in Lwov, 435–36
Nazi move toward, 208
in Riga, 261–63
Romanian, 166–69, 225–27
Soviet, of Polish officers, 475, 477–78
Soviet, of Ukrainian nationalists, 212–15
in Soviet territories, 207–25, 240–47, 267, 282–83, 359–63
of Vilna Jews, 437, 531, 533
of Vinnytsa Jews, 361–62
in Warsaw ghetto, 392–93
mass starvation plan. See starvation plan
materialism, 71
Matulionis, Jonas, 241–42
Mauriac, François, 113
Mauthausen concentration camp, 104, 124, 181, 295
May, Heinz, 315–16
Mayer, René, 178
Mayer, Sally, 647
Mayzel, Maurycy, 61
Mazower, Mark, 488
McClelland, Roswell, 626
McCloy, John J., 626–27
Mechanicus, Philip, 547–49, 607–8, 662
medical research. See research on Jews, German
Meijers, E. M., 124
Meitner, Lise, xxi
Melmer, Bruno, 499
Mende, Gerhard, 81–82, 427
Mendelsohn, Ezra, 6–7, 24
Mendes, Aristides de Sousa, 90, 193
Mengele, Joseph, 505
Mennecke, Friedrich, 296
Mennonites, Dutch, 125
mentally ill patients, xix, 14–15, 96, 202, 245–46
Mercure de France, 117
Messepalast, 310–11
Mettenheim, Clara von, 52
Meyer, Alfred, 339, 342
Meyer-Erlach, Wolf, 161
Meyer-Hetling, Konrad, 34
Mies, Paul, 54
migration, Jewish. See also refugees, Jewish
from eastern and central Europe to western Europe, 6–8
to France, 108–10
from Germany, 9, 59, 82–94, 136, 284–85
to Palestine, 10, 60, 83, 86–92, 458
from Poland, 82–94
to Soviet-occupied Poland, 43
to Spain and Portugal, 90, 447
to Sweden, 91
to Switzerland, 91–92, 447–49
to United States and Latin America, 84–86
Mildner, Rudolf, 544
Milosz, Czeslaw, 533–34
Minden, 296
Minsk, 207–8, 250, 267, 309–10, 361–63, 365, 530
Minzberg, Leon, 62
Mirescu, Mihai, 168
Mischlinge. See mixed-breed Jews
mixed-breed Jews
anti-Jewish measures and, 51–52, 126, 141–42, 291–93, 424
as auxiliaries, 519–20
deportations of, 267, 652–53
extermination plans for, 341–42, 344
in France, 111–12, 172–73
in Holland, 123
plea for, 517
research on, 586–89
status of, and soldiers, 94–95
mixed marriages, 8, 49, 51, 126, 186, 253, 276, 293, 341–42, 344, 425, 513–14, 517–20, 547–48, 607, 652–53
Moffie, David, xiii–xv, xxvi
Moldavia, 225
Möllhausen, Eitel Friedrich, 562
Molnar, Ferenc, 97–98
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 130
Moltke, Helmuth von, 294–95, 511–12, 526, 634
Mommsen, Hans, 511–12
money, 42–43, 432, 534–37, 620–25, 647. See also bribery
Monowitz-Buna camp, 504
Montor, Henry, 466–67
Moore, Bob, 181
Moravia, 8, 9, 283, 310, 593
Mordowicz, Czeslaw, 615
Morgen, Konrad, 544
Morgenthau, Henry, 596, 645
Morley, John, 640
Morocco, 285
Morris, Leland, 253–54
Moscow, 267–69
Moses and Monotheism (Freud), 5–6
Moshkin, Ilya, 365
Mounier, Emmanuel, 70, 113, 174
Moyland, Gustav Adolf Steengracht von, 567
Mühldorf, 646
Müller, Annette, 414
Müller, Filip, 499–500, 652
Müller, Heinrich, 82, 285, 362, 462–63
Munich State Opera Orchestra, 369
murder operations. See executions; extermination campaign; mass executions
Murmelstein, Benjamin, 352, 578, 637
Murphy, Robert, 111
museum, Jewish, 592–93
music, 98, 103, 151–52, 586, 637–38
Mussert, Anton, 122, 162
Mussolini, Benito, 67, 69, 77–78, 81, 136, 203, 452–54, 466, 470–71, 552–54, 566, 657
Musy, Jean-Marie, 638, 648
Mutschmann, Martin, 624
myth, anti-Semitism as mobilizing, xix–xx, 19, 288, 478
