Ostkrieg

by Stephen G. Fritz

  48. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 978–79, 989; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 195–96; Manstein, Lost Victories, 260–61; Halder, War Diary, 18 July 1942, 642–43; “Richtlinien des Führers vom 17. Juli 1942 für die Fortführung der Operation der Heeresgruppen A und B,” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 18 July 1942, 2, pt. 4:1284.

  49. Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 195–205, 217–69; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 349–58; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 978–81, 983–84; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 150; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 176–82; Bock, War Diary, 13 July 1942, 525–26.

  50. Halder, War Diary, 16, 18–19, 21, 23 July 1942, 641–46; Hartmann, Halder, 325–26; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 60; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 313; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 982–84, 986, and “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 19, 21; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 185–90, 205.

  51. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 984–85; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 205–8; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 358–60; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 223–27; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 148–49.

  52. Halder, War Diary, 23 July 1942, 646; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 984–87; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 209–13; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 358–60; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 224–27; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 148–49, 183–84.

  53. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 984–85; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 209–13; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 358–60; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 224–27; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 148–49.

  54. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1022; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 224–27; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 396–400.

  55. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1022–23; Harrison, Soviet Planning in Peace and War, 79–81.

  56. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1023–25; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 261–65, 273; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 361–62; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 65–74.

  57. Werth, The Year of Stalingrad, 133, 170–71, and Russia at War, 384–88; Beevor, Stalingrad, 125; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 68–71.

  58. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1025–26; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 228–29; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 400–409, 416–31; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 367–71; Halder, War Diary, 30 July 1942, 649.

  59. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1026–28; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 233–34; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 270–71, 410–16; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 362–65; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 155–56; Halder, War Diary, 30 July, 9 August 1942, 649, 655.

  60. Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 12 August 1942, 2, pt. 3:573; Halder, War Diary, 12–13 August 1942, 656; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1029–31, 1038–41; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 231–32; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 419–24; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 370–72; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 159–60.

  61. Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 396–97, 431–32, 436–37; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1034–36; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 236–37; Jukes, Hitler’s Stalingrad Decisions, 52–54; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 374–75; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 164–66.

  62. Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 373–74; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 424–31; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1032–34; Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 15–16 August 1942, 123–24.

  63. Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 438–53; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1032–34; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 168–70.

  64. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1036–38; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 237–38; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 170–71; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 29, 30, 31 August, 3 September 1942, 2, pt. 3:654, 658, 662–63, 674.

  65. Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 8 September 1942, 2, pt. 3:695–98; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1048–49; Megargee, Inside Hitler’s High Command, 179–89; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 238–39; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 166, 170–71; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 527, 530; Beevor, Stalingrad, 79–80; TBJG, 20 August 1942; Halder, War Diary, 22 August 1942, 660; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 313; Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 239–40.

  66. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1048–50; Halder, War Diary, 9 September 1942, 669; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 9 September 1942, 2, pt. 1:705–7; Megargee, Inside Hitler’s High Command, 179–80; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 315; Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 254–56; Hartmann, Halder, 333; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 377–78.

  67. Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 4, 24 September 1942, 124–25, 128; Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 256–60; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 315–16; Halder, War Diary, 24 September 1942, 670; Hartmann, Halder, 328–31, 337–39; Megargee, Inside Hitler’s High Command, 180–84; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 531–34; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1050–52; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 449–50.

  68. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1053–59; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 473–86.

  69. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1053–59; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 212; “Führerbefehl vom 8. September 1942 über ‘grundsätzliche Aufgaben der Verteidigung,’ ” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 8 September 1942, 2, pt. 4:1292–97; “Führerbefehl vom 13. September 1942 betr. Ablösung abgekämpfter Divisionen aus dem Osten,” in ibid., 13 September 1942, 1298–99; “Operationsbefehl Nr. 1 vom 14. Oktober 1942 betr. weitere Kampfführung im Osten,” in ibid., 14 October 1942, 1301–4; Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 27 August, 8, 18 September 1942, 125, 127–28 (on 27 August, Hitler had said that he would like to “trample” on his uniform).

