Transylvanian Dinosaurs
Page 21
NOTES
CHAPTER ONE. Bringing It All Back Home
1. Boil 3 cups of water, add 2 tsp. of salt and 2 tbsp. of butter, add in 1½ cups of coarse- or medium-ground yellow cornmeal, reduce heat to medium, and stir for 10–15 minutes, until the cornmeal (polenta) thickens. Serve immediately with sour cream. Recipe from Klepper 1997.
2. A word should be said here about the various place names that are used in this book. Prior to the end of World War I, Transylvania was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but it was transferred to Romania thereafter. Consequently, geographic and geologic names changed from Hungarian (or occasionally German) to Romanian. For example, Szacsal (Hungarian) is now replaced with Săcel (Romanian), Szentpéterfalva (Hungarian) with Sânpetru (Romanian), and Bol-dogfalva (Hungarian) by Sântămăria Orlea (Romanian). For additional information, see Nicolescu 1998.
3. Greene 1983; Suess 1916.
4. Nopcsa 1900. When originally described, this dinosaur was called Limno-saurus, but this name had already been used for an extinct crocodilian; in 1903, Nopcsa supplied the new genus name Telmatosaurus.
5. Buffetaut 1987; Colbert 1968; Weishampel et al. 1993.
6. Abel 1912, 1929; Weishampel and Jianu, unpublished manuscript; Weishampel and Reif 1984.
7. Edinger 1955.
8. Abel 1912, 1929; Nopcsa 1928a; Reif 1980.
9. Nopcsa 1900, 1903, 1905a, 1917a, 1917b, 1917c, 1918, 1922, 1923a, 1929a, 1929b, 1930.
10. Weishampel et al. 2004.
11. “You know the titanosaur material much better than I do. How would you like it if we worked on the remains from Transylvania together? You add the comparative-descriptive part and I add on top a paleobiological sauce, so to speak.” Letter from F. Nopcsa to F. von Huene, 3 Oct. 1929. University of Tübingen, Friedrich von Huene archives (translation by Weishampel).
12. Nopcsa 1897, 1902a, 1905b, 1914a, 1914b, 1923b, 1926a, 1926b, 1926c, 1934.
13. For additional information on Nopcsa’s activities in the Balkans, as well as on his family history, see Conrad von Hötzendorff 1921–1925; Corti 1936; Elsie 1999; Hamann 1986; Jianu and Weishampel 1998; Nopcsa 1905c, 1908, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1916, 1921, 1925a, 1925b, 1929c, 1932, 2001; Robel 1966; Weishampel and Jianu, unpublished manuscript.
CHAPTER TWO. Dinosauria of Transylvania
1. Grigorescu 1982; Groza 1982; Jianu 1992, 1994.
2. Codrea, Smith, et al. 2002; T. Smith et al. 2002.
3. Codrea et al. 2001, 2002, 2010.
4. The Late Cretaceous Transylvanian fauna provides the best record of dinosaurs in Romania, but there are two other sites in this country worth mentioning. The first, in eastern Romania (Cochirleni), yielded only a theropod tooth from the Early Cretaceous, referred to Megalosaurus cf. superbus. However, the second site, also from the Early Cretaceous in northwestern Romania (Cornet), has provided a wealth of dinosaur and other tetrapod material from a fissure fill in a bauxite mine. These specimens are nearly entirely disarticulated, dissociated, and abraded, rendering taxonomic referral difficult. Thus far, the recovered taxa include theropod, ankylosaur, and ornithopod dinosaurs, as well as pterosaurs; reported avian material is regarded as controversial.
For the Cochirleni “fauna,” see Simionescu 1912. For the Cornet fauna, see Benton et al. 1997; Bock and Bühler 1996; Jurcsák 1982; Jurcsák and Kessler 1986, 1987, 1991; Jurcsák and Popa 1978, 1979, 1984; Kessler 1984; Marinescu 1989; Patrulius et al. 1982; Tallódi Posmaşanu and Popa 1997.
