by Ronan Farrow
287 use nuclear weapons against: “Nuclear Posture Review.” 8 January 2002, web.stanford.edu/class/polisci211z/2.6/NPR2001leaked.pdf.
287 saber-rattling condemnations: Ryan, Maria. “Why the US’ 1994 Deal with North Korea Failed—and What Trump Can Learn From It.” The Conversation, 19 July 2017, theconversation.com/why-the-uss-1994-deal-with-north-korea-failed-and-what-trump-can-learn-from-it-80578.
287 “we are looking for a few diplomats”: Hill, Christopher R. Outpost: A Diplomat at Work. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015, p. 195. Kindle.
287 “robotlike”: Hill, Christopher R. Outpost: A Diplomat at Work. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015, p. 229. Kindle.
288 “would Holbrooke have canceled”: Author phone interview with Christopher Hill, 12 September 2017.
288 Holbrooke himself showed up: Hill, Christopher R. Outpost: A Diplomat at Work. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015, pp. 215, 237, 253. Kindle.
288 “You may never have another like it”: Hill, Christopher R. Outpost: A Diplomat at Work. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015, p. 225. Kindle.
288 pipes were being sawed: Hill, Christopher R. Outpost: A Diplomat at Work. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015, p. 229. Kindle.
288 “They never got serious”: Author phone interview with Christopher Hill, 12 September 2017.
289 “I can’t speak to that”: Author interview with Hillary Clinton, 20 November 2017.
289 “If we get out”: Author interview with Condoleezza Rice, 3 August 2017.
289 appear responsible without committing: “China Says Six-Party Talks Resumption Not Easy, But in the Right Direction.” Reuters, 6 August 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asean-philippines-china-northkorea-mi/china-says-six-party-talks-resumption-not-easy-but-in-the-right-direction-idUSKBN1AM089.
290 meet with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un: Gaouette, Nicole et al. “US starts to prep for North Korea summit even as Pyongyang remains silent.” CNN, 13 March 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/13/politics/trump-korea-summit-early-prep/index.html.
290 “a long way from negotiations”: Lauter, David. “Trump’s risky, but bold approach to North Korea.” Los Angeles Times, 9 March 2018, http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-essential-politics-20180309-story.html.
290 many in the foreign policy establishment feared: Lewis, Jeffrey. “Trump is walking into Kim Jong Un’s Trap.” Washington Post, 13 March 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/03/13/trump-north-korea/?utm_term=.4167c5ee8b24.
290 President Xi urged the United States: “President Xi meets U.S. Secretary of State.” Xinhua, 19 March 2017, news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/19/c_136140432.htm.
291 “win-win cooperation”: Brunnstrom, David. “Tillerson Affirms Importance of Constructive U.S.-China Ties.” Reuters, 22 February 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-tillerson/tillerson-affirms-importance-of-constructive-u-s-china-ties-idUSKBN1602TL?il=0.
291 “Barack Obama refused to do”: Beech, Hannah. “Rex Tillerson’s Deferential Visit to China.” New Yorker, 21 March 2017, www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/rex-tillersons-deferential-visit-to-china; “Did America’s Top Diplomat Inadvertently Offer China a New Great Power Relationship?” Japan Times, 21 March 2017, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/03/21/asia-pacific/politics-diplomacy-asia-pacific/americas-top-diplomat-inadvertently-offer-china-new-great-power-relationship/.
292 “He believes in win-win”: Author interview with Brian Hook, 13 December 2017.
292 watching an enthusiastic dog tear up your upholstery: Author interview with anonymous State Department official, 1 June 2017.
292 The trend line is striking: Zhang, Junyi. “Order from Chaos: Chinese Foreign Assistance, Explained.” Order from Chaos (Brookings blog), 19 July 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/07/19/chinese-foreign-assistance-explained/.
292 $10 billion a year: Shambaugh, David. “China’s Soft-Power Push.” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2015, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-06-16/china-s-soft-power-push.
292 Beijing gets more influence: Lynch, Colum. “China Eyes Ending Western Grip on Top U.N. Jobs With Greater Control Over Blue Helmets.” Foreign Policy, 2 October 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/10/02/china-eyes-ending-western-grip-on-top-u-n-jobs-with-greater-control-over-blue-helmets/.
293 China is exploring a mediating role: Putz, Catherine. “Can China Help Mediate Between Afghanistan and Pakistan?” Diplomat, 13 June 2017, thediplomat.com/2017/06/can-china-help-mediate-between-afghanistan-and-pakistan/.