  70. Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 432–37; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 239–40; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 374–75, 379–81.

  71. Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 239–43; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 432–37; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 374–75, 379–81, 453–54; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 172–82; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1042–43, 1047–48. Destruction of the Maikop and Grozny oil fields would not strike a decisive blow to Soviet oil production as even German experts estimated it would reduce it by only 15 percent (Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1048 n. 115).

  72. Beevor, Stalingrad, 75–77, 87–88.

  73. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1060–65; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 244–45; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 217–48, 265–67; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 382–83; Beevor, Stalingrad, 92–95; Halder, War Diary, 25, 27–28, 30 July 1942, 646–49.

  74. Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 29 July 1942, 123; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1060–65; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 244–45; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 272–73; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 382–83; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 64.

  75. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1064–65; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 290–303; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 246–47; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 382–83.

  76. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1065–66; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 297–303, 308–19; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 247.

  77. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1066; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 321–26; Doerr, Der Feldzug nach Stalingrad, 127–29; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 185.

  78. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1066–67; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 329–38; Beevor, Stalingrad, 110. More ominously, as early as 16 August, OKW had received reports of substantial quantities of tanks and a
rmored equipment from America arriving at Stalingrad. See Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 16 August 1942, 2, pt. 3:597.

  79. Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 339–64; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1068–69; Beevor, Stalingrad, 102–19; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 77–78; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 247–48; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 188–89.

  Estimates of the number of people killed in the German bombing of Stalingrad run as high as forty thousand, although a more conservative estimate of twenty-five thousand is probably more accurate. For a very useful summary of the literature on both the air attack on Stalingrad and the fighting in the city itself, see Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 367–71 nn. 89 and 91.

  80. Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 339–64; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1068–69; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 77–78; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 188–89; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 247–48; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 387; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 26 August 1942, 2, pt. 3:642; Halder, War Diary, 25–28 August 1942, 661–63.

  81. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1069–70; Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 277–90.

  82. Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 364–81; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1070–71; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 248.

  83. Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, 383–93; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1072–76; Halder, War Diary, 29 August 1942, 663; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 27 August 1942, 2, pt. 3:646–47.

  84. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1077–79; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 192; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 2 September 1942, 2, pt. 3:649–70.

  85. Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 79–81; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 249–50.

  86. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1081–83; Zhukov, Memoirs, 378–79; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 250. For a compilation of documents from the Soviet side, see Glantz, “The Struggle for Stalingrad City: Pt. 1.”

  87. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1083; Zhukov, Memoirs, 382–83.

  88. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1083–86; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 216; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 16 August, 9 September 1942, 2, pt. 3:597–98, 703, 705; Beevor, Stalingrad, 129.

  89. Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 82–83; Beevor, Stalingrad, 146–49; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 250–51; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 122–23; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1086; Doerr, Der Feldzug nach Stalingrad, 52.

  90. Beevor, Stalingrad, 149–51; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 252; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 86.

  91. Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 83–84; Beevor, Stalingrad, 129–37; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 251; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1086; Chuikov, Stalingrad, 205.

  92. Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 193–96.

  93. Beevor, Stalingrad, 139–41; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 84, 101–2; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 396; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 200–201; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1086–87; Halder, War Diary, 20 September 1941, 670.

  94. Beevor, Stalingrad, 160–65; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 84; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 396–97; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 196–204; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1089; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 252.

  95. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1096–97; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 318; Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, 31 August, 3, 8, 10, 28 September 1942; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 166–69; TBJG, 28–29 September 1942.

  96. Domarus, ed., Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, 2:1913–24; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 535–36; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 201.

  97. TBJG, 2 October 1942; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 536–37; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1089–95, and “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 33–34; Kehrig, Stalingrad, 74–80; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 206; Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 2–3, 22 October 1942, 129–32; Müller, “ ‘Was wir an Hunger ausstehen müssen,’ ” 134.

  98. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1096–97, and “Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum,” 34–35; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 537–38, and The “Hitler Myth,” 190; Jochmann, Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 6 September 1942, 392; Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 2, 10 October 1942, 129–30; Beevor, Stalingrad, 187; Groscurth, Tagebücher, 528.

