Ostkrieg

by Stephen G. Fritz

  ———. “Der Anfang vom Ende: Die Fogen der Invasion für die deutsche Kriegführungsfähigkeit.” In Invasion 1944, ed. Hans Umbreit, 95–115. Hamburg: E. S. Mittler, 1998.

  Eikel, Markus. “ ‘Weil die Menschen fehlen’: Die deutschen Zwangsarbeitsrekrutierungen und-deportationen in den besetzten Gebieten der Ukraine, 1941–1944.” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 53, no. 5 (2005): 405–34.

  Einsiedel, Heinrich Graf von. The Onslaught: The German Drive to Stalingrad. New York: Norton, 1985.

  Engel, Gerhard. Heeresadjutant bei Hitler, 1938–1943. Edited by Hildegard von Kotze. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1974.

  Erickson, John. “Barbarossa June 1941: Who Attacked Whom?” History Today 51 (July 2001): 11–17.

  ———. “Soviet War Losses: Calculations and Controversies.” In Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, ed. John Erickson and David Dilks, 255–77. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994.

  ———. “New Thinking about the Eastern Front in World War II.” Journal of Military History 56, no. 2 (1992): 283–92.

  ———. “Stalin Revisited.” RUSI Journal (Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies) 136, no. 1 (1991): 69–72.

  ———. “Liberation, Soviet Style, 1944–45.” History Today 34 (July 1984): 36–41.

  ———. The Road to Berlin: Continuing the History of Stalin’s War with Germany. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984.

  ———. The Road to Stalingrad. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.

  ———. “The Soviet Response to Surprise Attack: Three Directives, 22 June 1941.” Soviet Studies 23, no. 4 (1972): 519–53.

  Erickson, John, and David Dilks, eds. Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994.

  Evans, Richard. The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin, 2009.

  Farrell, Brian P. “Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941.” Journal of Military History 57, no. 4 (1993): 599–625.

  Fings, Karola. “Slaves for the ‘Home Front’: War Society and Concentration Camps.” In German Wartime Society, 1939–1945: Politicization, Disintegration, and the Struggle for Survival (vol. 9/1 of Germany and the Second World War), ed. Jörg Echternkamp, trans. Derry Cook-Radmore, 207–85. Oxford: Clarendon, 2008.

  Fischer, Johannes. “Über den Entschluss zur luftversorgung Stalingrads: Ein Beitrag zur militärischen Führung im Dritten Reich.” Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen 2, no. 2 (1969): 7–68.

  Fleischhauer, Ingeborg. Die Chance des Sonderfriedens: Deutsch-sowjetische Geheimgespräche, 1941–1945. Berlin: Siedler, 1986.

  ———. “ ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’ und die Zwangsumsiedlung der Deutschen in der UdSSR.” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 30, no. 2 (1982): 299–321.

  Fleming, Gerald. Hitler and the Final Solution. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984.

  Foerster, Roland G., ed. Seelower Höhen, 1945. Hamburg: E. S. Mittler, 1998.

  ———, ed. Gezeitenwechsel im Zweiten Weltkrieg? Die Schlachten von Char’kov und Kursk in operativer Anlage, Verlauf und politischer Bedeutung. Hamburg: E. S. Mittler, 1996.

  Förster, Jürgen. “Ideological Warfare in Germany, 1919–1945.” In German Wartime Society, 1939–1945: Politicization, Disintegration, and the Struggle for Survival (vol. 9/1 of Germany and the Second World War), ed. Jörg Echternkamp, trans. Derry Cook-Radmore, 485–669. Oxford: Clarendon, 2008.

  ———. “Ludendorff and Hitler in Perspective: The Battle for the German Soldier’s Mind, 1917–1944.” War in History 10, no. 3 (2003): 321–34.

  ———. “Die Grosse Täuschung—der ‘Fall Barbarossa’ als Präventivschlag.” Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte 30 (2002): 466–70.

  ———. “Wehrmacht, Krieg und Holocaust.” In Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realität, ed. Rolf-Dieter Müller and Hans-Erich Volkmann, 948–63. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1999.

  ———. “Hitler’s Decision in Favour of War against the Soviet Union.” In The Attack on the Soviet Union (vol. 4 of Germany and the Second World War), ed. Horst Boog et al., trans. Dean S. McMurrey, Ewald Osers, and Louise Willmot, 13–51. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.

