37. “Letters of John Letcher,” 137, 138; Rose Pendleton to William Pendleton, 10, 12 March 1865, Pendleton Papers; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 46(1): 384; Lexington Gazette, 31 March 1865; Blair, Virginia’s Private War, 108, 119; Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Toward Southern Civilians, 1861–1865 (Cambridge, Eng., 1995), 167–68, 175, 178.
38. War of the Rebellion, Series One, 37(1): 96–98; Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, 178–79; Morton, History of Rockbridge, 129–30; H. A. Du Pont, The Campaign of 1864 in the Valley of Virginia and the Expedition to Lynchburg (New York, 1925), 68–70; Allan, Life and Letters, 186–97; Turner, Diary, 87; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 58–78; CPM, 201–208, 316–39.
39. Lexington Gazette, 4 January 1865; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 79, 82, 97, 98.
40. Lexington Gazette, 11 January, 22 February 1865; Morton, History of Rockbridge, 131.
41. Blair, Virginia’s Private War, 108–33; Paul D. Escott, After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism (Baton Rouge, 1978), passim; Rable, Civil Wars, 78–90, 206–20.
42. Blair, Virginia’s Private War, 108–33.
43. Escott, After Secession, passim.
44. CPM, 238; Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (New York, 1924), passim.
45. Lee, Memoirs, 383, 387; Lexington Gazette, 25 January 1865; CPM, 247.
46. Blair, Virginia’s Private War, 130–33; Lexington Gazette, 25 January 1865; “Letters of John Letcher,” 137, 138–39.
47. CPM, 10–15, 18–19, 64, 122–23, 141–42, 144n, 149; Avirett, Memoirs, 334; Faust, Mothers of Invention, 9–29.
48. CPM, 201, 247–48; Faust, Mothers of Invention, 234–47.
49. CPM, 198, 200, 225, 235n, 238–39, 247, photograph facing 414; Marten, Children’s Civil War, 111–14.
50. CPM, 169, 199, 201; Daniel E. Sutherland, The Expansion of Everyday Life, 1860–1876 (New York, 1989), 54–55, 63–66; Faust, Mothers of Invention, 153–61.
51. CPM, 99, 140n, 247.
52. Ibid., 40n, 199, 241, 244.
53. Ibid., 199, 247.
54. Ibid., 200, 232–33, 245–46; Lee, Memoirs, 384, 388, 390–91.
55. Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 84; Turner, Diary, 88.
56. Lexington Gazette, 1 March 1865.
WINTER: JOHN ROBERTSON
1. The Tennessee Almanac for the Year of Our Lord 1865 (Nashville); JCR, 147, 148.
2. JCR, 81–82, 145; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Knox County, Tennessee, p. 73/323; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Productions of Agriculture, Knox County, Tennessee, District 19.
3. JCR, 137, 148.
4. Ibid., 148. For ease of reading, some of the characters’ original spelling has been amended in brackets.
5. Ibid., 145, 149.
6. Ibid., 129, 162; Fisher, War at Every Door, chaps. 4, 5; Groce, Mountain Rebels, chap. 6; Bryan, “Civil War in East Tennessee,” passim.
7. JCR, 149.
8. Ibid.; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Knox County, Tennessee, pp. 66–67/194–95; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Productions of Agriculture, Knox County, Tennessee, District 8.
9. JCR, 149.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., 10–11, 149–50; Sutherland, Expansion of Everyday Life, 83–85.
12. JCR, 136, 150; Christine Leigh Heyrman, Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt (Chapel Hill and London, 1997), 33–41; Donald G. Mathews, Religion in the Old South (Chicago, 1977), xvi-xvii.
13. JCR, 9–22, 41–49, 54–56, 130–34.
14. Ibid., 150.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 151.
17. John L. Melton, ed., “The Diary of a Drummer,” Michigan History 43 (1959): 331; JCR, 151.
18. JCR, 151; 2 Kings 19:11–12.
19. JCR, 151–52.
20. Ibid., 152; Heyrman, Southern Cross, 34.
21. JCR, 153.
22. Ibid., 71–91; Digby Gordon Seymour, Divided Loyalties: Fort Sanders and the Civil War in East Tennessee (2nd ed., Knoxville, 1983), 222–23; Whitelaw Reid, After the War: A Tour of the Southern States, 1865–1866 (Cincinnati and New York, 1866), 351; Trowbridge, The South, 238; Fisher, War at Every Door, 121; Louis A. Simmons, The History of the 84th Reg’t. Ill. Vols. (Macomb, Ill., 1866), 247.
23. Simmons, History of the 84th, 246–48; Seymour, Divided Loyalties, 108–109, 116–19, 152–55, 158–63, 168–70, 174, 178–81, 206–207, 258.