293 Sudan’s brutalized population: Johnson, Keith. “China’s African Adventure.” Foreign Policy, 24 April 2014, foreignpolicy.com/2014/04/24/chinas-african-adventure/.
293 unique leverage to press for peace: Farrow, Ronan. “China’s Crude Conscience.” Wall Street Journal, 10 August 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115515906133031402.
293 China swiftly stepped in: Morimoto, Andy. “Should America Fear China’s Alternative to the TP?” Diplomat, 17 March 2016, thediplomat.com/2016/03/should-america-fear-chinas-alternative-to-the-tp/.
293 “One Belt, One Road” initiative: Ayres, Alyssa. “Trump To Cut Foreign Aid Budgets, Opening South and Central Asia’s Door to Chinese Influence.” Forbes, 4 May 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/alyssaayres/2017/05/04/trump-to-cut-foreign-aid-budgets-opening-south-and-central-asias-door-to-chinese-influence/#77e273a75f50.
293 “It’s a completely self-inflicted wound”: Author interview with John Kerry, 21 November 2017.
EPILOGUE: THE TOOL OF FIRST RESORT
295 two types of military dispute: Cicero. De Officiis. Translated by P. G. Walsh. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, loc. 1014. Kindle.
296 “reprioritization of diplomacy”: Author phone interview with Ben Rhodes, 18 August 2017.
297 “shouts coming through the walls”: Author phone interview with Jon Finer, 11 September 2017.
297 the whole hotel heard them: Lakshmana, Indira A. R., “If You Can’t Do This Deal . . . Go Back to Tehran.” Politico Magazine, 25 September 2015, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/09/iran-deal-inside-story-213187?paginate=false.
297 Rice Krispies Treats: Viser, Matt. “Twizzlers, String Cheese, and Mixed Nuts (in Larger Quantities) Fuel Iran Nuclear Negotiations.” Boston Globe, 7 July 2015, https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2015/07/07/twizzlers-string-cheese-and-mixed-nuts-large-quantities-fuel-iran-nuclear-negotiators/zun8dliHFISaCV8yzrTVNO/story.html.
298 Zarif bellowed: Gay, John Allen. “Why is Iran’s Foreign Minister So Angry?” National Interest, 9 July 2015, nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/why-irans-foreign-minister-so-angry-13303.
298 a “diplomat’s diplomat”: Itkowitz, Colby. “Bill Burns, a ‘Diplomat’s Diplomat’ Retires.” Washington Post, 11 April 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2014/04/11/bill-burns-a-diplomats-diplomat-retires/?utm_term=.4e10e71e949a.
298 “the next Bill Burns”: Author interview with John Kerry, 21 November 2017.
299 “opened up a new phase”: Author phone interview with William Burns, 14 September 2017.
299 squeezing every aspect of Iran’s economy: Solomon, Jay. The Iran Wars: Spy Games, Bank Battles, and the Secret Deals That Reshaped the Middle East. New York: Random House, 2016, loc. 2385-2386. Kindle.
299 Oman: Author phone interview with William Burns, 14 September 2017.
299 “there might be an opening”: Author phone interview with William Burns, 14 September 2017.
300 “a patch of negotiations in Muscat”: Author phone interview with Jon Finer, 11 September 2017.
300 “The Most Romantic Moments of the Iran-Deal Negotiations”: Fuller, Jaime. “The Most Romantic Moments of the Iran-Deal Negotiations.” New York, 16 July 2015, nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/07/most-romantic-moments-of-the-iran-deal.html.
300 “very limited enrichment program”: Author interview with Wendy Sherman, 13 September 2017.
301 a Rubik’s Cube: Author interview with
Wendy Sherman, 13 September 2017.
301 gag gift: Lakshmana, Indira A. R., “If You Can’t Do This Deal . . . Go Back to Tehran.” Politico Magazine, 25 September 2015, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/09/iran-deal-inside-story-213187?paginate=false.
301 “I was quite focused”: Author interview with Wendy Sherman, 13 September 2017.
302 “war is the failure of diplomacy”: Kerry, John. “Iran Accord Address and Presser.” Austria Center, Vienna, Austria, 14 July 2015, www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/johnkerryiranaccord.htm.
302 explode the secret diplomatic entrees: Lake, Eli. “Why Obama Let Iran’s Green Revolution Fail.” Bloomberg View, 25 August 2016, https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2016/08/24/why-obama-let-iran-s-green-revolution-fail.
