Empress of the East
Page 40
33. Uluçay, Padişahların kadınları, 31–34.
34. Alberi, Relazioni, 3:103.
35. Setton, Papacy, 3:152.
36. Alberi, Relazioni, 3:53–54.
37. Valensi, Birth, 18; Alberi, Relazioni, 3:xxiii, 6ff.
38. Valensi, Birth, 19–20; Necipoğlu, “Suleyman,” 404–405.
39. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:30.
40. Hammer, Histoire, 5:90–225, passim.
41. Necipoğlu, “Suleyman,” 410.
42. Ibid., 408–409.
43. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:139–140; Solakzade, Tarih, 2:189ff; Celalzade, Geschichte, 277b–287a.
44. Solakzade, Tarih, 2:187–188.
45. Şahin, Empire, 166ff. and passim.
46. Solakzade, Tarih, 1:189.
47. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:10–13.
48. Karaman, Figani, 13:57–58.
49. Dernschwam, Diary, 139–140.
50. Hammer, Histoire, 5:195.
51. Bodin, Method, 292–293.
52. “Ma`ruzat,” 2:338.
53. Fleischer, “Shadows,” 58ff.
54. Bassano, Costumi, chap. 15.
55. TSMA, E 5662, 6036, 6056.
56. Uluçay, “Notlar,” 255–257.
57. Veinstein, “Süleyman.”
58. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:89.
59. Starkey, English Court, 9.
60. Feros, “Twin Souls,” 32–33.
61. Andrews and Kalpaklı, Age, back cover.
62. Alberi, Relazioni, 3:107.
63. Meisami, “Kings,” passim.
Chapter 10: Building a Reputation
1. Necipoğlu, Age, 268–280.
2. Ibid., 271.
3. Ayvansarayı, Garden, 115.
4. Ives, Life, 215ff.
5. Sanderson, “Sundrie,” 77.
6. Evliya, Narratives, 1:84.
7. See Kafesçioğlu, Constantinopolis, passim, on Byzantine forums.
8. Ibid., 216. The artist may have been Gentile Bellini, whose well-known portrait of Mehmed II hangs in the National Gallery in London.
9. Ibid., 124.
10. Taşkıran, Hasekinin kitabı, 47. The original document was unavailable to me.
11. Uluçay, Padişahların kadınları, 45.
12. Sanderson, “Sundrie,” 436.
13. Goodwin, History, 187.
14. Necipoğlu, Age, 275, expresses reservation about the soup kitchen.
15. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:127.
16. The following section is drawn primarily from Taşkıran, Hasekinin kitabı, 47–49, 133–134.
17. Chapter 9, verse 60 of the Qur`an names deserving recipients of Muslim tithing.
18. Thanks to Mahir Polat for raising the question of who was fed at the soup kitchen.
19. Repp, “Some Observations,” 21–22.
20. Necipoğlu, Age, 271.
21. Taşkıran, Hasekinin kitabı, 64.
22. Ibid., 67–68.
23. Ibid., 63.
24. Dernschwam, Diary, 187–188.
25. Sandys, “Relation,” 158–159.
26. Sayers, Tıfli, passim.
27. Taşkıran, Hasekinin kitabı, 98–100; Necipoğlu, Age, 275.
28. Goodwin, History, 187, quoting L. A. Mayer, Islamic Architecture (1956), 50.
29. Uluçay, “Notlar,” 230–231.
30. Necipoğlu, Age, 294–296; Uluçay, Padişahların kadınları, 33.
31. G-Sicil, 2:200b.
32. TSMA, E 9099, 9517.
33. Repp, “Some Observations,” 27; Taşkıran, Hasekinin kitabı, 105–106.
34. Kiel, Art, 109–110.
35. Peirce, Morality, 44.
36. G-Sicil, 2:220b.
37. Raby, “Sultan,” 4.
38. Ayvansarayı, Garden, 231.
39. Herrin, Women, 21–22.
Chapter 11: Family Matters
1. Charrière, Négotiations, 1:462.
2. Özer, Ottoman, passim.
3. Hammer, Histoire, 2:187; Bryer, “Greek,” passim.
4. Singer, “Enter,” 100–101.
5. Aşıkpaşazade, Tevarih, chap. 3.
6. Busbecq, Letters, 28–29.
7. Şükrullah, Behçet, 58, 62.
8. Sphrantzes, Fall, 61.
9. Bassano, Costumi, chap. 14; see Charrière, Négotiations, 1:473, for the date of Mustafa’s eastern posting.
10. TSMA, E 5038.
11. Uluçay, Osmanlı sultanlarına, 33.
12. Süreyya, Sicil-i Osmani, 4:372.
13. Uluçay, Osmanlı sultanlarına, 33.
14. Menavino, Libri, 16.
15. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:158; Solakzade, Tarih, 2:201.