  ———. “Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest and Annihilation.” In The Attack on the Soviet Union (vol. 4 of Germany and the Second World War), ed. Horst Boog et al., trans. Dean S. McMurrey, Ewald Osers, and Louise Willmot, 481–521. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.

  ———. “Securing ‘Living-Space.’ ” In The Attack on the Soviet Union (vol. 4 of Germany and the Second World War), ed. Horst Boog et al., trans. Dean S. McMurrey, Ewald Osers, and Louise Willmot, 1189–1244. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.

  ———. “Hitler Turns East—German War Policy in 1940 and 1941.” In From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941, ed. Bernd Wegner, 115–33. Providence, RI: Berghahn, 1997.

  ———. “The Russo-German Conflict as Part of the Second World War.” Contemporary European History 6, no. 1 (1997): 145–48.

  ———. “Das Verhältnis von Wehrmacht und Nationalsozialismus im Entscheidungsjahr 1933.” German Studies Review 18, no. 3 (1995): 471–80.

  ———. “The Relation between Operation Barbarossa as an Ideological War of Extermination and the Final Solution.” In The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation, ed. David Cesarani, 137–47. London: Routledge, 1994.

  ———. “Das andere Gesicht des Krieges: Das ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’ als Eroberungs- und Vernichtungskrieg.” In “Unternehmen Barbarossa”: Zum historischen Ort der deutsch-sowjetischen Beziehungen vom 1933 bis Herbst 1941, ed. Roland G. Foerster, 151–62. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1993.

  ———. “Barbarossa Revisited: Strategy and Ideology in the East.” Jewish Social Studies, 1988 50, nos. 1–2 (1992): 21–36.

  ———, ed. Stalingrad: Ereignis—Wirkung—Symbol. Munich: Piper, 1992.

  ———. “Der historische Ort ses Unternehmens Barbarossa.” In Der Zweite Weltkrieg: Analysen, Grundzüge, Forschungsbilanz, ed. Wolfgang Michalka, 626–40. Munich: Piper, 1989.

  ———. “The Dynamics of Volksgemeinschaft: The Effectiveness of the German Military in the Second World War.” In Military Effectiveness (3 vols.), ed. Allan R. Millett and Williamson Murray, 3:180–220. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988.

  ———. “The German Army and the Ideological War against the Soviet Union.” In The Policies of Genocide: Jews and Soviet Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany, ed. Gerhard Hirschfeld, 15–29. London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.

  ———. “The Wehrmacht and the War of Extermination against the Soviet Union.” Yad Vashem Studies 14 (1981): 7–34.

  ———. “Hitler’s War Aims against the Soviet Union and the German Military Leaders.” Militarhistorisk Tidskrift 1 (1979): 83–93.

  Förster, Jürgen, and Evan Mawdsley. “Hitler and Stalin in Perspective: Secret Speeches on the Eve of Barbarossa.” War in History 11, no. 1 (2004): 61–103.

  Frei, Norbert, Sybille Steinbacher, and Bernd Wegner, eds. Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit: Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik. Munich: K. G. Saur, 2000.

  Friedlander, Henry. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.

  ———. “The Deportation of the German Jews—Post-War German Trials of Nazi War Criminals.” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 29 (1984): 201–28.

  ———. “Step by Step: The Expansion of Murder, 1939–1941.” German Studies Review 17, no. 3 (1994): 495–507.

  Friedlander, Henry, and Sybil Milton, eds. Archives of the Holocaust: An International Collection of Selected Documents. 22 vols. New York: Garland, 1989.

  ———, eds. The Holocaust: Ideology, Bureaucracy, and Genocide: The San Jose Papers. New York: Kraus, 1981.

  Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews. Vol. 1, The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939. Vol. 2, The Years of Extermination, 1939–1945. New York: Harper
Collins, 1997–2007.

  Friedrich, Jörg. The Fire: The Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945. Translated by Allison Brown. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.

  Frieser, Karl-Heinz, ed. Die Ostfront, 1943/44: Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten. Vol. 8 of Das deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007.

  ———. “Die Schlacht im Kursker Bogen.” In Die Ostfront, 1943/44: Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten (vol. 8 of Das deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg), ed. Karl-Heinz Frieser, 83–208. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007.

  ———. “Der Rückschlag des Pendels: Das Zurückweichen der Ostfront von Sommer 1943 bis Sommer 1944.” In Die Ostfront, 1943/44: Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten (vol. 8 of Das deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg), ed. Karl-Heinz Frieser, 177–450. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007.

