roy, Lord (President European Commission 1977–81), 84, 266, 298

  Jenkins, Simon, 841

  John Brown Engineering, 254

  John Paul II, Pope, 390, 778

  Jones, Colonel ‘H’, 229

  Jones, Michael, 840

  Jopling, Michael (Chief Whip 1979–83, Agriculture Secretary 1983–87), 25, 151, 288, 460, 840–1

  Jordan, MT’s visit (1985), 508–9

  Joseph, Sir Keith (Industry Secretary 1979–81, Education Secretary 1981–86): political beliefs, 7, 14, 312; Industry, 26, 131; Chequers lunch, 37; monetary policy, 53, 135, 421; trade union reform, 104; steel strike, 107, 111; steel industry, 109, 113; BL, 115, 117–121; public spending debate, 149; Education, 151, 277, 279–80, 420; IT, 271; Family Policy Group, 279; manifesto (1983), 283; retirement plans, 420; departure, 562; education voucher system, 591; teacher training, 598; telecommunications reforms, 680; attitude to ERM, 691; Social Market pamphlet, 751

  Jumblatt, Walid, 327

  Kádár, János (Hungarian General Secretary 1956–88), 454–7

  Kaifu, Toshiki (Japanese Prime Minister 1989–91), 499–501

  Kano, Emir of, 525–6

  Karmal, Babrak (President of Afghanistan 1979–86), 87

  Kaunda, Kenneth (President Zambia 1964–91), 74, 76, 516, 520, 521–3, 530

  Keating, Paul (Australian Prime Minister 1991-), 505

  Keays, Sara, 310, 311

  Kennedy, John F. (US President 1961–63), 517

  Kenya, MT’s visit (1988), 524–5

  Keyes, Bill, 113

  Keynesian economics, 6, 51, 70, 123, 136

  KGB, 776

  Khalifa bin Hamad al-Thani, Sheik, 164

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 453, 456

  Kiev, ‘British Days’ Exhibition, 806

  King, John, Lord (Chairman British Airways 1981–93), 679

  King, Tom (Environment Secretary 1983, Employment Secretary 1983–85, Northern Ireland Secretary 1985–89, Defence Secretary 1989–92): election campaign (1983), 293; Employment, 312, 420; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346, 357, 372–3, 376; Northern Ireland Secretar
y, 403, 420–3; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 403, 405, 421; IRA options, 408; local government finance review, 646; Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411; Environment, 424, 644; Defence, 756, 812; Gulf crisis, 822, 825–6, 827; leadership election (1990), 854

  Kingman Committee Report, 595

  Kinnock, Glenys, 580– 1

  Kinnock, Neil (Labour Leader 1983–92): election campaign (1983), 301; miners’ strike (1984–5), 359, 363, 367, 374; Labour leadership, 360; Westland debates, 434, 435; debate on US bombing of Libya, 448; nuclear defence policy, 568; election campaign (1987), 580–1, 583; attack on MT (1990), 837; speeches, 858; MT’s resignation, 858–9

  Kinsley, Michael, 312

  Kipling, Rudyard, 82

  Kirkpatrick, Jeane (US Ambassador to UN 1981–83), 180, 232

  Kissinger, Dr Henry (US National Security Adviser 1969–75, Secretary of State 1973–77), 488

  Klaus, Václav, 808

  Knight, Andrew, 447

  Knight, Sir Arthur, 116

  Kohl, Helmut (German Chancellor 1982-): EC, 61, 312–14, 337, 537–41, 552, 554, 555–6, 557, 760–1, 763, 767; Chancellor, 257; MT’s visit (1982), 263; MT’s visits (1983), 319, 335; nuclear policy, 323, 335, 587, 747, 774–5, 784–7; US bombing of Libya, 446; Soviet policy, 477; South African debate, 519, 534; Chequers visit (1985), 549; CAP and German farmers, 731, 732–3, 734, 736, 766; London visit (1988), 735; EMU discussions, 740; MT’s visit (1989), 747–8; German reunification, 759, 793–5, 796–7; Hurd meeting, 765–6; MT Frankfurt summit, 785–6; London visit (1990), 799; achievements, 813; CSCE Paris summit, 842–3; MT leadership question, 842–3

  Kollek, Teddy, 510–11

  Kosygin, Alexei (Soviet Prime Minister 1964–80), 65–6

  Krenz, Egon (East German Head of State 1989–90), 793

  Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 802

  Kuwait, Iraqi invasion, 164, 769, 816–22

  Labour Governments: Callaghan’s 3–4; Attlee’s, 5, 12, 355; incomes policy, 42, 126; public spending plans, 51