  99. Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 205–7; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 397; Beevor, Stalingrad, 188–91.

  100. Beevor, Stalingrad, 192–97, 208–12; Chuikov, Stalingrad, 248; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1097–98; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 206, 210–15; Kehrig, Stalingrad, 37–45; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 102.

  101. Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 206; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1098–99; Beevor, Stalingrad, 211–12.

  102. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1098–99; Beevor, Stalingrad, 212; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 538–39; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 321–22; Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 8 November 1942, 134.

  103. TBJG, 9 November 1942; Domarus, ed., Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, 2:1935–38; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 539–40, and The “Hitler Myth,” 186–89; Beevor, Stalingrad, 213–14; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 215–16; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 166–70.

  104. Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 253; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1099–1100; Beevor, Stalingrad, 214–19; Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 84–85. For a good sense of how suddenly the weather turned cold at night, see the relevant letters in Spratte, ed., Stalingrad.

  105. “Führerbefehl vom 17. November 1942 betr. Fortführung der Eroberung Stalingrads durch die 6. Armee,” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 17 November 1942, 2, pt. 4:1307; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 253, 306; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1099–1100; Beevor, Stalingrad, 214–19.

  7. Total War

  1. Zhukov, Greatest Battles, 139–42; Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad, 389; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 130–32; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 174–76; Chorkov, “Die sowjetische Gegenoffensive bei Stalingrad,” 55–58; Beevor, Stalingrad, 220–21; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 222–24; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 107–10.

  2. Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 110–12; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 130–32, 136–39; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 445–47. For Operation Mars, see Glantz, Zhukov’s Greatest Defeat.

  3. Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 118; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1101–2; Glantz, Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War, 113–17; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 223–24.

  4. Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 114–18; Service, A History of Twentieth Century Russia, 278; Harrison, “The USSR and Total War,” and “Resource Mobilization for World War II”; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 186–203; Beevor, Stalingrad, 223–25; Sokolov and Glantz, “The Role of Lend-Lease.”

  5. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1117–22; Kehrig, Stalingrad, 102–5, 112–13, and “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 76–80; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 16, 27 August, 9 September 1942, 2, pt. 3:597, 646, 703; ibid., 26, 27 October 1942, 2, pt. 4:865, 868.

  6. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1117–22; Kehrig, Stalingrad, 102–5, 112–13, and “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 76–80; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 2, 4 November 1942, 2, pt. 4:889, 902.

  7. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1118, 1121; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 541–43; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 322–23.

  8. Roberts, Victory at Stalingrad, 118–19; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1103–5, 1111, 1123; Beevor, Stalingrad, 226–27; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 224–25.

  9. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1123; Kehrig, “Die 6. Arm
ee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 80–81, and Stalingrad, 131–34; Beevor, Stalingrad, 231, 239–44; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 227–28.

  10. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1123–24; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 80–81, and Stalingrad, 136; Beevor, Stalingrad, 245–48; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 228; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 468–70.

  11. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1124–25; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 81, and Stalingrad, 145–54; Beevor, Stalingrad, 248–53; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 230–31; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 470–72.

  12. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1125–27; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 82–83, and Stalingrad, 160, 163, 170–72; Beevor, Stalingrad, 253–56; “Lagebericht OKH,” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 21 November 1942, 2, pt. 4:1001–2; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 473–74; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 231.

  13. Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 83–84, and Stalingrad, 173–75; Beevor, Stalingrad, 256–65; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1128–29; Fischer, “Über den Entschluss zur luftversorgung Stalingrads,” 51–53; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 472.

  14. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1131–32; Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 233–46. For the most complete account of the decision for the airlift, see Fischer, “Über den Entschluss zur luftversorgung Stalingrads,” 7–68.

  15. Hayward, Stopped at Stalingrad, 233–46; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1132–33; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 85–87; Beevor, Stalingrad, 266–74.

  16. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1133–39; Manstein, Lost Victories, 294–97, 303; Stahlberg, Bounden Duty, 215; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 87–89, and Stalingrad, 237–38, 253.