The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life
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ChiSq
Intercep −2.8430001 0.0687859 1708.3 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.6710186 0.0765998 76.74 0.0000
zSES −0.2383458 0.0800828 8.86 0.0029
zAge −0.1428139 0.062902 5.15 0.0232
TestYr.
[86-901] +0.0128625 0.0858087 0.02 0.8808
TestYr.
[88-90] −0.0414196 0.0798373 0.27 0.6039
HomeAgeCat
[0/2-6+] +03225819 0.081541 15.65 0.0001
HomeAgeCat
[3/5-6+] −0.1338273 0.0852061 2.47 0.1163
Basic Analysis, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Before the HOME Index was Scored (PreTYPov):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 8 116.4719 232.9438 0.000000
Error 4655 1049.6688
C Total 4663 1166.1407
RSquare (U) 0.0999
Observations 4664
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.5413180 0.0768882 1092.4 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.5717052 0.0847651 45.49 0.0000
zSES −0.1646842 0.0848268 3.77 0.0522
zAge −0.0836204 0.0673282 1.54 0.2142
TestYr
[86-90] Unstable +0.0068172 0.0900515 0.01
0.9397
TestYr
[88-90] −0.0538353 0.0851491 0.40 0.5272
HomeAge
Cat[0/2-6+] +03100371 0.0867081 12,79 0.0003
HomeAge
Cat[3/5-6+] −0.0968535 0.0892661 1.18 0.2779
PreTYPov
[NO-Yes] −0.5366001 0.0664395 65.23 0.0000
Basic Analysis, Adding AFDC Status in the Year Before the HOME Index Was Scored (PreTYDAC):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 8 120.4866 240.9733 0.000000
Error 5101 11503749
C Total 5109 1270.8615
RSquare (U) 0.0948
Observations 5110
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.4639335 0.0797203 955.26 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.5835098 0.078223 55.65 0.0000
zSES −0.1973545 0.0813485 5.89 0.0153
zAge −0.0908713 0.0644499 1.99 0.1586
TestYr[86-90] −0.0105341 0.0872339 0.01 0.9039
TestYr[88-90] −0.0232495 0.0811592 0.08 0.7745
HomeAge
Cat[0/2-6+] +0.3429802 0.0829005 17.12 0.0000
HomeAge
Cat[3/5-6+] −0.1348740 0.0863764 2.44 0.1184
PreTYADC
[No-Yes] −0.5572417 0.0680104 67.13 0.0000
Basic Analysis, Adding Both Poverty and AFDC Status in the Year Before the HOME Index was Scored (PreTYPov, PreTYADC):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 9 127.1525 254.3049 0.000000
Error 4654 1038.9883
C Total 4663 1166.1407
RSquare (U) 0.1090
Observations 4664
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.3642864 0.0832843 805.89 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.5452068 0.0849779 41.16 0.0000
zSES −0.1657978 0.0852414 3.78 0.0518
zAge −0.0664416 0.0679088 0.96 0.3279
TestYr[86-90] Unstable +0.0029083 0.0904431 0.00
0.9743
TestYr[88-90] −0.0455863 0.0856239 0.28 0.5944
HomeAge
Cat[0/2-6+] +0.3145455 0.087279 12.99 0.0003
HomeAge
Cat[3/5-6+] −0.1002522 0.0896764 1.25 0.2636
PreTYADC
[No-Yes] −0.3806916 0.0809799 22.10 0.0000
PreTYPov
[No-Yes] −0.3774093 0.0762828 24.48 0.0000
The High School Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 7 26.90513 53.81026 0.000000
Error 2282 526.92206
C Total 2289 553.82719
RSquare (U) 0.0486
Observations 2290
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.9071274 0.1079507 725.23 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.5655610 0.1331445 18.04 0.0000
zSES −0.3731384 0.1355456 7.58 0.0059
zAge −0.1569221 0.0964674 2.65 0.1038
TestYr[86-90] +0.0755310 0.1295874 0.34 0.5600
TestYr[88-90] −0.1487970 0.1239539 1.44 0.2300
HomeAge
Cat[0/2-6+] +0.3159089 0.1236104 6.53 0.0106
HomeAge
Cat[3/5-6+] −0.0254850 0.1242055 0.04 0.8374
The College Sample: Omitted. The cross-sectional sample included only five cases of children in the bottom decile on the HOME index.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: The child was in the bottom decile on any of the four developmental indicators (friendliness index, difficulty index, motor and social development index, and behavioral problems index).
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: None.
ADDITIONAL CONTROL VARIABLES: Test year (TestYr, nominal: 1986, 1988, or 1990).