16. Lutfi, Tevarih, 371; Celalzade, Geschichte, 337a–340b.
17. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:99.
18. Uluçay, Padişahların kadınları, 31.
19. Sakaoğlu, Kadın sultanları, 156.
20. TSMA, E 5038.
21. Charrière, Négotiations, 1:passim.
22. Ibid., 5, 6.
23. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:24.
24. Charrière, Négotiations, 1:471.
25. Bassano, Costumi, chap. 2.
26. Charrière, Négotiations, 1:470.
27. Ibid., 1:473.
Chapter 12: Home and Abroad
1. Uluçay, “Notlar,” 249.
2. Berenson, “Letter,” 13.
3. Havlıoğlu, “On the Margins,” 26.
4. Lewis, Istanbul, 7, 8.
5. Casale, Age of Exploration, chap. 3.
6. Hammer, Histoire, 5:319–320.
7. Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu, 11ff; Ocak, “Idéologie,” 189.
8. Imber, “Persecution,” passim.
9. Peirce, Morality, 251ff.
10. Ibid.
11. Charrière, Négotiations, 1:421, 439, 462.
12. Hammer, Histoire, 5:332.
13. Charrière, Négotiations, 1:442, 473.
14. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 124.
15. Charrière, Négotiations, 1:498.
16. Ibid., 1:462.
17. Ibid., 1:473, 493.
18. Ibid., 1:467.
19. Hammer, Histoire, 5:335.
20. I am grateful to Dariusz Kolodziejczyk and Mateusz Falkowski for help with the Polish sources.
21. Dziubiński, Polish, 152.
22. Ibid., 152.
23. Bues, Marriages, 13–14, passim.
24. For Said Beg’s mission, see Dziubiński, Polish, 151–153.
25. Pajewski, Wegierska, 57–60.
26. Uluçay, “Notlar,” 250. The Islamic year 950 corresponds to April 6, 1543 to March 24, 1544.
27. Hammer, Histoire, 5:364.
28. Yıldız, “Aydınid,” 225.
29. Ibid., 5:356.
30. Wolper, “Khidr,” 142–144.
31. Hammer, Histoire, 5:496.
32. Necipoğlu, Age, 236.
33. Wolper, “Princess Safwat,” 37.
34. Aflaki, Feats, 553.
35. Eastmond, “Art,” 163.
36. Ibid., 164–165.
37. Necipoğlu, Age, 271.
38. Ibid., 293–295.
39. Öngören, “Merkez,” 201.
40. Ayvansarayı, Garden, 280.
41. TSMA, E 3058.
42. Emecen, Tarih, 6–8.
43. Necipoğlu, Age, 293.
44. Hammer, Histoire, 5:377.
45. Uluçay, “Notlar,” 250.
46. Varlık, “Conquest,” 253.
47. Celalzade, Geschichte, 376v–377r.
48. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:189.
Chapter 13: Recovery
1. Bassano, Costumi, chap. 15.
2. Ayvansarayı, Garden, 18.
3. Uluçay, “Notlar,” 250.
4. Hammer, Histoire, 5:385.
5. Bassano, Costumi, chap. 19.
6. Uluçay, “Notlar,” 250.
7. Hammer, Histoire, 5:386; Uluçay, Padişahların kadınları, 40–42.
8. For a detailed description, see Sumner-Boyd and Freely, Strolling, 200ff.
9. Alberi, Rela
zioni, 1:76, 116.
10. Quoted in Necipoğlu, Age, 194.
11. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:116.
12. Akgündüz, Osmanlı, 9:167–168.
13. Barkan, Istanbul, 4–5.
14. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:90.
15. Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni, 47ff.
16. Alderson, Structure, tables 30 and 31.
17. Mihrumah’s daughter is better known as Huma Shah Aisha; she is called Aisha in this book to avoid confusion with her cousin Huma Shah.
18. Busbecq, Letters, 65.
19. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:72.
20. TSMA, E 5859.
21. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:72–73.
22. Ibid., 1:77.
23. Ibid., 1:73.
24. TSMA, E 11480/1; Uluçay, Osmanlı sultanlarına, 40, 42.
25. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:90.
26. Hammer, Histoire, 6:6.
27. Alberi, Relazioni, 3:[96].
28. `Ali, Künh, 124a.
29. Busbecq, Letters, 29.
30. Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni, 74.
31. Ibid., 82.
32. Skilliter, “Three Letters,” doc. 11.
33. Uçtum, “Hürrem,” 712.
34. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:159.
35. Uçtum, “Hürrem,” 709; Sokolniki, “La sultane,” 236. Thanks to Dariusz Kolodziejczyk for confirming that the claim is unsubstantiated.