5. Benson et al. 2008.
6. Turner 1997.
7. Hennig 1950.
8. Sober 1991.
9. Rüpke 1994.
10. Rüpke 1994.
11. Owen 1842.
12. Seeley 1887b.
13. Fastovsky and Weishampel 2009; Holtz and Osmólska 2004; Sereno 1999.
14. Fastovsky and Weishampel 2009; Sereno 1999; Weishampel 2004.
15. Le Loeuff 1997.
16. Nopcsa 1902b. See also Nopcsa 1904, 1905a, 1915.
17. Wilson and Upchurch 2003.
18. Huene 1932.
19. Csiki, Codrea, et al. 2010. See also Csiki et al. 2007.
20. Lydekker 1877.
21. Wilson and Upchurch 2003.
22. Casanovas et al. 1987; Lapparent 1947; Le Loeuff 1993; Lucas and Sullivan 2000; Wilson 2002, 2005.
23. Curry Rogers 2005; Powell 1992.
24. For example, see Curry-Rogers and Forster 2001.
25. Jianu and Weishampel 1999; Le Loeuff 1993.
26. Csiki and Grigorescu 2006a.
27. Csiki 1999; Dodson et al. 1998; Le Loeuff 1993, 2005; Le Loeuff et al. 1994; Powell 1992.
28. Witmer 2001.
29. Le Loeuff 1992; Powell 1992.
30. Stevens and Parrish 1999; but also see Taylor et al. 2009 for recent counter arguments.
31. Allain and Pereda-Suberbiola 2003; Chiappe 1995; Chiappe and Witmer 2002; Padian and Chiappe 1998; Witmer 1991.
32. Allain and Pereda-Suberbiola 2003; Buffetaut et al. 1986, 1988, 1996; Le Loeuff and Buffetaut 1998.
33. Csiki and Grigorescu 1998.
34. Nopcsa 1902a.
35. Andrews 1913.
36. Lambrecht 1929.
37. Harrison and Walker 1975.
38. Grigorescu and Kessler 1980.
39. Zoltán Csiki, pers. comm.
40. Brodkorb 1978.
41. Elzanowski 1983; Grigorescu 1984; Hope 2002; Makovicky and Norell 2004; L. Martin 1983; Olson 1985; Osmólska and Barsbold 1990.
42. Weishampel and Jianu 1996.
43. Sues 1978.
44. Csiki and Grigorescu 1998.
45. Codrea, Smith, et al. 2002; T. Smith et al. 2002.
46. Barsbold 1982; Barsbold and Osmólska 1999; Norell and Makovicky 2004; Ostrom 1969, 1990.
47. Naish and Dyke 2004.
48. Csiki and Grigorescu 1998.
49. T. Smith et al. 2002.
50. Chiappe et al. 2002.
51. Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell 1991; Pol et al. 1992; Rauhut and Zinke 1995; Sigé et al. 1997.
52. Csiki, Vremir, et al. 2010.
53. Carpenter 1997; Coombs and Maryañska 1990; Vickaryous et al. 2004.
54. Mantell 1832.
55. Bunzel 1871; Pereda-Suberbiola and Galton 1994, 1997.
56. Seeley 1881.
57. Nopcsa 1915, 1929a.
58. Codrea et al. 2001, 2002, 2010.
59. Pereda-Suberbiola and Galton 1994.
60. Vickaryous et al. 2004.
61. Carpenter 1997.
62. Nopcsa 1926d, 1929a.
63. Thulborn 1982.
64. Nopcsa 1897.
65. Bunzel 1871; Seeley 1881.
66. Matheron 1869a, 1869b.
67. Winand Brinkmann, then at the Free University in Berlin, put this taxonomic conflict to rest. He petitioned the International Committee of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), that great body of biologists who arbitrate cases of taxonomic controversy, to decide between Rhabdodon and Mochlodon (Brinkmann 1986). They voted in favor of Rhabdodon (International Committee of Zoological Nomenclature 1988). See also Brinkmann 1988.