24. Groce, Mountain Rebels, 15; Trowbridge, The South, 238; John Y. Simon, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 18 vols. (Carbondale and Edwardsville, Ill., 1967–91), 14:65n; Melton, “Diary of a Drummer,” 322, 328, 332; JCR, 71–78; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator, 14 December 1864, 11, 25 January 1865.
25. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 14 December 1864, 25 January 1865; Rhoda Williams to Rufus Williams, 15 November 1864, John and Rhoda Campbell Williams Papers, McClung Historical Collection, Knox County Public Library, Knoxville; Fisher, War at Every Door, 147; William C. Harris, “The East Tennessee Relief Movement of 1864–1865,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 48 (1989): 86–88, 93; William C. Harris, “East Tennessee’s Civil War Refugees and the Impact of the War on Civilians,” Journal of East Tennessee History 64 (1992): 7–9; James B. Campbell, “East Tennessee During the Federal Occupation, 1863–1865,” East Tennessee Historical Society’s Publications 19 (1947): 70–71; Bryan, “Civil War in East Tennessee,” 138–40, 145–46.
26. JCR, 153; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 7 December 1864.
27. Fisher, War at Every Door, 130–39; Groce, Mountain Rebels, 123–26.
28. JCR, 81–82, 84, 119, 126–28.
29. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 14 December 1864; LeRoy P. Graf, Ralph W. Haskins, and Paul H. Bergeron, eds., The Papers of Andrew Johnson, 15 vols. (Knoxville, 1967–2000), 7:287, 308–309; Harris, “East Tennessee Relief Movement,” 88, 94–95; Harris, “East Tennessee’s Civil War Refugees,” 10, 12.
30. Harris, “East Tennessee Relief Movement,” 86–96; Campbell, “East Tennessee During the Federal Occupation,” 71–74; Bryan, “Civil War in East Tennessee,” 146–47; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 7 December 1864.
31. E. Merton Coulter, William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands (1937; repr., Knoxville, 1999), passim, esp. 250–56; Stephen V. Ash, ed., Secessionists and Other Scoundrels: Selections from Parson Brownlow’s Book (Baton Rouge, 1999), 1–8; Bryan, “Civil War in East Tennessee,” 121–23; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 11 January 1865.
32. Coulter, William G. Brownlow, 254–61; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 25 January 1865; Campbell, “East Tennessee During the Federal Occupation,” 75–77; Fisher, War at Every Door, 165–67.
33. JCR, 105, 115–17; Bryan, “Civil War in East Tennessee,” 128.
34. JCR, 182–83, 188, 354; Reid, After the War, 352; Trowbridge, The South, 239, 284; Bryan, “Civil War in East Tennessee,” 300–302.
35. JCR, 83–84.
36. Coulter, William G. Brownlow, 92–109, 289–90; John Cimprich, Slavery’s End in Tennessee, 1861–1865 (University, Ala., 1985), 101–102; Bryan, “Civil War in East Tennessee,” 324; JCR, 226, 354.
37. Cimprich, Slavery’s End, 17, 35–45; Bryan, “Civil War in East Tennessee,” 323–24; Trowbridge, The South, 239; Ira Berlin et al., eds., The Destruction of Slavery (Cambridge, Eng., 1985), 262–68.
38. War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(1): 796; Melton, “Diary of a Drummer,” 332, 334; Frederick H. Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, 3 vols. (New York and London, 1959), 3:1721.
39. Robert Hamilton to S. S. Josselin, 2 April 1865, Alfred Anderson to W. E. Whiting, 25 April 1865, and Samuel Lowery to M. E. Strieby, 10 May 1865, American Missionary Association, Ten
nessee Records, Amistad Research Center, Dillard University, New Orleans.
40. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 11 January 1865.
41. JCR, 153; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 1 February 1865; Melton, “Diary of a Drummer,” 333; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(1): 13–15, 609–10.
42. JCR, 153; Fisher, War at Every Door, 70, 79.
43. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 1 March 1865; JCR, 153.
44. JCR, 153; Tennessee Almanac 1865.
45. Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Greene County, Tennessee, p. 84/326; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Productions of Agriculture, Greene County, Tennessee, District 14; Greene County, Tennessee, Deeds, vol. 34, p. 3, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville; Roane County, Tennessee, Deeds, vol. P-1, p. 305, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville; JCR, 8, 134, 135, 139–40, 145.
46. JCR, 154, 170.
47. Ibid., 154–55.
48. Ibid., 156.
49. Ibid., 157.
50. Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 7:441–42; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(1): 47; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 11, 25 January 1865; JCR, 162; Fisher, War at Every Door, 82, 83–84.