  Labour Party: philosophy, 6; attitude to trade union reform, 40; leadership, 41; EC entry–‘renegotiation’ policy, 62; steel policies, 108, 109; SDP, 153, 265; Falklands policies, 210; Foot leadership, 265, 298; political levy, 274, 275; manifesto drafting, 281; election (1983), 290; manifesto (1983), 290–1, 295; election campaign (1983), 292, 296–7, 301; changes, 298; hard Left, 339; coal nationalization, 340; miners’ strike (1984–5), 359, 360, 362, 367, 374–5; Kinnock leadership, 360; attitude to Prevention of Terrorism Act, 415; opinion poll lead (1985), 416; US bombing of Libya, 446; defence policy, 449, 568, 580; opinion poll lead (1986), 560; public relations, 566; Party Conference (1986), 566, 567, 568; election campaign (1987), 576, 579–80, 583; education testing, 595; health policy, 617; Scottish support, 619; community charge, 661; view of Labour Party–cont. nationalization, 676; opinion poll lead (1990), 832, 836

  Lambsdorff, Count Otto von, 68, 69

  Lamont, Norman (Chief Secretary 1989–90), 755, 758, 849, 854. 860

  Land Rover, 118, 121, 438–9, 441

  Landsbergis, Vytautas (President of Lithuania 1990–92), 801

  Law, Andrew Bonar (Conservative Prime Minister 1922–23), 34

  law and order: spending, 49; urban riots (1981), 143–7; policy group, 282; increased violence, 626, 628; community charge riot (1990), 661; see also police

  Law Commission, 630

  Lawley, Sue, 296

  Lawson, Chris, 287

  Lawson, Nigel (Energy Secretary 1981–83, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1983–89): MTFS, 96, 151, 309, 566, 688; Energy, 151, 341; Party Conference (1981), 154; Chancellor of Exchequer, 308–9, 418, 693; public spending proposals, 316–17; EC budget, 336; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346; Chief Secretary relationship, 419–20; Westland, 425, 428; BL, 439, 440; Hong Kong negotiations, 489–90; ERM question, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–3, 722, 750; Strategy Group, 565; policy group (1986), 566; speeches, 567; election campaign (1987), 570, 575–6; Health review, 609, 612; broadcasting policies, 636; local government finance, 647; community charge, 649–50, 652, 655, 667; shadowing deutschmark, 668, 675, 690, 697, 699–705, 710, 830; tax reforms, 672–6; relations with MT, 672, 688, 701–4, 705, 713–15, 726, 834; budget (1984), 673, 694; budgets (1985–9), 674–5, 694; gas privatization, 681; Energy Act (1983), 682; electricity privatization, 683, 684; attitude to EMU, 691, 708; resignation threat, 712; resignation, 715–18, 758, 834; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Dorneywood transfer, 757

  Lázár, Gyorgy, 455, 457

  Leach, Admiral Sir Henry (Chief of Naval Staff and First Sea Lord 1979–82), 179, 251

  Leader’s Consultative Committee, 15

  leaks, 50, 52, 129–32, 138, 277, 317, 440

  Lebanon: crisis (1982–3), 322, 326–8; MNF, 326–8, 334; Beirut bombings (1983), 327–8; US intervention, 333–4; French hostages, 730

  Le Carré, John, 362

  Lee, Lord, 36

  Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore Prime Minister 1959–90), 74, 491, 505

  Leggatt, Andrew, 102

  Leigh, Edward, 855

  Leigh-Pemberton, Sir Robin (Governor of the Bank of England 1983–93), 708

  Le Marchant, Spenser, 3

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 475

  Lennox-Boyd, Alan, Viscount Boyd of Merton, 72, 212

  Lennox-Boyd, Mark (PPS to Prime Minister 1988–90), 830

  Leutwiler, Fritz, 515

  Levene, Sir Peter (Chief of Defence Procurement 1985–91), 424

  Lever, Lord, 113

  Lewin, Sir Terence (Chief of Defence Staff 1979–82), 189, 192, 193, 214

  Leyland Trucks, 438, 441

  Liaison Committee, 149

  Liberal Party: opinion polls (1981), 153; Alliance, 264–5; policies, 265, 578; by-election performance (1982–3), 266; supporters, 298, 578; US bombing of Libya, 446; tactics, 574

  Libya: London Embassy shooting, 351, 442; NUM connection, 351, 368–9; IRA links, 384, 406, 411, 413; Fiat share ownership, 431; Abu Nidal connection, 442; US sanctions, 442; US naval action, 442; US raid, 443–9, 498, 510, 560, 564

