10. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, 30 vols. (Washington, 1894–1922), Series One, 27: 87–89; Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 7:500; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 8 March 1865.
11. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 8 March 1865; Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies, Series One, 11: 795, 27: 87–89; Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 7:500.
12. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies, Series One, 27: 88–89; Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 7:500; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 8 March 1865.
13. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies, Series One, 27: 86–89; Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 7:500.
14. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies, Series One, 27: 88–89.
15. Ibid., 86–89 (reprinting article from Chattanooga Gazette, 2 March 1865); Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 7:442, 500; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 1 February, 8 March 1865; Groce, Mountain Rebels, 123–26, 128–31; Fisher, War at Every Door, 130–53, 155; Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, passim; Stephen V. Ash, When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861–1865 (Chapel Hill and London, 1995), chap. 2.
16. JCR, 12, 79–80, 105, 115–17, 126–28.
17. Ibid., 97–99, 156, 163, 166; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (New York, 1984), 102–14; Sutherland, Expansion of Everyday Life, 117.
18. JCR, 134–35, 138, 411.
19. Ibid., 134–35.
20. Ibid., 99, 135–36, 141–44, 154–56, 158; Compiled Civil War Service Records, 43rd Tennessee Infantry (Lt. John W. Robertson); Seventh Census, 1850, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Roane County, Tennessee, p. 335, National Archives, Washington; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Roane County, Tennessee, p. 162/182; Ninth Census, 1870, Manuscript Returns of Inhabitants, Roane County, Tennessee, p. 419, National Archives, Washington; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Productions of Agriculture, Roane County, Tennessee, District 8; Roane County, Tennessee, County Court Minutes, Book S, pp. 43–44, 57, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville.
21. JCR, 139, 158, 165, 194.
22. Ibid., 53, 136, 155, 159, 163.
23. Ibid., 154, 156, 159, 161, 164.
24. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 3, 10, 17 May 1865; Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 8:78; War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(2): 437; Fisher, War at Every Door, 154–56.
25. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 3 May 1865; William Joseph Fowler, “History of Roane County, Tennessee, 1860–1870” (M.A. thesis, University of Tennessee, 1964), 39–40, 105–107; Shelley and Hall, Valley of Challenge and Change, 6, 10; Fisher, War at Every Door, 156–57; Bailey, Class and Tennessee’s Confederate Generation, 106–10.
26. Fowler, “History of Roane County,” 11–12, 38–39, 108–109; Shelley and Hall, Valley of Challenge and Change, 6, 10–11; Fisher, War at Every Door, 156; Groce, Mountain Rebels, 128, 131; Richard Nelson Current, Lincoln’s Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy (Boston, 1992), 58–60, 214–15.
27. Coulter, William G. Brownlow, 261, 263–64, 267–68; Robert H. White and Stephen V. Ash, eds., Messages of the Governors of Tennessee, 10 vols. to date (Nashville, 1952-), 5:394–95, 397–401; Fisher, War at Every Door, 165–67; Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 8:251.
28. Coulter, William G. Brownlow, 262–65, 270–73; Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 17 May 1865; White and Ash, Messages of the Governors of Tennessee, 5:395, 439–40; Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 8:251.
29. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, 17 May 1865; Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 7:4; Shelley and Hall, Valley of Challenge and Change, 11; Fisher, War at Every Door, 159–63; Groce, Mountain Rebels, 135–40.
30. Session minutes, March 1865, Cedar Fork Baptist Church, Philadelphia, Loudon (formerly Roane) County, Records, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville. See also session minutes, October 1865, Shiloh Primitive Baptist Church, Kingston, Roane County, Records, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville.
31. Graf, Haskins, and Bergeron, Papers of Andrew Johnson, 8:155, 250; Fisher, War at Every Door, 157–59, 163–64; Groce, Mountain Rebels, 131–32, 133–35, 147–49; Bailey, Class and Tennessee’s Confederate Generation, 116–18.
32. JCR 162; Fisher, War at Every Door, 157; Bailey, Class and Tennessee’s Confederate Generation, 117.
33. JCR, 160.
34. Ibid., 155, 162.
35. Ibid., 158, 164.
36. Ibid., 159, 163.
SPRING: CORNELIA MCDONALD
1. CPM, 200–201, 200n; Williams, Glengarry McDonalds, 286.
2. CPM, 197n, 204n, 205, 225, 235n, 254–55.
3. Ibid., 254; Compiled Civil War Service Records, 7th Virginia Cavalry.
4. CPM, 250. Edward, age thirty-two in 1865, was one of nine children born to Angus McDonald by his first wife, who died in 1843. See CPM, appendix G.