Basic Analysis:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 5 35.5004 71.00086 0.000000
Error 4885 1534.3911
C Total 4890 1569.8915
RSquare (U) 0.0226
Observations 4891
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.2678463 0.0523382 1877.5 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.3374850 0.0666453 25.64 0.0000
zSES −0.1454605 0.0662047 4.83 0.0280
zAge −0.0406925 0.0531744 0.59 0.4441
TestYr[86-90] +0.1789367 0.0698843 6.56 0.0105
TestYr[88-90] −0.0070670 0.0677961 0.01 0.9170
Basic Analysis, Adding Poverty Status and Welfare Status in the Year Prior to Testing (PreTYPov, PreTYADC) and Whether the Child was Born out of Wedlock (BStatus):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -Loglikehood ChiSquare Pob>ChiSq
Model 8 42.9933 85.98651 0.000000
Error 4329 1350.0000
C Total 4337 1392.9933
RSquare (U) 0.0309
Observations 4338
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.00631470 0.0860525 543.59 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.25174490 0.075657 11.07 0.0009
zSES −0.13270420 0.0708367 3.51 0.0610
zAge +0.01726122 0.0575776 0.09 0.7643
TestYr[86-90] +0.18566228 0.0735475 6.37 0.0116
TestYr[88-90] +0.01877328 0.072493 0.07 0.7957
PreTYADC
[Yes-No] +0.13056720 0.0820003 2.54 0.1113
PreTYPov
[Yes-No] +0.24199190 0.0714256 11.48 0.0007
BStatus
[Illegit-Legit] +0.01707707 0.0764089 0.05 0.8231
The High School Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 5 13.59824 27.19647 0.000052
Error 2181 704.58153
C Total 2186 718.17976
RSquare (U) 0.0189
Observations 2187
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.3178135 0.0834745 770.99 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.3193097 0.1100786 8.41 0.0037
zSES −0.3161019 0.1113263 8.06 0.0045
zAge +0.0231487 0.0778738 0.09 0.7663
TestYr[86-90] +0.1566625 0.1029997 2.31 0.1283
TestYr[88-90] +0.0136187 0.0996255 0.02 0.8913
The College Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
M
odel 5 5.166097 10.33219 0.066352
Error 346 74.395923
C Total 351 79.562020
RSquare (U) 0.0649
Observations 352
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −3.0081530 0.530244 32.18 0.0000
zAFQT89 +0.78938018 0.3581312 4.86 0.0275
zSES −0.80898430 0.3371107 5.76 0.0164
zAge Unstable +0.01498142 0.2822683 0.00
0.9577
TestYr[86-90] +0.41149788 0.3719686 1.22 0.2686
TestYr[88-90] −0.34603300 0.3626176 0.91 0.3399
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: The child was in the bottom decile on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT).
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: Includes only children tested at age 6 and older.
ADDITIONAL CONTROL VARIABLES: Test year (TestYr, nominal: 1986, 1988, or 1990) and age at which the child was tested (continuous, in months, m = 107.0,s = 27.1)
Basic Analysis:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 6 24.69587 49.39173 0.000000
Error 640 186.29121
C Total 646 210.98708
RSquare (U) 0.1170
Observations 647
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.21570603 0.8589707 6.65 0.0099
zAFQT89 −1.11994138 0.1950498 32.97 0.0000
zSES −0.08185312 0.1820132 0.20 0.6529
zAge −0.02769682 0.1856376 0.02 0.8814
PPVTAge −0.00466266 0.0077779 0.36 0.5489
TestYr[86-90] −0.16528217 0.2424523 0.46 0.4954
TestYr[88-90] −0.07970146 0.2250145 0.13 0.7232
Basic Analysis Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to the PPVT (PreTYPov) and the HOME Index Score Expressed in Standard Scores (zHOME):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 8 17.72094 35.44187 0.000022
Error 582 153.59135
C Total 590 171.31229
RSquare (U) 0.1034
Oservations 591
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.1291342 0.9565224 4.95 0.0260
zAFQT89 −1.0337219 0.2205373 21.97 0.0000
zSES −0.0861738 0.2093703 0.17 0.6806
zAge +0.0296014 0.2145926 0.02 0.8903
TestYr[86-90] −0.2286597 0.2683805 0.73 0.3942
TestYr[88-90] −0.0483017 0.2526343 0.04 0.8484
PPVTAge −0.0067930 0.0085395 0.63 0.4263
zHOME −0.1945375 0.1842224 1.12 0.2910
PreTYPov
[No-Yes] +0.0903504 0.2016689 0.20 0.6541
The High School Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Pro>ChiSq
Model 6 7.225514 14.45103 0.024984
Error 254 68.236589
C Total 260 75.462103
RSquare (U) 0.0958
Observations 261
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −0.2705795 1.4383055 0.04 0.08508
zAFQT89 −0.9296387 0.3952333 5.53 0.0187
zSES −0.0918753 0.3493501 0.07 0.7926
zAge +0.9267613 0.4137423 5.02 0.0251
TestYr[86-90] −1.0895230 0.4214316 6.68 0.0097
TestYr[88-90] +0.3167489 0.3591565 0.78 0.3778
PPVTAge −0.0287800 0.0132748 4.70 0.0302
The College Sample: Omitted. No cases of a child age 6 or older in the bottom decile on the PPVT in the cross-sectional sample.