Narva labor camp, 632
Nathan, Otto, 85–86
National Christian Party, 167–68
National Democratic Party (Endeks), 26
nationalism, 7, 11–4, 68, 509
National Socialist Party (Nazi Party). See also Hitler,
Adolf; Nazi Germany
collaboration with, 67–75, 76, 111, 117
Eastern Front and, 200
European occupation and, 75–77
Hitler’s speeches to, 18–91, 604–5
of Holland, 122–24, 178–80, 375–76
opposition leaders, 54–55, 74, 511–13, 526, 634
resistance within, 17, 27, 30, 215–19
naturalizations, French, 111–12, 172, 175–78, 550–51
Nazi Germany. See also
Hitler, Adolf; National
Socialist Party (Nazi Party)
anti-Jewish measures in, 9, 48–52, 94–104, 423–26, 517–20
anti-Semitism in, 634–36, 653–55, 661–62
deportations from, 65–66, 93–94, 136, 138–39, 203, 262–67, 300, 306–14, 369–72, 424–26, 490–97, 652–53
disintegration of, 602–3, 643–48
Eastern Front (see Eastern Front Nazi assault on Soviet Union)
European occupation by, 66–67, 75–79
history of Holocaust and, xv–xviii
individual assistance to Jews in, 372
informants from, about gassings, 458–61
invasion of Poland by, 3–4 (see also Poland)
Jewish emigration from, 82–83
Jewish leadership in, 16, 59–61, 97–98, 103–4, 290, 425–26
Jewish powerlessness in, 8, 9
liberation of, 644
public awareness and reaction in, to exterminations, xx–xxiv, 39–40, 53–58, 201–2, 252–55, 293–98, 319–20, 334, 426, 458–61, 510–17
soldiers’ letters (see letters, German soldiers’)
Soviet pact with, 11
transfers of ethnic Germans into, 32–37
Netherlands. See Holland
Neuengamme concentration camp, 655–56
Neumann, Erich-Peter, 161, 342
Neun, Hubert, 161
Neurath, Konstantin von, 76
Neutrality Act, U.S., 268, 270
newspapers, Dutch, 125
newspapers and newsreels, German, 22–24, 160–61
Niylas party, 640–42 NKVD, Soviet, 45–46, 212–15, 249, 475, 477–78
Noelle, Elisabeth, 161
Norway, 66, 75, 449, 454
Nossig, Alfred, 522–23
Nuremberg laws, 123
Oberg, Karl, 377
Oberhauser, Wirth and Josef, 432
obstruction. See resistance Odessa, 226
Odier, Lucie, 461 odors, Auschwitz, 510
Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE), 193
OKW. See Wehrmacht
Oneg Shabat chroniclers, 106, 146, 150, 394, 445, 528
Opoczynski, Peretz, 445
Oppenheim, Menachem, 441
opposition. See resistance
opposition leaders, German, 54–55, 74, 511–13, 526, 634
Oranienburg concentration camp, 104
Organization Todt, 6
46–47
orphans, 429–31. See also children
ORPO (Order Police), 13
Orsenigo, Cesare, 74, 94, 516, 567
Orsós, Ferenc, 642
Orthodox Jews, 6, 27–28. See also Judaism
Osborne, Francis d’Arcy, 465–66
Ostland, 261–63, 283, 323–72, 531. See also Kovno; Vilna
Ostrowsky, Bernard, 388–89
Oszmiana, 437
Otter, Göran von, 459
Ottolenghi, Adolfo, 612
OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists), 71, 213–14, 223
Pabianice, 388–89
Pacelli, Eugenio. See Pius XII (Pope)
Palestine (Eretz Israel). See also Yishuv
awareness in, about exterminations, 596–98
exchanging of Jews, 583
Hitler on, 277
Jewish migration to, 10, 60, 83, 86–90, 457–58
leadership in, 126, 305–6, 596–98
Polish government-in-exile and, 457
Romanian Jews and, 450, 594 Struma ship issue, 329–30
Palfinger, Alexander, 144
Paris, 110, 117, 164–66, 171–72, 440, 444.