5. Ibid., 250–51, 251n.
6. Ibid., 225–26, 251; Massey, Ersatz in the Confederacy, 106–107.
7. CPM, 251.
8. Lexington Gazette, 4 January, 22 February, 31 March 1865; Lee, Memoirs, 392; CPM, 250.
9. Lexington Gazette, 31 March 1865; CPM, 250.
10. CPM, 248–50, 255; Lee, Memoirs, 386–92; J. Tracy Power, Lee’s Miserables: Life in the Army of Northern Virginia from the Wilderness to Appomattox (Chapel Hill and London, 1998), 217–70, 307–15.
11. Blair, Virginia’s Private War, 130–31, 150; Faust, Mothers of Invention, 238–44; Lexington Gazette, 31 March 1865; CPM, 248, 255.
12. CPM, 252; “Maj. E. H. McDonald,” Confederate Veteran 20 (1912): 530; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 98.
13. CPM, 252–53; Williams, Glengarry McDonalds, 265.
14. CPM, 21, 52–53, 147–48, 252, 253; Williams, Glengarry McDonalds, 259–65, 276–77; Marten, Children’s Civil War, 158–67.
15. CPM, 253.
16. Ibid., 259; Power, Lee’s Miserables, 272–77.
17. CPM, 252, 259; Williams, Glengarry McDonalds, 265; Power, Lee’s Miserables, 276–77.
18. CPM, 259; Power, Lee’s Miserables, 278–85; Lee, Memoirs, 406.
19. CPM, 258–59; Lexington Gazette, 13 April 1865; D. Gardiner Tyler, “Diary for 1865,” Tyler’s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine 30 (1949): 252; Lee, Memoirs, 407; Allan, Life and Letters, 207.
20. CPM, 259.
21. Ibid., 259–60, 259n; “Maj. E. H. McDonald,” 530; Williams, Glengarry McDonalds, 172–73.
22. CPM, 260; Lexington Gazette, 13, 20, 27 April 1865; Tyler, “Diary for 1865,” 253–54; F. N. Boney, “Virginia,” in W. Buck Yearns, ed., The Confederate Governors (Athens, Ga., 1985), 230–31; “Letters of John Letcher,” 139.
23. Lexington Gazette, 13, 20 April 1865; CPM, 257.
24. Lexington Gazette, 13 April 1865.
25. Ibid., 13, 20 April, 4, 11 May 1865.
26. Ibid., 4 May 1865; Lee, Memoirs, 410; Rockbridge County Court Minute Book, 1, 2 May 1865.
27. Rockbridge County Court Minute Book, 1, 2 May 1865; Lexington Gazette, 13 April 1865; Lee, Memoirs, 410.
28. Lee, Memoirs, 410; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 99–100.
29. Blair, Virginia’s Private War, 150; “Letters of John Letcher,” 139; Lexington Gazette, 27 April 1865.
30. CPM, 257–58; Allan, Life and Letters, 207–208.
31. CPM, 247–48, 256–59; Rable, Civil Wars, 222–24.
32. CPM, 17–19, 50, 63, 117–18, 120, 122, 134, 138, 153–54, 248, 260.
33. Ibid., 259, 261; William Pendleton to J. G. Paxton, 5 May 1865, Pendleton Papers; Lexington Gazette, 11 May 1865.
&nbs
p; 34. CPM, 258–59; Lee, Memoirs, 408n.
35. Lee, Memoirs, 408–10, 411, 412; Driver, Lexington in the Civil War, 99; CPM, 264.
36. CPM, 257, 259, 505–507.
37. Ibid., 50, 50n, 59–60, 60–61, 76, 82, 83, 117–18, 132, 135–36, 139–40, 140n, 165–66, 261; Williams, Glengarry McDonalds, 271, 280.
38. CPM, 261, 264.
39. Ibid., 261.
SPRING: LOUIS HUGHES
1. War of the Rebellion, Series One, 49(1): 99, 117, 123, 49(2): 1232; Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 68, 559, 780–81; LH, 167–68; Clarke County Journal, 6, 13 April, 25 May 1865; Head, “Salt Works of Clarke County,” 17.
2. LH, 167–68, 169.
3. Ibid., 168–69; Head, “Salt Works of Clarke County,” 17.
4. LH, 168–69.
5. Ibid., 168, 169.
6. George Rogers Taylor and Irene D. Neu, The American Railroad Network, 1861–1890 (Cambridge, Mass., 1956), map III; Official Atlas of the Civil War, plates 148, 154, 155; John W. Kyle, “Reconstruction in Panola County,” Mississippi Historical Society Publications 13 (1913): 12.
7. Everard Green Baker Diary, 23 April 1865, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Kyle, “Reconstruction in Panola County,” 10; George P. Rawick, ed., The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, 41 vols. (Westport, Conn., 1972–1979), 11(2): 252; Agriculture of the United States in 1860, 85.