68. Weishampel et al. 2003.
69. Buffetaut and Le Loeuff 1991b; Garcia et al. 1999; Pincemaille 1997.
70. Codrea et al. 2001, 2002, 2010; Weishampel et al. 2003.
71. Weishampel et al. 2003.
72. Codrea and Godefroit 2008; Godefroit et al. 2009; Weishampel et al. 2003.
73. Codrea and Godefroit 2008.
74. Alexander 1976, 1989; Farlow 1981; Thulborn 1982.
75. Codrea and Dica 2005; Vremir and Codrea 2002.
76. Codrea et al. 2001, 2002; Dalla Vecchia 2009; Weishampel et al. 1993.
77. Alexander 1989; Anderson et al. 1985; Colbert 1962.
78. Norman 1980, 1986.
79. Norman 1984; Norman and Weishampel 1985; Weishampel 1984.
80. Lull and Wright 1942; Taquet 1976; Weishampel et al. 1993.
81. Weishampel et al. 1993.
82. Dalla Vecchia 20
09; Horner et al. 2004; Prieto-Márquez et al. 2006; Weishampel and Horner 1990; You, Luo, et al. 2003.
83. Grigorescu 1992b; Grigorescu et al. 1990, 1994, 2010; Weishampel et al. 1991.
84. Codrea, Smith, et al. 2002. See also T. Smith et al. 2002.
85. Zoltán Csiki, pers. comm.; contra Grigorescu et al. 1990.
86. Hirsch 1994; Hirsch and Packard 1987; Mikhailov 1991; Mikhailov et al. 1996.
87. Hirsch and Quinn 1990; Horner 1984.
88. Chiappe et al. 1998.
89. Cousin et al. 1994.
90. Grigorescu et al. 1990.
91. Grigorescu and Csiki 2006; Weishampel et al. 1993.
92. Grigorescu and Csiki 2006; Grigorescu et al. 2010.
93. Grigorescu et al. 1994.
94. Chiappe and Dingus 2001; Chiappe et al. 1998, 2001.
95. Grigorescu et al. 1994.
96. Horner 1984; Horner and Gorman 1988; Horner and Makela 1979; Horner and Weishampel 1988.
97. Weishampel and Horner 1994.
CHAPTER THREE. Pterosaurs, Crocs, and Mammals, Oh My
1. Wellnhofer 1991.
2. Fritsch 1881.
3. Seeley 1881.
4. Hooley 1914; Seeley 1869.
5. Nopcsa 1914b.
6. Nopcsa 1926c.
7. The first specimen of Ornithodesmus, called Ornithodesmus cluniculus, was considered to be a bird by Seeley in 1887, but he reassigned it to Pterosauria in 1901 (Seeley 1887a, 1901). There it sat, mostly through inertia, until Stafford Howse and Andrew Milner from Birkbeck College, London, had another look at it in 1992. It was only then that they realized that Ornithodesmus was not a pterosaur, but rather an imperfectly known maniraptoran theropod (Howse and Milner 1993).
8. Jianu et al. 1997.
9. Ősi and Fözy 2008. Unfortunately, this study makes no comparisons with pterosaur notaria.
10. Weishampel et al. 1991.
11. Buffetaut et al. 2002.
12. Buffetaut et al. 2002.
13. Henderson, in press.
14. Cai and Wei 1994.
15. Grigorescu et al. 1999; J. Martin et al. 2006.
16. J. Martin et al. 2010.
17. Nopcsa 1915, 1928a.
18. Matheron 1869a. See also J. Martin and Buffetaut 2008, who renamed this taxon Massaliasuchus affuvelensis.
19. Nopcsa 1928b.
20. Delfino et al. 2008.
21. Meers 1999.
22. Buscalioni et al. 2001, based on Romanian and Spanish material this paper ascribed to A. precedens. However, this referral may be erroneous, because of the subsequent discovery of a nearly complete A. precedens skull from Transylvania (see note 19).