Women with Less Than a High School Education:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -Loglikehood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 6 6.239129 12.47826 0.052111
Error 139 70.537266
C Total 145 76.776395
RSquare (U) 0.0813
Observations 146
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>Chisq
Intercept −3.6384326 1.460085 6.21 0.0127
zAFQT89 −8396200 0.3093784 7.37 0.0066
zSES +0.0090359 0.2914784 0.00 0.9753
zAge 0.4386216 0.3016201 2.11 0.1459
Test Yr[86-90] +0.3771342 0.3759239 1.01 0.3158
TestYr[88-90] −0.4974755 0.3638669 1.87 0.1716
PPVTAge +0.0133480 0.011851 1.27 0.2600
CHAPTER 11: CRIME
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: The subject was in the top decile on an index of self-reported crime.
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: Includes only men.
Basic Analysis:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 10.02735 20.05469 0.000165
Error 2004 649.74218
C Total 2007 659.76953
RSquare (U) 0.0152
Observations 2008
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.22005314 0.0807852 755.20 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.26980189 0.0902397 8.94 0.0028
zSES +0.13972790 0.0979853 2.03 0.1539
zAge −0.20372081 0.080365 6.43 0.0112
The High School Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 4.28228 8.564558 0.035677
Error 661 201.83770
C Total 664 206.11998
RSquare (U) 0.0208
Observations 665
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.35032467 0.1445857 264.24 0.0000
zAFQT89 +0.2120838 0.2006406 1.12 0.2905
zSES +0.3653400 0.1981511 3.40 0.0652
zAge −0.26122639 0.1457019 3.21 0.0730
The College Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 2.959829 5.919657 0.115585
Error 276 46.577870
C Total 279 49.537698
RSquare (U) 0.0597
Observations 280
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −333070801 0.7047663 22.33 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.63468357 0.5194501 1.49 0.2218
zSES +0.80027390 0.4591207 3.04 0.0813
zAge +0.39913230 0.306701 1.69 0.1931
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: The subject was interviewed in a correctional facility in one or more interviews from 1979 to 1990.
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: Includes only men.
Basic Analysis:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 23.31444 46.62887 0.000000
Error 1941 219.90125
C Total 1944 243.21569
RSquare (U) 0.0959
Observations 1945
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −3.77716689 0.1717938 483.41 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.89666260 0.1753619 26.14 0.0000
zSES −0.15554116 0.1806149 0.74 0.3891
zAge +0.0782992 0.1468634 0.28 0.5939
The High School Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 4.058464 8.116928 0.043656
Error 712 39.850585
C Total 715 43.909049
RSquare (U) 0.0924
Observations 716
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −4.96578763 0.4806319 106.75 0.000
zAFQT89 −1.07006679 0.443121 5.83 0.0157
zSES −0.16211965 0.4642977 0.12 0.7270
zAge +0.46727190 0.367754 1.61 0.2039
The College Sample: Omitted. No one in the cross-sectional College Sample was ever interviewed in jail.
CHAPTER 12: CIVILITY AND CITIZENSHIP
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: Did the subject score “yes” on the Middle Class Values Index?
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: Excludes never-married persons who met all the other conditions of the index and men who were physically unable to work or not in the labor force because they were attending school.
Basic Analysis:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 161.7136 323.4273 0.000000
Error 3025 1937.4328
C Total 3028 2099.1465
RSquare (U) 0.0770
Observations 3029
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −0.06385330 0.038934 2.69 0.1010
zAFQT89 +0.63250551 0.0528176 143.41 0.0000
zSES +0.24495537 0.0520624 22.14 0.0000
zAge +0.00663732 0.0401929 0.03 0.8688
The High School Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 3.00926 6.018528 0.110712
Error 1158 781.85686
C Total 1161 784.86612
RSquare (U) 0.0038
Observations 1162
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept +0.39447706 0.0611821 41.57 0.0000
zAFQT89 +0.16814512 0.0931181 3.26 0.0710
zSES −0.17993040 0.0903402 3.97 0.0464
zAge +0.01887678 0.0621776 0.09 0.7614
The College Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 3.26859 6.537177 0.088208
Error 398 200.09145
C Total 401 203.36004
RSquare (U) 0.0161
Observations 402
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept +0.99516202 0.2386798 17.38 0.0000
zAFQT89 +0.39251349 0.1988073 3.90 0.0483
zSES +0.03692158 0.168585 0.05 0.8266