8. LH, 122, 139, 150, 169, 181.
9. Ibid., 169.
10. Ibid., 150, 169, 170, 182, 183; McGehee Family Genealogical File; petition of John S. McGehee, 278-M-1864, Letters Received by the Confederate Secretary of War, 1861–1865, M-437, National Archives, Washington; “History of Panola County, Compiled from Reminiscences of Oldest Citizens,” unpublished typescript, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson.
11. Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Slaves, Panola County, Mississippi, p. 32; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Productions of Agriculture, Panola County, Mississippi, Spring Pool post office, p. 15; Agriculture of the United States in 1860, 206, 232; LH, 150, 152, 175.
12. LH, 136, 151–53, 156, 160; Panola County Tax Rolls (Personal), 1864, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson; F. B. Irby et al. to William Sharkey, 17 July 1865, Sharkey Letters; Rawick, American Slave, 9(2): 225–26, 10(1): 60, 8(Suppl., Series One): 1300; Kyle, “Reconstruction in Panola County,” 81.
13. LH, 137–38; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 85.
14. Panola County Tax Rolls (Personal), 1861, 1864; John S. McGehee file, Amnesty Papers (Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons, 1865–1867), RG 94, M-1003, National Archives, Washington; petition of John S. McGehee, 278-M-1864, Letters Received by Confederate Secretary of War; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 86. See also receipts for provisions purchased from John S. McGehee, 1862–64, by Confederate quartermaster and commissary officers, in Confederate Papers Relating to Citizens or Business Firms, M-346, National Archives, Washington.
15. Petition of John S. McGehee, 278-M-1864, Letters Received by Confederate Secretary of War; McGehee Family Genealogical File; LH, 117, 148–49, 157, 164.
16. Petition of John S. McGehee, 278-M-1864, Letters Received by Confederate Secretary of War; John S. McGehee file, Amnesty Papers; LH, 156–58.
17. “History of Panola County.”
18. LH, 69, 94, 151–52, 155–56, 171.
19. Ibid., 70, 100–101.
20. Ibid., 15, 25–26, 37, 41–42, 62, 63, 136, 153, 155.
21. Panola County Tax Rolls (Personal), 1864; Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Slaves, Panola County, Mississippi, p. 32; petition of John S. McGehee, 278-M-1864, Letters Received by Confederate Secretary of War; LH, 37, 40, 43–44, 173, 174; Panola County Apprentice Bonds and Indentures, 1865–66, pp. 180–205, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson.
22. LH, 38–39.
23. Ibid., 26–28, 33–34, 35, 39; Baker Diary, 4 February–31 May 1865, passim; John Solomon Otto, Southern Agriculture During the Civil War Era, 1860–1880 (Westport, Conn., 1994), 13; Sam B. Hilliard, Hog Meat and Hoecake: Food Supply in the Old South, 1840–1860 (Carbondale, Ill., 1972), 152–53; Sutherland, Expansion of Everyday Life, 141–42, 146–47.
24. Tennessee Almanac 1865.
25. LH, 173.
26. Panola County Genealogical and Historical Society, History of Panola County, Mississippi (n.p., 1987), 119–20; Panola Historical and Genealogical Society, Cemeteries of Panola County, Mississippi (n.p., 1994), 125.
27. Panola County Genealogical and Historical Society, History of Panola County, 119–20; Rawick, American Slave, 11(2): 252.
28. LH, 53–54, 90–91, 147, 174; Albert J. Raboteau, Slave Religion: The “Invisible Institution” in the Antebellum South (New York, 1978), passim.
29. Baker Diary, 23 April–31 May 1865, passim.
30. LH, 16–17, 43–44, 96, 169; Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Household, 148.
31. Eighth Census, 1860, Manuscript Returns of Free Inhabitants, Shelby County, Tennessee, District 14, p. 134; McGehee Family Genealogical File.
32. McGehee Family Genealogical File; Florence Warfield Sillers, et al., comps., History of Bolivar County, Mississippi (Jackson, Miss., 1948), 473; LH, 13, 169–70.
33. LH, 18, 19, 39, 40–41, 70–74, 80, 86, 89.
34. Ibid., 94–99.
35. Ibid., 13, 18, 21–22, 42, 46, 50–51, 64, 68, 95, 101–102, 188–89.
36. Ibid., 19–21, 22–25, 45–46, 55–58, 97, 99, 112–13, 189–90.
37. Ibid., 89–90.
38. Ibid., 111–14, 121, 139, 146–47, 168, 172.
39. Ibid., 127–37; Berlin, Destruction of Slavery, 300.
40. LH, 46, 139–46; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 160–63.
41. Population of the United States in 1860, 270; Agriculture of the United States in 1860, 232; Kyle, “Reconstruction in Panola County,” 15–16, 16–17, 19, 83; Rawick, American Slave, 10(2): 76, 11(2): 255, 7(Suppl., Series One): 628; Benjamin Bedford to Captain Merriweather, 9 June 1863, Benjamin W. Bedford Letterbook, 1853–1867, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville.