51. JCR, 156, 162.
WINTER: SAMUEL AGNEW
1. SAA, 1 January 1865.
2. Ibid.; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 39(1): 100, 196, 204, 212.
3. SAA, 6 October, 27, 28 November, 26 December 1863, 18 February, 10 June, 9, 16 July 1864, 1 January 1865; Agnew, “Battle of Tishomingo Creek,” 401–402; Agnew, Historical Sketch, 14.
4. SAA, 1 January 1865.
5. Ibid.; Phil. 2:23.
6. SAA, 1 January 1865.
7. Ibid., 9–12 June, 21, 23 July, 14 October 1864, 2, 11 February 1865; Agnew, “Battle of Tishomingo Creek,” 401–403.
8. SAA, 19 July, 14, 30 September 1864, 7 February 1865.
9. Ibid., 15, 20, 21 December 1864, 5, 6 January 1865; Brown, History of Tippah County, 151–52; John K. Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi: The People and Policies of a Cotton State in Wartime (Baton Rouge, 1943), 153–55.
10. SAA, 24, 26 July, 14 October 1864, 1, 2, 11 February 1865; O. Davis to William L. Sharkey, 28 June 1865, Sharkey Letters; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 39(1): 100, 189, 49(2): 791; Brown, History of Tippah County, 151–52, 154; Tippah County, Mississippi, Minutes of Police Board, November 1864, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson; Agnew, Historical Sketch, 17; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 86, 124–25.
11. SAA, 18 March, 12 May 1864, 8, 13 January 1865; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(1): 930–31; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 198–200.
12. SAA, 31 August, 7 December 1864, 22 January, 11, 17 February 1865; Tippah County Minutes of Police Board, December 1864; Brown, History of Tippah County, 152–53; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(1): 950, 1011; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 86–88, 150–51, 174–79.
13. War of the Rebellion, Series One, 39(1): 100, 157, 189; Tippah County Minutes of Police Board, September, December 1865; SAA, 6, 9, 13 January, 25 February, 25 November 1865.
14. SAA, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14 January 1865; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 45(2): 774–75; Thomas Lawrence Connelly, Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865 (Baton Rouge, 1971), 512–14.
15. SAA, 16 June 1864, 3, 5, 6, 12 January 1865; Memphis Bulletin, 19 February 1865; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 45(2): 775, 783.
16. SAA, 21 November 1863, 26 January, 26 June, 28 September, 8 October 1864, 16, 17, 23, 25, 30 January, 9, 18, 28 February 1865; Moore, Conscription and Conflict, 243–46, 305–42.
17. Brown, History of Tippah County, 153–54; SAA, 30 November 1864.
18. SAA, 13 February 1865; Moore, Conscription and Conflict, 342–49; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 170–72.
19. SAA, 16 February 1865.
20. Tippah County Tax Rolls (Personal), 1861; SAA, 29 November, 7 December 1863, 24 July 1864; Agnew, Historical Sketch, 12–14, 20; Tippah County Minutes of Police Board, December 1864; Berlin, Destruction of Slavery, 249–62, 300; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 163–65, 167.
21. SAA, 3, 8, 25 December 1863, 28 May, 26 December 1864; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 172–73.
22. SAA, 27 January 1865.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., 11, 27 January, 17 February 1865; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Slaves, Tippah County, Mississippi, Southern Subdivision.
25. SAA, 28 January, 14, 15, 27 February 1865.
26. Ibid., 27, 28 January 1865.
27. Ibid., 18 February 1865.
28. Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Productions of Agriculture, Tippah County, Mississippi, Southern Division; Simpson, “Battle of Brice’s Crossroads”; SAA, 21 February 1865.
29. SAA, 11 June 1864, 2 January, 15 February, 8 March 1865; Agnew, “Battle of Tishomingo Creek,” 402; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 39(1): 173; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Tippah County, Mississippi, p. 43/691.
30. SAA, 18, 19, 20, 30 January, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28 February 1865; Mary Elizabeth Massey, Ersatz in the Confederacy: Shortages and Substitutes on the Southern Homefront (1952; repr., Columbia, S.C., 1993), 120–21.
31. SAA, 14, 15 January, 12, 18, 19, 26 February 1865; Agnew, Historical Sketch, 23; Centennial History, 493–94.
32. SAA, 8, 15, 21 January, 5, 25, 26 February 1865.
33. Ibid., 6 March, 31 July, 2 October 1864, 12, 29 January, 26 February 1865; Agnew, “Battle of Tishomingo Creek,” 401–403; Agnew, Historical Sketch, passim, esp. 14–16, 18–19, 23; Centennial History, 43, 401–403, 415–17.