  ———. “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten: Die Rückzugskämpfe seit Sommer 1944.” In Die Ostfront, 1943/44: Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten (vol. 8 of Das deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg), ed. Karl-Heinz Frieser, 493–678. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007.

  ———. The Blitzkrieg Legend: The 1940 Campaign in the West. Translated by John T. Greenwood. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005.

  ———. “Die deutschen Blitzkriege: Operativer Triumph—strategische Tragödie.” In Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realität, ed. Rolf-Dieter Müller and Hans-Erich Volkmann, 182–96. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1999.

  ———. “Die Schlacht um die Seelower Höhen im April 1945.” In Seelower Höhen, 1945, ed. Roland G. Foerster, 128–43. Hamburg: E. S. Mittler, 1998.

  ———. “Schlagen aus der Nachhand—Schlagen aus der Vorhand: Die Schlachten von Charkow und Kursk 1943.” In Gezeitenwechsel im Zweiten Weltkrieg? Die Schlachten von Char’kov und Kursk im Frühjahr und Sommer 1943 in operativer Anlage, Verlauf und politischer Bedeutung, ed. Roland G. Foerster, 101–35. Hamburg: E. S. Mittler, 1996.

  Fritz, Stephen G. Endkampf: Soldiers, Civilians, and the Death of the Third Reich. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004.

  ———. “ ‘This is the way wars end, with a bang not a whimper’: Middle Franconia in April 1945.” War and Society 18, no. 2 (2000): 121–53.

  ———. “ ‘We are trying . . . to change the face of the world’: Ideology and Motivation in the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front: The View from Below.” Journal of Military History 60, no. 4 (1996): 683–710.

  ———. Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995.

  ———. “Reflections on Antecedents of the Holocaust.” History Teacher 23, no. 2 (1990): 161–79.

  Fritzsche, Peter. Life and Death in the Third Reich. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008.

  ———. Germans into Nazis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

  Fröhlich, Elke, ed. Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels: Sämtliche Fragmente. 15 vols. Munich: K. G. Saur, 1987.

  ———. “Simmung und Verhalten der Bevölkerung unter den Bedingungen des Krieges.” In Bayern in der NS-Zeit (6 vols.), ed. Martin Broszat, Elke Fröhlich, and Falk Wiesemann, 1, pt. 7:571–689. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1977.

  Fuchs, Helmut. Wer spricht von Siegen: Der Bericht über unfreiwillige Jahre in Rußland. Munich: Knaus, 1987.

  Fugate, Bryan I. Operation Barbarossa: Strategy and Tactics on the Eastern Front. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1984.

  Fulbrook, Mary. “Hitler’s Willing Robbers: The Deadly Sin of Greed, and Guilt by Extension.” Neue politische Literatur 50, no. 2 (2005): 203–10.

  Gassert, Philipp. Amerika im Dritten Reich: Ideologie, Propaganda und Volksmeinung, 1933–1945. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1997.

  Gerlach, Christian. “Die Verantwortung der Wehrmachtführung: Vergleichende Betrachtungen am Beispiel der sowjetische Kriegsgefangenen.” In Verbrechen der Wehrmacht: Bilanz einer Debatte, ed. Christian Hartmann, Johannes Hürter, and Ulrike Jureit, 40–49. Munich: Beck, 2005.

  ———. “Network of Terror: The Nazi Concentration Camps.” Yad Vashem Studies 29 (2001): 423–32.

  ———. “German Economic Interests, Occupation Policy, and the Murder of the Jews in Belorussia, 1941–1943.” In National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies, ed. Ulrich Herbert, 210–39. New York: Berghahn, 2000.

  ———. Kalkulierte Morde: Die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weissrussland, 1941 bis 1944. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1999.

  ———. “Verbrechen deutscher Fronttruppen in Weißrußland, 1941–1944: Eine Annäherung.” In Wehrmacht und Vernichtungspolitik: Militär im nationalsozialistischen System, ed. Karl Heinrich Pohl, 89–114. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999.

  ———. Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord: Forschungen zur deutschen Vernichtungspolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1998.

  ———. “The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler’s Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews.” Journal of Modern History 70, no. 4 (1998): 759–812.

  ———. “Failure of Plans for an SS Extermination Camp in Mogilev, Belorussia.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 11, no. 1 (1997): 60–78.

  ———. “Die Wannsee-Konferenz, das Schicksal der deutschen Juden und Hitlers politische Grundsatzentscheidung, alle Juden Europas zu Ermorden.” WerkstattGeschichte, no. 18 (1997): 7–44.