23. Delfino et al. 2008. See also J. Martin and Delfino 2010.
24. J. Martin et al. 2006.
25. Delfino, Martin, et al. 2008.
26. J. Martin et al. 2006.
27. Company et al. 2005.
28. J. Martin et al. 2006.
29. Ross and Garnett 1989.
30. Nopcsa 1902a.
31. Folie and Codrea 2005. See also Grigorescu et al. 1999.
32. Grigorescu et al. 1999.
33. Folie and Codrea 2005.
34. Codrea et al. 2001, 2002.
35. Nopcsa 1923c.
36. Gaffney and Meylan 1992; Joyce 2007.
37. Codrea et al. 2010.
38. Gheerbrant et al. 2000; Lapparent de Broin and Murelaga 1996, 1999; Lapparent de Broin et al. 2004.
39. Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2004.
40. Grigorescu and Hahn 1987; Grigorescu et al. 1985; Rădulescu and Samson 1986, 1997.
41. Csiki et al. 2005.
42. Rădulescu and Samson 1996.
43. Codrea, Smith, et al. 2002.
44. Csiki and Grigorescu 2000; T. Smith et al. 2002.
45. Krause 1982.
46. Krause and Jenkins 1982.
47. Maio 1988; Kielan-Jaworowska and Gambaryan 1994; Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2004.
48. Folie and Codrea 2005; Grigorescu et al. 1999; Venczel and Csiki 2003.
49. Folie and Codrea 2005; Grigorescu et al. 1999.
50. Folie and Codrea 2005; Grigorescu et al. 1999.
51. Gardner 2000.
52. McGowan and Evans 1995.
53. Grigorescu et al. 1999.
54. Grigorescu et al. 1985.
CHAPTER FOUR. Living on the Edge
1. Weishampel et al. 1991 previously reported that the island was ∼7,500 square km in area; this was a typographic error.
2. Nopcsa 1914b. See also Nopcsa 1923b.
3. Nopcsa 1914b, 12.
4. Ehrenberg 1975.
5. Nopcsa 1915.
6. Nopcsa 1917a.
7. Nopcsa 1923b, 1924.
8. Greene 1983; Suess 1916.
9. Nopcsa 1905b.
10. Nopcsa 1905b. See also Antonescu et al. 1983; Dincă et al. 1971; Grigorescu 1992; Mamulea 1953; Pop et al. 1971.
11. Nopcsa 1923b.
12. Greene 1983; Le Grand 1988; Suess 1883–1901.
13. Wegner 1912.
14. Weishampel and Reif 1984.
15. Nopcsa 1927.
16. Runcorn 1963.
17. Dietz and Holden 1970.
18. A. Smith et al. 1981, 1994.
19. A. Ziegler et al. 1983. For the Transylvanian region, see Panaiotu and Panaiotu 2010; Pătraócu and Panaiotu 1990; Pătraşcu et al. 1992, 1993, 1994.
20. Barron 1983; A. Ziegler et al. 1993.
21. Dercourt et al. 1993.
22. Dercourt et al. 1993.
23. Berza et al. 1998; Burchfiel 1980; Csontos and Vörös 2005; Horváth 1974; Huismans et al. 1997; Linzer et al. 1998; Schmid et al. 1998; Willingshofer 2000; Willingshofer et al. 2001.
24. Burchfiel 1980; Săndulescu 1975; Willingshofer 2000.
25. Apulia is named after the present-day area in Italy’s boot heel, its south-easternmost region. Long the gateway to and from the East, it has been conquered by legions of foreign rulers. Today it is known for its vineyards and olive groves. Rhodope is named after one the mountain ranges in the Balkan Peninsula, extending approximately 200 km from southeastern Bulgaria to northeastern Greece. Its highest peak, Musala, rises to 2,925 m.
26. Moesia was an ancient district bordered by the Danube and the Black Sea, once inhabited by some of the Thracian people. It was conquered by Rome between 30 and 20 BCE and became a Roman province in 15 CE. It corresponds approximately to present-day Bulgaria and Serbia.