34. SAA, January-February 1865, passim, esp. 20 January, 10, 22, 26 February.
35. Ibid., January-February 1865, passim.
36. Ibid., 30 January, 2, 6, 9, 11, 14, 15, 20 February 1865; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York and Oxford, 1988), 822–24.
37. SAA, 9 February 1865.
SPRING: SAMUEL AGNEW
1. SAA, 1, 2, 5 March 1865.
2. Ibid., 1 March 1865.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., 1, 2, 3 March 1865.
5. Ibid., 4, 5 March 1865; John 10:9.
6. SAA, 6, 7 March 1865.
7. Ibid., 7 March 1865.
8. Ibid., 7, 8 March, 18 June 1865.
9. Ibid., 8, 9 March 1865.
10. Ibid.; The Official Atlas of the Civil War (New York and London, 1958), plate 73–3; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 39(1): 188.
11. SAA, 9, 10 March 1865.
12. Ibid., 10 March 1865.
13. Ibid., 10, 11, 12 March 1865; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(1): 75–84; Brown, History of Tippah County, 150–51.
14. SAA, 11, 12, 15 March, 21 April 1865.
15. Ibid., 13, 14, 17, 24, 29 March, 1, 3 April 1865.
16. Ibid., 12, 13 March 1865; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(1): 78, 84; Brown, History of Tippah County, 152; William C. Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi (Baton Rouge, 1967), 8; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 144–45.
17. SAA, 13, 14, 28 March, 3 April 1865.
18. Ibid., 13 March, 12, 13 April 1865; Tippah County Minutes of Police Board, December 1865.
19. SAA, 10, 19, 26 March, 7 May 1865.
20. Ibid., 15, 17, 18 March, 1, 2, 8, 11, 13 April 1865; Moore, Conscription and Conflict, 336–39, 350–52; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 202–205, 261–63.
21. SAA, 16 April, 3 May 1865.
22. Ibid., 11, 13 April 1865.
23. Ibid., 4, 17, 19 April 1865.
24. Ibid., 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 April 1865.
25. Ibid., 5, 6, 9 May 1865; War of the Rebellion, S
eries One, 49(2): 619–20, 752, 830–31; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 16.
26. SAA, 25 April, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24 May 1865; Centennial History, 403; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Oktibbeha County, p. 11.
27. SAA, 8, 10 May 1865.
28. Ibid., 12 May 1865.
29. Ibid., 5, 8, 9, 13, 15, 22, 24 May 1865.
30. Ibid., 7, 14, 27, 30 May 1865; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(2): 751, 874, 906.
31. SAA, 11 April, 1 May 1865.
32. Ibid., 8, 24, 25 May 1865.
33. Ibid., 28 March, 15, 27, 29 May, 1 June 1865.
34. Ibid., 24, 25, 29 May 1865; James L. Roark, Masters Without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (New York, 1977), 111, 120, 138, 159–60; Vernon L. Wharton, The Negro in Mississippi, 1865–1890 (Chapel Hill, 1947), 48–49.
35. SAA, 6, 9, 18, 24, 25, 27, 30 May 1865; Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi, 3, 16–17, 35; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 59; Tippah County Minutes of Police Board, December 1864, May 1865; Brown, History of Tippah County, 151.
36. SAA, 27 May 1865.
37. Ibid., 20 January, 6 August 1864, 22 January, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24 May 1865.
38. Ibid., 21, 22 April, 5, 6, 18, 22, 26, 30, 31 May 1865.
SPRING: JOHN ROBERTSON
1. J. B. Killebrew and J. M. Safford, Introduction to the Resources of Tennessee (Nashville, 1874), 597–601; Agriculture of the United States in 1860, 136–39; Jack Shelley and Jere Hall, Valley of Challenge and Change: The History of Roane County, Tennessee, 1860–1900 (Kingston, Tenn., 1986), 1.
2. JCR, 152, 156, 180.
3. Ibid., 157.
4. Ibid., 100–106, 148, 152, 180.
5. Ibid., 158–59.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 162; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Greene County, Tennessee, p. 84/326; Roane County Deeds, vol. P-1, p. 305.
8. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 22 March 1865; Bryan, “Civil War in East Tennessee,” passim; Fisher, War at Every Door, 63, 86, 87–89.
9. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 25 January, 1 February, 8 March 1865; Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 7:4, 441; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(1): 13–15, 73, 74, 609–10; Shelley and Hall, Valley of Challenge and Change, 9; Fisher, War at Every Door, 80, 82, 83–84, 153.
A Year in the South Page 30