Ostkrieg

by Stephen G. Fritz

  88. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 214–16; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 693; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 49–54; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 113; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 198.

  89. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 216–17; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 693–96; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 251–52; Bock, War Diary, 21, 23 November 1941, 365–66, 368.

  90. Kershaw, War without Garlands, 198–203.

  91. Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 110–16, 120–21; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 198–203, 208–10; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1135–38; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 216–19; Prüller, Diary of a German Soldier, 19 December 1941, 129; Henry, letter of 1 December 1941, in Bähr and Bähr, eds., Kriegsbriefe, 86; Deck, Der Weg der 1000 Toten, 105; Hansmann, Vorüber, nicht vorbei, 15.

  92. Halder, War Diary, 19, 24 November 1941, 558, 564; Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 25 November 1941, 116; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 438–41; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,’ ” 160–61; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 254–55, 262; Rohland, Bewegte Zeiten, 77–78; Seidler, Fritz Todt, 356–57; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 507–8; TBJG, 30 November 1941.

  93. Halder, War Diary, 23 November 1941, 562–64; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 224–26; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 696–99.

  94. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 220–22; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 700–701; Manteuffel, Die 7. Panzer-Division, 225–27, 231–36, 240–41; Bock, War Diary, 28 November 1941, 372; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 206–7, 210–11.

  95. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 53–54; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 207–8, 212; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 220–23; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 700–701; Strauss, Friedens und Kriegserlebnisse einer Generation, 99; Bock, War Diary, 29 November 1941, 373.

  96. Bock, War Diary, 1 December 1941, 375–76; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 221–24, 227–28, 236 n. 95, 240 n. 147, 243; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 700–702.

  97. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 221–24, 227–28, 236 n. 95, 240 n. 147, 243–45; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,’ ” 161; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 700–702; Fritz, Frontsoldaten, 191.

  98. Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 21 December 1940, 1, pt. 2:996 (doc. 45); Hosenfeld, “Ich versuche jeden zu retten,” 561; TBJG, 8 December 1941; Görlitz, ed., Generalfeldmarschall Keitel, 285; Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 690; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 442, and Fateful Choices, 382–83, 418.

  99. Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 386–96; Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 684–85; Gassert, Amerika im Dritten Reich, 34–36, 87–103; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 200.

  100. Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 397–411; Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 686–87; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 257–59.

  101. Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 412–16, and Hitler: Nemesis, 442–44; Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 688–89.

  102. TBJG, 8 December 1941; Haffner, Von Bismarck zu Hitler, 293; Waite, The Psychopathic God, 409; Junker, Kampf um die Weltmacht, 32; Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 683; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 416–23; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 257–59.

  103. Syring, “Hitlers Kriegserklärung,” 691–92; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 423–30.

  104. Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 422–23, and Hitler: Nemesis, 444–49, 491–92; Domarus, ed., Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, 2:1794–2111; TBJG, 12–14 December 1941; Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference,” 787; Broszat, “Hitler und die Genesis der ‘Endlösung,’ ” 759.

  105. Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 423–24, and Hitler: Nemesis, 456–57; Jochmann, Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 7 January 1942, 184; Overy, Why the Allies Won, 15; Churchill’s speech to the Lord Mayor’s Luncheon, Mansion House, “The End of the Beginning,” 10 November 1942 (“Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning”), Churchill Center and Museum at the Churchill War Rooms, London, http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/quotations (accessed 6 September 2010); Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 260 n. 16, 375–76. According to Jodl, Hitler was fully aware that, from early 1942 on, victory could no longer be attained and the war was lost. See Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 15 May 1945, 4, pt. 2:1503; Reinhardt, Moscow, 376–77, n. 3.

  5. Reckoning

  1. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 291; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 130; Bock, War Diary, 3, 5, 7 December 1941, 378–79, 381, 383–84; Klink, “Military Concept,” 701–2; Glantz, Barbarossa, 185–89; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 223.

  2. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 279–83; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 896–99; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 59–67; Glantz, Barbarossa, 187–88. Discrepancies in the number of forces on each side abound, with figures for Germany around 1.7 million men and for the Soviets about 1.1 million. However, the German figures include all personnel in Army Group Center, which had a very large rear echelon, while those for the Soviets contain only the forces assigned to the counterattack. Nor do the Soviet figures include some 800,000 troops held by the Stavka in reserve, a number likely equal to the actual combat strength of the frontline German divisions. For a discussion of the relative strengths of each, see Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 66–67.