27. Burchfiel 1980; Minkovska et al. 2002; Schmid et al. 1998; Willingshofer 2000; P. Ziegler 1988; Zweigel et al. 1998.
28. Mindszenty et al. 1995.
29. Costea et al. 1978.
30. Hallam 1992; Haq et al. 1988.
31. P. Ziegler 1990.
32. Huismans et al. 1997.
33. Estimated from Dercourt et al. 1993; Stampfli and Borel 2002. See also Zoltán Csiki, pers. comm.; Panaiotu and Panaiotu 2002; Patraşcu and Panaiotu 1990; Willingshofer 2000.
34. A. Bush 1997. Ocean surface temperatures indicated here are actually those estimated for the mid-Cretaceous (approximately 100 million years ago) by Lloyd 1982.
35. A. Bush 1997.
36. According to Marcin Machałski of the Instytut Palaeobiologica, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warsaw, Poland (pers. comm.), marine vertebrate faunas of eastern Europe are known, but they are not well documented in the literature. He and his collaborators recently described new mosasaur material from Poland (Machałski et al. 2003). Previous studies of mosasaurs from eastern Europe include Nikolov and Westphal 1976 and Sulimski 1968. Marine crocodilians are suspected to have inhabited this region, although their record (a thoracosaurine crocodilian) comes from the Danian (earliest Tertiary) of Poland (Zarski et al. 1998). Bony fish and sharks, on the other hand, have never been formally described, although they are known to be in private collections in Poland.
37. Anastasiu and Ciobuca 1989; Grigorescu 1992a; Stilla 1985; Weishampel et al. 1991.
38. Bojar et al. 2005; Grigorescu 1992a; Nopcsa 1
905b; Therrien 2004, 2005, 2006.
39. Bojar et al. 2005; Therrien 2004, 2005, 2006.
40. Anastasiu and Ciobuca 1989; Grigorescu 1992a; Stilla 1985; Weishampel et al. 1991.
41. Weishampel et al. 1991.
42. Weishampel et al. 1991.
43. Weishampel et al. 1991.
44. Grigorescu 1983.
45. Codrea and Dica 2005; Therrien 2005, 2006.
46. Codrea and Godefroit 2008.
47. Bojar et al. 2005; Petrescu and Duşa 1982; Therrien 2004, 2005, 2006; Van Itterbeeck et al. 2004.
48. Therrien 2004, 2005, 2006.
49. Antonescu 1973; Antonescu et al. 1983; Duşa 1974; Lindfors et al. 2010; Mărgărit and Mărgărit 1962; Petrescu and Duşa 1980, 1982; Petrescu and Huică 1972; Van Itterbeeck et al. 2004, 2005.
50. Mărgărit and Mărgărit 1962; Petrescu and Duşa 1980, 1982.
51. Antonescu et al. 1983; Ion et al. 1988; Mamulea 1953; Pana et al. 2001.
52. Csiki 2008.
53. Schlüter 1983.
54. Burchfiel 1980; Csiki and Grigorescu 2007; Dercourt et al. 1986, 1993; Jianu and Boekschoten 1999a, 1999b; Sanders 1998.
55. Stampfli and Borel 2002.
56. Csiki and Grigorescu 2007; Jianu and Boekschoten 1999a, 1999b.
57. The two English sites are dated as earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) and therefore predate the other European faunas of interest by as much as 25 million years (Huxley 1867; Newton 1892). Several locations in Czechia have yielded a Late Cretaceous dinosaur fauna. Recently, a well-preserved femur belonging to an iguanodontian has been reported from the early Late Cretaceous (late Cenomanian; Fejfar et al. 2005). However, the majority of the remains from Czechia are too poorly preserved for any sort of taxonomic determination (Fritsch and Bayer 1905). Only four taxa have been reported from the Late Cretaceous of Sweden. One belongs to an indeterminate theropod (Persson 1959), another possibly to a bird (Nessov 1993), the third to an as-yet undescribed ornithopod (Nessov and Yarkov 1993), and the fourth to an indeterminate lep-toceratopsid ceratopsian (Lindgren et al. 2008). For general aspects of the terrestrial faunas from the Late Cretaceous of Europe, see Brinkmann 1988; Buffetaut and Le Loeuff 1991a; Le Loeuff 1991; Nessov 1995; Weishampel 1990; Weishampel et al. 2004.