  Gerwarth, Robert. “The Central European Counter-Revolution: Paramilitary Violence in Germany, Austria and Hungary after the Great War.” Past and Present 200, no. 1 (2008): 175–209.

  Gerwarth, Robert, and Stephan Malinowski. “Hannah Arendt’s Ghosts: Reflections on the Disputable Path from Windhoek to Auschwitz.” Central European History 42, no. 2 (2009): 279–300.

  ———. “Der Holocaust als ‘kolonialer Genozid?’ Europäische Kolonialgewalt und nationalsozialistischer Vernichtungskrieg.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 33, no. 3 (2007): 439–66.

  Geyer, Michael. “Endkampf, 1918 and 1945: German Nationalism, Annihilation, and Self-Destruction.” In No Man’s Land of Violence: Extreme Wars in the Twentieth Century, ed. Alf Lüdtke and Bernd Weisbrod, 37–67. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2006.

  ———. “German Strategy in the Age of Machine Warfare, 1914–1945.” In Makers of Modern Strategy, ed. Peter Paret, 527–97. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.

  Gibbons, Robert. “Opposition gegen ‘Barbarossa’ im Herbst 1940: Eine Denkschrift aus der deutschen Botschaft in Moskau.” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 23, no. 3 (1975): 332–40.

  Glantz, David M. To the Gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April–August 1942. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009.

  ———. “The Struggle for Stalingrad City: Opposing Orders of Battle, Combat Orders and Reports, and Operational Maps: Pt. 1, The Fight for Stalingrad’s Suburbs, Center City, and Factory Villages, 3 September–13 October 1942.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 21, no. 1 (2008): 146–238.

  ———. “The Struggle for Stalingrad City: Opposing Orders of Battle, Combat Orders and Reports, and Operational and Tactical Maps: Pt. 2, The Fight for Stalingrad’s Factory District, 14 October–18 November 1942.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 21, no. 2 (2008): 377–471.

  ———. “Prelude to German Operation Blau: Military Operations on Germany’s Eastern Front, April–June 1942.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 20, no. 2 (2007): 171–234.

  ———. “The Red Army’s Lublin-Brest Offensive and Advance on Warsaw (18 July–30 September 1944): An Overview and Documentary Survey.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 19, no. 2 (2006): 401–41.

  ———. Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War, 1941–1943. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005.

  ———. “The Red Army’s Donbas Offensive (February–March 1943) Revisited: A Documentary Essay.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 18, no. 3 (2005): 369–503.

&nbs
p; ———. The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002.

  ———. Barbarossa: Hitler’s Invasion of Russia. Stroud: Tempus, 2001.

  ———. “Forgotten Battles of the German-Soviet War (1941–1945): Pt. 7, The Summer Campaign (12 May–18 November 1942): Voronezh, July 1942.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 14, no. 3 (2001): 150–220.

  ———. “Forgotten Battles of the German-Soviet War (1941–45): Pt. 6, The Winter Campaign (5 December 1941–April 1942): The Crimean Counteroffensive and Reflections.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 14, no. 1 (2001): 121–70.

  ———. “Forgotten Battles of the German-Soviet War (1941–45): Pt. 3, The Winter Campaign (5 December 1941–April 1942): The Moscow Counteroffensive.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 13, no. 2 (2000): 139–85.

  ———. “Forgotten Battles of the German-Soviet War (1941–45): Pt. 4, The Winter Campaign (5 December 1941–April 1942): The Demiansk Counteroffensive.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 13, no. 3 (2000): 145–64.

  ———. “Forgotten Battles of the German-Soviet War (1941–45): Pt. 5, The Winter Campaign (5 December 1941–April 1942): The Leningrad Counteroffensive.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 13, no. 4 (2000): 127–92.

  ———. “Forgotten Battles of the German-Soviet War (1941–45): Pt. 1.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 12, no. 4 (1999): 149–97.

  ———. Zhukov’s Greatest Defeat: The Red Army’s Epic Disaster in Operation Mars, 1942. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999.

  ———. Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.

  ———. “Counterpoint to Stalingrad, Operation ‘Mars’ (November–December 1942): Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Defeat.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 10, no. 4 (1997): 104–55.

  ———. “Soviet Military Strategy during the Second Period of War (November 1942–December 1943): A Reappraisal.” Journal of Military History 60, no. 1 (1996): 115–50.