36. Hammer, Histoire, 6:8.
37. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:192; Solakzade, Tarih, 2:212–213.
38. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:191.
39. `Ali, Künh, 69a–b; Peçevi, Tarih, 1:192; Hammer, Histoire, 6:8.
40. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:191; Solakzade, Tarih, 2:212.
Chapter 14: Showdown
1. Charrière, Négotiations, 2:4.
2. Ibid., 2:44–45.
3. Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni, 73.
4. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:90.
5. Ibid., 1:70–71.
6. TSMA, E 5859.
7. The Turkish word for “foot,” ayak, can also mean “leg.”
8. Charrière, Négotiations, 2:103.
9. TSMA, E 5859.
10. Chesneau, Voyage, 163.
11. Hammer, Histoire, 6:14.
12. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:76.
13. Charrière, Négotiations, 2:89.
14. Chesneau, Voyage, 102–103.
15. Hammer, Histoire, 6:461–463 (note 1 lists all stops along the route).
16. Hammer, Histoire, 6:13–14.
17. Fetvacı, Picturing, 19.
18. Ibid., 35–36.
19. Ayvansarayı, Garden, 319.
20. Necipoğlu, Age, 276, 278.
21. Magdalino, “Foundation,” 37.
22. Kafesçioğlu, Constantinopolis, 22, 99.
23. Magdalino, “Foundation,” 38, 47, 53–54.
24. Taşkıran, Hasekinin kitabı, 133.
25. Kürkçüoğlu, Süleymaniye vakfiyesi, 40–41. The syntax of the original has been slightly altered to make it comport with English.
26. See also Necipoğlu, Age, 273.
27. Taşkıran, Hasekinin kitabı, 133–134.
28. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:77.
29. Hammer, Histoire, 6:26ff; Veinstein, “Sokollu.”
30. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:213; Solakzade, Tarih, 2:229–230 (both following `Ali, Künh, quoted in Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu, 27); Hammer, Histoire, 6:54.
31. Solakzade, Tarih, 2:229.
32. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:213. Peçevi relayed the account of Şemsi Agha (later Şemsi Ahmed Pasha), one of the messengers Rustem sent to the sultan.
33. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:77.
34. Hammer, Histoire, 6:57.
35. Altundağ and Turan, “Rüstem,” 800–801. This view of Roxelana as a malevolent schemer stems primarily from the judgment, perhaps first put forth by Mustafa `Ali, that Mustafa’s execution was a disaster for the Ottoman state, that she was responsible for it, and that Suleyman was helpless is the face of her intrigues. This view has persisted in the work of a remarkable number of well-respected twentieth-century scholars.
36. Most notable was Mustafa `Ali, who served Selim II, the son whom Roxelana apparently disfavored in her last years (Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu, 2–3).
37. The authors of these views include Mustafa `Ali (d. 1600), Künh; Hammer (d. 1856), Histoire; and M. T. Gökbilgin (d. 1981), various writings.
38. Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni, 76; Alberi, Relazioni, 1:89.
39. Charrière, Négotiations, 2:104–105.
40. An exception is Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu; this does not mean he exonerates Roxelana.
41. Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni, 74; Alberi, Relazioni, 1:77.
42. Busbecq, Letters, 158.
43. Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu, 24.
44. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:240–242.
45. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:116.
46. Ibid., 1:116.
47. Ibid., 1:77.
48. Ibid., 1:77–79.
49. Ibid., 1:172.
50. Ibid., 1:76, 204–205.
51. Ibid., 1:79.
52. Ibid., 1:114–115.
53. Andrews and Kalpaklı, Age, 248.
54. Çavuşoğlu, “16. uü yüzyılda,” 411–412; Havlıoğlu, “On the Margins,” 46. Nisayi gave the same refrain to another memorial poem, this one addressed to the dead prince: “O Sultan Mustafa, what has the merciless monarch done to you?”
55. The sum of the numerical values of the letters equaled 960 in the Islamic calendar (1553).
56. Çavuşoğlu, “Şehzade,” 656 (“Bunun gibi işi kim gördi kim işitdi `aceb Ki oğlına kıya bir server-i `Ömer-meşreb.”).
57. Pedani-Fabris, Relazioni, 74.
Chapter 15: Last Years
1. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:230ff.
2. Ibid.; Celalzade, Geschichte, 440ff.
3. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:232.
4. Ibid., 1:202.
5. Necipoğlu, Age, 204.
6. TSMA, E 5038. Uluçay erroneously dates the letter to 1548 (Osmanlı sultanlarına, 42–43).
7. The shah was accursed because he was a religious deviant in the sunni eyes of the Ottomans—not only shi`i but a deviant shi`i.
8. Abdullah, Meaning, 981.
9. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:236.