302 Iran threatened to pull out: Solomon, Jay. The Iran Wars: Spy Games, Bank Battles, and the Secret Deals That Reshaped the Middle East. New York: Random House, 2016, loc. 219-225. Kindle.
302 claims that Iran had cheated: Gladstone, Rick. “Arms Control Experts Urge Trump to Honor Iran Nuclear Deal.” New York Times, 13 September 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/world/middleeast/iran-nuclear-deal-trump.html.
302 view Iran as a “jigsaw puzzle”: Haley, Nikki. “Nikki Haley Address on Iran and the JCPOA.” American Enterprise Institute, 5 September 2017.
303 “without a shot being fired”: Author phone interview with William Burns, 14 September 2017.
303 “you were going to have a confrontation”: Author interview with John Kerry, 21 November 2017.
303 “race to a bomb covertly”: Author phone interview with Jon Finer, 11 September 2017.
304 “something short of a perfect solution:” Author phone interview with William Burns, 14 September 2017.
304 how complex negotiated settlements looked: Hronesvoa, Jessie. “A Flawed Recipe for How to End a War and Build a State: 20 Years Since the Dayton Agreement.” London School of Economics and Political Science Blog, 14 December 2015, blogs.lse.ac.uk/europblog/2015/12/14/a-flawed-recipe-for-how-to-end-a-war-and-build-a-state-20-years-since-the-dayton-agreement/.
304 “If we ditch this deal”: Author phone interview with Jon Finer, 11 September 2017.
305 “Trump’s done it backwards, with bluster”: Author interview with John Kerry, 21 November 2017.
305 more than eighty arms control specialists: Gladstone, Rick. “Arms Control Experts Urge Trump to Honor Iran Nuclear Deal.” New York Times, 13 September 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/world/middleeast/iran-nuclear-deal-trump.html.
306 “There was so much to do”: Author interview with Thomas Countryman, 22 June 2017.
307 “I found that confusing”: “Tom Countryman’s Farewell: A Diplomat’s Love Letter to America.” Diplopundit, 2 February 2017, https://diplopundit.net/2017/02/02/tom-countrymans-farewell-a-diplomats-love-letter-to-america.
307 “ambassadors legendary”: “Tom Countryman’s Farewell: A Diplomat’s Love Letter to America.” Diplopundit, 2 February 2017, https://diplopundit.net/2017/02/02/tom-countrymans-farewell-a-diplomats-love-letter-to-america.
307 “foreign policy without professionals”: “Tom Countryman’s Farewell: A Diplomat’s Love Letter to America.” Diplopundit, 2 February 2017, https://diplopundit.net/2017/02/02/tom-countrymans-farewell-a-diplomats-love-letter-to-america.
307 “Beijing will run the table”: “Tom Countryman’s Farewell: A Diplomat’s Love Letter to America.” Diplopundit, 2 February 2017, https://diplopundit.net/2017/02/02/tom-countrymans-farewell-a-diplomats-love-letter-to-america.
307 “Why would we do that?”: Author interview with Wendy Sherman, 13 September 2017.
308 “ought to be the tool of first resort”: Author phone interview with William Burns, 14 September 2017.
308 “Public service can make a difference”: Holbrooke, Richard. To End a War. New York: Random House, 2011, loc. 2930-2931. Kindle.
309 “ ‘who needs embassies?’ ”: Author phone interview with William Burns, 14 September 2017.