  Lilley, Peter (Trade and Industry Secretary 1990–92), 846, 849, 852, 860

  Lithuania, 801, 805

  Liverpool Garden Festival, 379

  Lloyd George, David (Liberal Prime Minister 1916–22), 34, 36

  Lloyds Merchant Bank, 431

  Lloyd Webber, Sir Andrew, 580

  local education authorities (LEAs), 592, 597

  local government: controls, 32, 39; housing, 39, 279, 306, 563, 571, 599–601, 604–5, 671; direct labour organizations, 39; overspending, 123; manifesto proposals (1983), 284; hard Left, 339; propaganda battle, 562; finance (1987 manifesto), 572; education, 592, 597; finance, 642–7; GREAs, 643; rates, 644–7; origins of community charge, 647–51; competitive tendering, 651; spending increase (1990), 658; elections (1990), 662, 664; county councils, 663

  Local Government Act (1988), 651

  Local Management of Schools (LMS), 592, 593

  London boroughs, 646, 650

  López-Portillo, José (President of Mexico 1976–82), 169, 210, 218

  Lord Mayor’s Banquet: MT’s speech (1984), 370; MT’s speech (1990), 838

  Lord’s Taverners reception (1990), 835

  lottery proposals, 610n

  Louis Jnr, J.J. (US Ambassador to Britain 1981–83), 331

  Louvre Accord (1987), 699, 783

  Lubbers, Ruud (Dutch Prime Minister 1982-): MT’s visit (1983), 318–19; CAP, 733, 735–7; Commission Presidency, 740; GATT issues, 766; German reunification, 797; CSCE summit, 843

  Luce, Richard, 179, 186, 330

  Lygo, Sir Raymond, 433–4

  Lynch, Jack (Irish Prime Minister 1966–73, 1977–79), 57–8

  Lynk, Roy, 686

  Maastricht Treaty (1991), 314, 720, 723

  McAlpine, Alistair (Conservative Party Hon. Treasurer 1975–90), 37, 382, 414, 569, 841

  Macfarlane, Neil, 279

  McFarlane, Robert (US envoy to the Middle East 1983, National Security Ad
viser 1983–85), 467

  McGibbon, Mrs (working miner’s wife), 365

  MacGregor, Ian (Chairman BSC 1980–83, NCB 1983–86): BSC, 114, 342; NCB, 342; pit closure plans, 343, 344; miners’ strike, 352, 354, 360–1, 363–4, 366, 377

  MacGregor, John (Chief Secretary 1985–87, Agriculture Secretary 1987–89, Education Secretary 1989–90, Leader HC 1990–92): Chief Secretary to Treasury, 420; manifesto (1987), 571–2; Education, 596–7, 756, 758; community charge, 666; Leader of the House, 835; leadership election campaign (1990), 846, 847–8, 854; MT’s resignation, 856

  Machel, Samora, 77, 514

  Mackay, James (Lord Chancellor 1987-), 851, 857

  McLean, Muriel, 383

  Macmillan, Harold (Conservative Prime Minister 1957–63): government, 13, 20; leadership style, 37, 66; Falklands advice, 188; critical of miners’ strike handling, 370; Polaris agreement, 517

  McNee, Sir David (Commissioner Metropolitan Police 1977–82), 145

  MacShane case, 100, 102–3, 105, 106

  Maekawa, Haruo, 498

  Maginnis, Ken, 406, 411

  Magnox power stations, 685

  Maguire, Frank, 3

  Mahathir Bin Mohamad, Dr, 502, 530–1

  Major, John (Chief Secretary 1987–89, Foreign Secretary 1989, Chancellor 1989–90, Prime Minister 1990-): Whips’ Office, 422; DHSS junior minister, 422–3; Foreign Secretary, 530, 757; Kuala Lumpur (1989), 530–1; Health review, 609; health funding proposals (‘top- slicing’), 612; budget (1990), 622, 675–6; community charge, 655–6, 659–60, 664, 666; monetary policy, 690; EMU question, 716, 720–1, 724–6; Chancellor of Exchequer, 717–19, 758; ERM approach, 719–20; ERM entry, 722–3; suitability as successor to MT, 755, 757, 831–2; leadership election campaign (1990). 840, 844, 847, 850–4, 856, 858, 860–1; MT’s resignation, 856

  Malawi, MT’s visit (1989), 527–8

  Malaysia, MT’s visit (1985), 502

  Manchester, HMS, 506–7

  Mandela, Nelson (Vice-President ANC 1989–91 President 1991-), 514, 520, 531–4