10. Ibid., 204–205.
11. Ibid., 249–250; Hammer, Histoire, 6:62.
12. Veinstein, “Süleyman”; Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 135.
13. Alberi, Relazioni, 1:154–156.
14. Ibid., 1:268–269.
15. Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu.
16. Ibid., 21.
17. Necipoğlu, Age, 278.
18. Stephan, “Endowment,” 182.
19. Ibid., 183.
20. Necipoğlu, Age, 278.
21. Singer, Constructing, 76.
22. Ibid., 3.
23. Stephan, “Endowment,” 178.
24. Herrin, Women, 2, 245.
25. Holum and Vikan, “Jerusalem,” 1033–1034.
26. Burgoyne, Jerusalem, 485–487.
27. Stephan, “Endowment,” 173.
28. Holum, Empresses, 24, 26, 188.
29. Heyd, Documents, 162–184 and passim.
30. Stephan, “Endowment,” 173.
31. Baysun, “Mihr-ü-Mah Sultan,” 308.
32. Celalzade, Geschichte, 239a.
33. Singer, Constructing, 76.
34. Quoted in Necipoğlu, Age, 269–271.
35. Emecen, “Kara Ahmed,” 358; Hammer, Histoire, 6:85–88.
36. Peçevi, Tarih, 243; Solakzade, Tarih, 1:246–247.
37. The remainder of this section is adapted from Peirce, Imperial Harem, 219–228.
38. Shah Tahmasb, 343–346. Thanks to Kathryn Babayan for alerting me to this letter and translating it.
39. Feridun, Münşeat, 2:65–66.
40. Skilliter, “Catherine,” 47.
41. Skilliter, “Three Letters,” 138–139 (slight changes have been made in the translation).
42. Busbecq, Letters, 81–82.
43. Ibid., 83.
44. Alberi, R
elazioni, 3:134–135, 148–149; Dernschwam, Diary, 332.
45. Alberi, Relazioni, 3:148.
46. Necipoğlu, Age, 278–279.
47. Busbecq, Letters, 39–40.
48. Charièrre, Négotiations, 2: 464–465n1.
49. Kutbeddin, Travelogue, 73.
50. Ibid., 78.
Epilogue
1. Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu, 208–210.
2. Alberi, Relazioni, 3:184.
3. Ibid., 185.
4. Busbecq, Letters, 80.
5. Alberi, Relazioni, 3:180.
6. Turan, Kanuni’nin oğlu, 6ff., passim.
7. Alberi, Relazioni, 3:164.
8. Peçevi, Tarih, 1:272ff.; Solakzade, Tarih, 1:264ff.
9. On the changing character of interregnums, see Vatan and Veinstein, Sérail.
10. Selaniki, Tarih.
11. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 151–153; Selaniki, Tarih, 40ff.
12. Ayvansarayı, Garden, 20.
13. Kepecioğlu, “Tarihi Bilgiler,” 405ff.
14. Spagni, “Sultana,” 320–321.
15. In order, the founders were Kosem, Turhan, Gülnüş, Bezmialem, and Pertevniyal (queen mothers); Mahmud I/Osman III, Mustafa III, and Ahmed III (sultans).
16. Rosedale, Queen Elizabeth, 27–28.
17. Spagni, “Sultana,” 333.
18. Selaniki, Tarih, 826.
19. Weil, “Crown,” 4.
Index
abduction, Roxelana’s, 14–15
Abdullah (son), 58, 72, 111, 235
abortion, 112
Adrianople, (Edirne) Thrace, 83, 101, 196, 222
Bayezid as lieutenant, 275, 283–285
hospital, 266
Pseudo Mustafa’s uprising, 288, 298
Selim (son)’s deputyship, 257–258, 262
strategic placement of, 101
Suleyman’s health, 247, 300–301
Aisha (Mihrumah’s daughter), 244, 263, 282, 300, 309
Akkoyunlu dynasty, 104, 107
Alemshah (Suleyman’s uncle), 85
Aleppo, 211, 246, 260–263, 280–283, 285, 287, 290
Alexander the Great, 167, 216
Alqas Mirza, 254–256, 258, 261, 263,305
Amasya, 84, 87, 117, 201, 215–216, 222, 269, 278, 296–287
Anatolia
history and range of the Ottoman Empire, 17–19
Mehmed’s provincial post, 201
Mustafa’s provincial government post, 215
persecution of Safavid partisans, 220
Roxelana’s travels through, 226–227, 230–235, 237–238
Selim I’s provincial post, 65–66
See also Amasya; Bozdağ; Konya; Manisa
Angiolello, Giovanni Maria, 39, 40, 49, 55, 85, 124–125
antipathy toward Roxelana, 147–151
architecture
Haseki Avrat, 172–175, 177–178
historical debate over Roxelana’s mosque, 186
Ibrahim’s largesse, 156