  3. Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 118–20; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 280–81; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 898–99; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 130–31; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 66; Glantz, Barbarossa, 185–89.

  4. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 65, 76; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 291–93; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 899–900; Glantz, Barbarossa, 189–204; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 131–32.

  5. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 702–8; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 292–93, 299–302; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 69–76; “Weisung für die Aufgabe des Ostheeres im Winter 1941/42,” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 8 December 1941, 1, pt. 2:1078–79.

  6. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 702–8; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 292–93, 299–302; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 69–76; Bock, War Diary, 8, 10 December 1941.

  7. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 293–94, 301; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 219–20; Dollinger, ed., Kain, wo ist dein Bruder? 111; Buchbender and Sterz, eds., Das andere Gesicht des Krieges, 7 December 1941, 90; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 77; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 227–32; Letter of Harald Henry, 21 December 1941, in Bähr and Bähr, eds., Kriegsbriefe, 90.

  8. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 295–301; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 75–81; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 131–32; Bock, War Diary, 10–11, 13 December 1941, 387–91; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 708–13.

  9. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 295–301; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 75–81; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 131–32; Bock, War Diary, 10–11, 13 December 1941, 387–91; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 708–13.

  10. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 302–6; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 709–13; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 78–80; Bock, War Diary, 16 December 1941, 395.

  11. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 306–7; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 714–15, 723–24; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 80–83; Bock, War Diary, 16–18 December 1941, 394–98.

  12. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 306–8; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 715–16; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 82–83; Bock, War Diary, 10 December 1941, 387.

  13. Halder, War Diary, 7, 20 December 1941, 582, 593; Bock, War Diary, 13, 16–19 December 1941, 392, 394–99; Ziemk
e and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 85–87; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 311; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 716–20; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 451–54; Hartmann, “Verbrecherischer Krieg—verbrecherische Wehrmacht?” 59–60; “Fernschreiben des Wehrmachtsführungsstabs vom 21.12.1941,” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 21 December 1941, 1, pt. 2:1085.

  14. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 85–87; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 311; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 716–20; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 454–55; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 264–68.

  15. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 88–90; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 121–22.

  16. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 90–92; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 310, 331 n. 67.

  17. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 311–14; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 720–22; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 94–100; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 270.

  18. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 314–16; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 722–23; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 100–104.

  19. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 118–20; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 317–23; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 725–26; Halder, War Diary, 2–3, 5 January 1942, 597–99.

  20. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 120–34; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 322–24; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 726–28. On 1 January, both the Third and the Fourth Panzergruppen were made armies.

  21. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 120–34; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 322–24; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 726–28.

  22. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 134–42; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 346–48; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 919–28.

  23. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 349–50; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 728–29; “Führerbefehl an die H.Gr.Mitte vom 15. Januar 1942 zum Rückzug auf die ‘Winterstellung,’ ” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 2, pt. 4:1268–69.

  24. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 143–72; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 350–55; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 728–34.

  25. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 172–77; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 123–24.

  26. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 172–77; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 123–24.

  27. Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 125–26; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 173–98; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 734–51.

  28. Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 126–27, 129–36; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 194–98, 257–60; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1141–72.

  29. Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 119, 127–29, 146–48.

  30. Ibid., 123–24; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 317, 365–67, 381–82; Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste, 277–78. Monthly German deaths on the Eastern Front in late 1941/early 1942 were 40,198 in December, 48,165 in January, 44,099 in February, 44,132 in March, and 23,066 in April, compared to an average monthly loss from June to November 1941 of 43,716.

  31. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 367–70, 372 n. 19, 373 n. 35; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1180–82.

  32. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 367–70, 372 n. 19, 373 n. 35; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 220–21; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1182–87. On the importance of Lend-Lease for the Soviets, see Sokolov and Glantz, “The Role of Lend-Lease.”

  33. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 375–78; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 15 May 1945, 4, pt. 2:1503; Schramm, Hitler, 161; TBJG, 15 February, 20 March 1942; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 455–57, 500–501, 504–6.

  34. Fritzsche, Life and Death in the Third Reich, 4–5; Jochmann, ed., Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 25 January 1942, 228–29; TBJG, 14 February 1942.

  35. Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 2:333–37; TBJG, 27 March 1942; Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness, 28 April 1942, 45.

  36. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, 1:386–90; Jäger’s report of 9 February 1942, in Friedlander and Milton, eds., Archives of the Holocaust, 22:177 (doc. 82).

  37. Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference,” 800–802; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 414–15.