See also France
partisans. See also auxiliary forces; resistance
Croatian, 227–30
Hitler on, 280
Jews, 530
Lithuanian, 221–25
mass executions and, 240
Romanian, 225–27
Ukrainian, 360–61
passivity, xv, xxi–xxiii, 9–10, 103–4, 479, 555–57, 631
Paty de Clam, Charles du, 554
Paulus, Friedrich, 331, 400, 401
Paulus Bund, 58
pauperization. See expropriation campaign
Pavelić, Ante, 227–30, 453, 487
peace offers, Hitler’s phony, 11–12, 67
Pearl Harbor attack, 272
Pechersky, Alexander, 559
Pehle, John, 596, 626–27
Pellepoix, Louis Darquier de, 377
Perechodnik, Calel, 156, 629, 663
Perlasca, Giorgio, 642
Perle, Yehoshua, 528
persecution, Jewish. See
anti-Jewish measures;
extermination campaign
Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 67, 75, 110, 120, 169, 176, 186, 275, 378, 551. See also Vichy France
Petre, Andrei, 168
Pfannenstiel, Otto, 458
Pfundtner, Hans, 141
Phayer, Michael, 515
Photography and the Holocaust, xiii
Pilsudski, Józef, 26
Pinsk, 45, 208
Pithiviers concentration camp, 416
Pius XI (pope), 58, 72–73 Pius XII (pope). See also Vatican
anti-Semitism of, 184–87
euthanasia protest by, 74
intervention in Brazil by, 86
intervention in Hungary by, 619–20
intervention in Slovakia by, 373, 640
protests to, 94, 185–86, 516
relations of, with Hitler and Nazi Germany, 58, 71–75, 561–74
Plaszow slave labor camp, 529–30
plunder. See expropriation campaign
plutocracy, Jewish, xx, 18, 23–24
Pohl, Dieter, 360
Pohl, Johannes, 590
Pohl, Oswald, 233, 235, 346, 498–501, 585
Poland
anti-Jewish terror campaign in, 16–30
anti-Semitism in, 24–26, 384–87
Catholic Church in, 71, 184–85, 537–38
deportations from, 138–44
deportations within, 30–37
diarists in, 3–6, 4–6, 61–63, 106
emigration of Jews from, 82–94
euthanasia and compulsory sterilization in, 14–16, 364
evolution of violence in, 187–92
extortion of escaping Jews in, 534–37
German reaction to murder of Jews in, 513
government-in-exile of, 47–48, 250–51, 454–58, 461–62, 598–99
Hitler’s plans for, 11–14
Jewish Councils and ghettos in, 37–43, 61–63
Jewry of, 6–8, 43–48
Nazi invasion of, 3–4
Pius XII and, 568–69
Polish indifference in Warsaw, 533–34
Soviet liberation of, 629, 632
Soviet massacre of Polish officers, 475, 477–78
extermination of Jews in Bialystok, 529–30
Polgar, Alfred, 84
police, Jewish, 156–57
political influence, Jewish lack of, xxiv, 8–10
Poltava, 234
Pomerania, 14–15, 94
Ponar, 221, 325–27, 531
popes. See Pius XI (pope);
Pius XII (pope)
Popitz, Johannes, 511–12, 635
Popular Front, 109
populations
anti-Semitism of (see anti-Semitism)
awareness of (see awareness, public)
in Belgium, 259, 422–23 Christians (see Christian churches)
in Europe, 6–8, 189–91
expropriation campaign involvement of, 500, 501
extortion of escaping Jews, 534–37
in France, 174–75, 379–80, 418–19
in Holland, 410–13 individuals (see individuals)
Jewish misjudgement of support by, 9–10
Jewish reaction to Soviet communists, 44–48
leadership (see elites; leadership)
mass executions of Jews by local partisans, 240
(see also partisans)
in Nazi Germany, xx–xxiv, 38–39, 53–54, 252–55, 296, 338–39, 514–15, 634, 649, 653–55
in Palestine, 596–97
passivity, xv, xxi–xxiii, 9–10, 103–4, 479, 555–57, 631
in Poland, 4, 24–26, 46–48, 53–54, 525, 533–37
resistance (see protests; rescue operations; resistance)
transfers of Jewish (see deportations) in Ukraine, 534–37
Porat, Dina, 597
Portugal, 71, 86, 90
Portuguese Jews in Holland, 547
power, anti-Semitic, xx–xxi powerlessness, Jewish, xxiv, 8–10
precious metals, 499
press, Dutch, 125
press, German, 22–23
Presser, Jacob, 375, 408–9
Preysing, Konrad Count, 58, 185–86, 302, 459, 515–16, 570–72
prisoners of war, execution of, 207, 236–37
private institutes, 193
productionist policy, 145–47, 246
professional associations, xxi
profiteers, Jewish, 42, 149
progress reports, 479–83
propaganda campaign. See also Goebbels, Joseph academic research and, 160–64
anti-Bolshevik, 204–6
anti-Jewish films and publications, 19–24, 98–104, 355, 394, 593, 637
anti-Jewish speeches (see speeches, anti-Jewish)
continuing, as Nazi Germany disintegrated, 472–79, 644–48
about extermination of Jews, 337–38, 472–78
Goebbels vs. Rosenberg on, 102–3
Himmler and, 542–43
Jewishness and, xiv–xv
reinforcement of existing anti-Semitism, 189–91
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