309 “will focus on nonproliferation”: Author interviews with Brian Hook, 5 July 2017 and 13 December 2017.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text
Abbottabad, 131
Abdullah, Abdullah, 200
Abe, Shinzo, 286
Abedin, Huma, 47, 110
Abizaid, John, 217
Abrams, Elliott, 274
Abrams tanks, 25
Abu Dhabi, 217
Abu Zaid, Osama, 160
Acheson, Dean, 5
Adams, Henry, 84
Adams, John, 3
Afghan army, 170
training of, 67
Afghanistan, xxvii, xxxii, xxxiii, 8, 15, 18, 26, 29, 41–42, 46, 50, 53, 54, 59, 62, 63, 91, 92, 96, 101, 113, 135, 155, 156, 163, 167, 208, 210, 227, 238, 245, 293, 309
agriculture in, 79–80
American objectives in, 184
Bonn talks on new government for, 176
counterinsurgeny in, 66–67
Dasht-i-Leili massacre in, 164–202
Dostum and, 164–202
drug economy of, 79
insurgency in, 44–45
Jowzjan Province of, 169
mass graves in, 164–66, 185–86
militarization of policy process for, 116–17
mujahedeen in, 170–71
NGOs in, 81–82
Pakistanis airlifted out of, 42
Pakistani troops fired on in, 133
Petraeus’s strategy in, 61, 63
Soviet occupation of, 22–26
trilateral talks with, 96
troop surge in, 64–67
Trump’s troop surge in, 201–2
2018 troop surge in, 156
US covert war in, 23–25
US military spending in, 80
US reconstruction in, 78–82
Vietnam parallels of, 19–20
water policy in, 98
African Union, 212
African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), 219
Agha, Syed Tayyab (A-Rod), 99–101, 102, 118–19, 120, 135
Agriculture Department, US, 55
Ahmad, Abdullahi Yusuf, 211
Ahmad, Mehmood, 41
Ahmed, Rashid, 168
Akhtar, General, 25
Alam, Mir, 182
Albright, Madeleine, xxii, xxiv, xxvi, 28, 40–41, 273, 277
alcohol, 231
Alemu, Tekeda, 212, 214–16
Aleppo, 159, 160
Alexandria, 229
Allen, John, 133–34
Allen, Rex, 258–59
Aller, Frank, 13
Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT), 210
Al-Mousa, Abdullah, 159, 160
al-Qaeda, 8, 42, 61, 65, 72–73, 100, 101, 105, 115, 132, 135, 173, 192, 201, 209–10, 214, 218, 232
al-Shabaab, 204, 205–7, 209, 218–20, 221
international reach of, 220
US arms diverted to, 219
Alston, Philip, 241
American Enterprise Institute, 281
American Revolution, 3
Amiri, Rina, 55, 57, 58, 123
Andropov, Yuri, 22
Animal Farm (Orwell), 36–37
anti-communism, 245–46
Arab League, xi
Arab Spring, 59
Arango, Andres Pastrana, 243–44
Archibald, Frank, 57
Armitage, Richard, 41
arms control, x–xi, xv
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, xxii–xxiii
arms sales, 156–57
Army, US, 246
Army Corps of Engineers, 80
Asia Society, 84, 135
Asmara, Eritrea, 203–4, 220
Assad, Bashar al-, 161
Associated Press, 233
atom bombs, 23
AUC, 248, 249, 252
Australia, 5, 9
3
Avrakotos, Gust, 171–72
Axelrod, David, 64, 120
Azouli, 232
Baghlan province, 182
Bahrain, 157
Baker, James, xxi, 158, 275–76
Balkh province, 182
Bannon, Steve, 279
Barre, Siad, 208
Bart (Air Force controller), 178–79, 180
Bearden, Milton, 24, 26, 27–28, 170–71
Beblawi, Hazem el-, 224, 225–26, 227
Bechtel, 277
Beg, General, 26
Beijing, xxii
Bellamy, William M., 211
Benghazi, xvi
Benjamin Franklin State Dining Room, 54
Bentancur, President, 249
Bergdahl, Bowe, 101
Bhutto, Benazir, 26, 29, 33, 34, 35–36, 88
assassination of, 35–36
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 23, 26
Biden, Joseph, 50, 54, 123
Big Stone Gap, Va., 126
Bilderberg Group, 60
bin Laden, Osama, 8, 25, 28, 41, 132, 137–38, 140, 143, 173, 175, 179
raid and death of, 131, 134
“Black Hawk Down,” 208
Black Hawk helicopters, 130–31
Black Hawk incident, 209
black sites, 180
Blair, Dennis, xxvi
Blank, Jonah, 130
Blinken, Tony, xvii, 49–50, 232
“body count syndrome,” 242
Bogota, 241
Bohlen, Charles, 5
Bommer, Ashley, 185
Bonn, Germany, 176
Bonn Agreement, 176
Bosnia, 38–41, 53, 99, 109
Boston University, 35
Boucey, Mark, 214
Bowden, Mark, 208
Boy Scouts, 259
Brahimi, Lakhdar, 106, 173
briefing papers, 263
Brown, Hank, 29
Brown Daily Herald, 16
Bryden, Matthew, 210, 218, 219
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 23
Buckinghamshire, England, 204
Bundesnachrichtendienst, 99
Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation, 306
Burns, Bill, 134, 224, 233, 298–99, 300, 303–4, 308, 309
Bush, George H. W., xxi, 27
Bush, George W., xxiv, xxvi, 42, 80, 142, 162, 174, 211, 286, 287
Bush (George W.) administration, xxiii, xxxii, 43, 44, 66, 78, 79, 184–85, 288, 295, 299