  38. Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference,” 803–4, and Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, 181–210; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 416–21; TBJG, 27 April, 24, 30 May 1942; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 510, 516, 520–23.

  39. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 513–16; Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 261, 303–11; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 398–99; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 294–95.

  40. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 513–16; Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 261, 303–11; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 398–99; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 294–95; Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, 35, 100–111.

  41. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 516–18; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 499; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 298–307; Streit, “Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene,” 755–57; Müller, “Die Zwangsrekrutierung von ‘Ostarbeitern,’ ” 773–78. See also Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, 146–62, and “Labour and Extermination”; Spoerer, Zwangsarbeit; Homze, Foreign Labor in Nazi Germany; Kroener, “The Manpower Resources of the Third Reich,” 1090–93.

  42. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 518–23; Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, 143–50; Müller, “Menschenjagd,” 92–103, and “Die Rekrutierung sowjetischer Zwangsarbeiter für die deutsche Kriegswirtschaft,” 234–50 (here 236); Spoerer, Zwangsarbeit, 222–23; Keller and Otto, “Das Massensterben der sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenene”; Spoerer, Zwangsarbeit, 131, 229.

  43. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 524–37; Gerlach, “German Economic Interests,” 218–29; Herbert, “Labour and Extermination,” 165–80, 182, 192–93, and Hitler’s Foreign Workers, 137–252; Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 476; Pohl, Von der “Judenpolitik” zum Judenmord, 110–29; Spoerer, Zwangsarbeit, 227–28; Browning, Ordinary Men, xv. See also Allen, The Business of Genocide, 1–77; Kaienburg, Die Wirtschaft der SS, 114–38, 434–35; Schulte, Zwangsarbeit und Vernichtung, 103–25, 392–94; Aly and Heim, Architects of Annihilation, 174–214.

  44. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 261, 274–91; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 538–40.

  45. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 540–44; Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, 189; Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, 562–64; TBJG, 10 February 1942, 16–20 March 1942; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 156–57; Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, 2, 19, 22–23, 26, 30 March, 2, 9, 13 April 1942; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 506–7, 510–11; Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 2:336. Speer claimed that Hitler continually worried about the possibility of a revolt by a disaffected population, along the lines of November 1918. See Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 214.

  46. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 540–44; Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, 182–237, 245–57, and “German Economic Interests”; Aly, Hitler’s Beneficiaries, 169–70. See also Aly and Heim, Architects of Annihilation, 215–52.

  47. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 545–48; Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, 175, 192–97, 210–37, 245–57; Müller, “Das ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’ als wirtschaftlicher Raubkrieg,” 190, and “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1186–87; Aly and Heim, Architects of Annihilation, 242–48; Aly, Hitler’s Beneficiaries, 170–73; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 284–86.

  48. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 547–48; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 284–87.

  49. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 386–87, 401–2; Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy,” 652–721, 758–73.

  50. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 388–90; Mü
ller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy,” 754–73; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 349–53, 508–9, 560; Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 343–56.

  51. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 390, 395; Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy,” 773–74; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 502–3.

  52. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 356–57; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 396–97; Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy,” 773–86, and “Albert Speer und die deutsche Rüstungspolitik,” 281–98; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 558–64; Buchheim, “Unternehmen in Deutschland,” 369–71.

  53. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 358–64, 370–71; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 397; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 562–63, 566–67, 576–77; Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy,” 773–86.

  54. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 553–56, 566–77; Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, 23 April 1942; SD Reports of 14, 28 May 1942, in Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 554; TBJG, 9 May 1942.

  55. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 588–89; Harrison, ed., The Economics of World War II, 15–16; Harrison, Soviet Planning in Peace and War, “Resource Mobilization for World War II,” and “The Volume of Soviet Munitions Output”; Overy, Russia’s War, 154–56, 161–67, 223–34, and Why the Allies Won, 180–90; Sokolov and Glantz, “The Role of Lend-Lease.” On the Soviet home front, see Barber and Harrison, The Soviet Home Front.

  56. TBJG, 20 March 1942; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 494–95.

  57. TBJG, 20 March 1942; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 423–24; Wegner, “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 17–18, and “The War against the Soviet Union,” 843–44, 858, 861; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 22; Halder, War Diary, 28 March 1942, 612.

  58. TBJG, 20 March 1942; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 423–24; Wegner, “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 17–18, and “The War against the Soviet Union,” 843–44, 858, 861; Halder, War Diary, 28 March 1942, 612; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 157–65; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 23–25; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 12–15.