42. LH, 154.
43. Ibid., 154–55.
44. Ibid., 139; Rawick, American Slave, 11(2): 254, 7(Suppl., Series One): 628–29, 8(Suppl., Series One): 1257; Memphis Bulletin, 14 March 1865; Benjamin Bedford to Captain Merriweather, 9 June 1863, Bedford Letterbook.
45. LH, 149–50.
46. Ibid., 150–51.
47. Ibid., 151; Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York, 1979), 172–74.
48. Ash, When the Yankees Came, chap. 5.
49. Benjamin Bedford to E. M. Georges, 11 December 1864, to Thomas Hudson, 20 April 1865, and to H. W. Wall, 10 May 1866, Bedford Letterbook; petition of John S. McGehee, 278-M-1864, Letters Received by Confederate Secretary of War; Rawick, American Slave, 10(1): 60, 11(2): 253, 8(Suppl., Series One): 1257; Kyle, “Reconstruction in Panola County,” 43, 55.
50. Baker Diary, 10, 31 May 1865; Memphis Bulletin, 20 May 1865; General Orders No. 57, 27 May 1865, reprinted in Weekly Panola (Mississippi) Star, 8 July 1865; Rawick, American Slave, 11(2): 254.
51. LH, 172–74, 180, 181–82, 183–84; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 47–48; Circular, 24 July 1865, reprinted in Weekly Panola Star, 29 July 1865; Compiled Civil War Service Records, Captain Jackson’s Company, Tennessee cavalry (Confederate); Roark, Masters Without Slaves, 103–104; Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 179–84.
52. LH, 172–73.
53. Ibid., 169, 172–73.
SUMMER: LOUIS HUGHES
1. Baker Diary, 8, 15, 23 June 1865; Weekly Panola Star, 1, 8 July 1865.
2. LH, 172–73; Weekly Panola Star, 1, 22, 29 July 1865; Kyle,
“Reconstruction in Panola County,” 55–56; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 47–48.
3. General Order No. 3, 1 August 1865, Orders and Circulars, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Mississippi, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land, 1865–1869, M-826, National Archives, Washington; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 48; Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 183.
4. LH, 173–74.
5. Ibid.
6. LH, 155–56, 174; Tennessee Almanac 1865.
7. LH, 174–75.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 167–68, 175.
10. Ibid., 175; Official Atlas of the Civil War, plate 154; Tennessee Almanac 1865.
11. Tennessee Almanac 1865; LH, 175, 177; Weekly Panola Star, 1 July 1865; Memphis Bulletin, 28 June 1865.
12. LH, 175; Official Atlas of the Civil War, plate 154; Weekly Panola Star, 1 July 1865; Memphis Bulletin, 27 June 1865.
13. LH, 175–76; William Hackley to wife, 26 June 1865, William R. Hackley Letters, Special Collections, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Memphis Argus, 27 June 1865.
14. LH, 176; Memphis Argus, 23 July 1865.
15. LH, 109, 176; Reid, After the War, 291–92; J. E. Hilary Skinner, After the Storm; or, Jonathan and His Neighbours in 1865–6, 2 vols. (London, 1866), 2: 11; Trowbridge, The South, 333; Jack D. L. Holmes, “The Underlying Causes of the Memphis Race Riot of 1866,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 17 (1958): 206; William Hackley to wife, 6 March 1864, 4, 11 June 1865, Hackley Letters.
16. LH, 59–67, 176.
17. Ibid., 176; Memphis Argus, 30 June 1865; Memphis Bulletin, 29, 30 June 1865; Ernest W. Hooper, “Memphis, Tennessee: Federal Occupation and Reconstruction, 1862–1870” (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1957), 192; Holmes, “Memphis Race Riot,” 198–99.
18. LH, 176–77; Compiled Civil War Service Records, 27th Ohio Infantry.
19. Memphis Bulletin, 29 June 1865.
20. Compiled Civil War Service Records, 27th Ohio Infantry and 63rd United States Colored Infantry; Dyer, Compendium of the War, 3: 1509; T. A. Walker to Samuel Thomas, 17 June 1865, Letters Received, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for Mississippi; Ira Berlin et al., eds., The Black Military Experience (Cambridge, Eng., 1982), 719–20; Bobby Lee Lovett, “Memphis Riots: White Reaction to Blacks in Memphis, May 1865-July 1866,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 38 (1979): 10.
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