Iron Wolf movement, 219–20
isolationist campaign, U.S., 270–72
Israelowitz, Israel, 121
Italy
attempted rescue of Salonika Jews by, 489
deportation and murder of Jews of Rome, 559–61
lack of Vatican guidance in, 561–74 (see also Pius XII [pope]; Vatican)
Nazi occupation of, 612–13
occupation of France by, 67, 69, 75
pact of, with Nazi Germany, 130–31
protection of Serbs and Jews by, 229–30
replacement of Mussolini in, 470–71
resistance of, to deportations, 452–54, 552–54, 559–61
Izbica transit camp, 351, 355–56, 490
Jacobson, Louise, 469–70, 662
Jäger, Karl, 240, 362
Jahn, Lilli, 338–39, 517–18, 639, 662
Janowska Road labor camp, 435, 436
Jantausch, Pavol, 373
Japan, 86–87, 130–31, 193–94, 272
Jasenovac extermination site, 229
Jeckeln, Friedrich, 138, 200, 262–63, 267
Jedwabne, 223–24
Jesuits, 515
Jewish Agency, 305–6, 594, 597, 622
Jewish Central Museum, 592–93
Jewish Councils
in Auschwitz, 83
in Belgium, 259
in France, 121, 178, 258, 382, 416–18
in Germany, 370
in ghettos, 153–57
in Holland, xiv, 180–82, 375, 406–10, 549
in Hungary, 614–15
in Lodz, 62–63
in Lwov, 435–36
in Poland, 30, 37–43
responsibility of, xxiii–xxiv, 191–92
in Slovakia, 231
in Vilna, 241
in Warsaw, 37–39, 61–62, 523
Jewish Cultural Association, 97–98, 255–56
Jewish Fighting Organization. See ZOB (Zydowska Organizacia Bojowa)
Jewish Military Union, 522 Jewish Question, 11–14, 162–63, 184–85, 237–40, 302–3, 589–90, 634–6. See also extermination campaign; Final Solution
Jewish Relief and Rescue Committee (Vaadah), 620–25
Jewish Social Self-Help, 148, 304
Jewish star. See star,
Jewish Jewish Statutes, French, 111–12, 119–21, 172–73
Jews. See also anti-Semitism; deportations; executions; expropriation campaign; extermination campaign
awareness of, about exterminations, 318–28
communists, 44–48
converted (see converted Jews)
definitions of, 51–52, 111–12, 123, 291–93
diarists (see diarists, Jewish)
diversity of European, 4–10
as extermination site commandos (see special commandos, Jewish)
German research on (see research on Jews, German)
ghettos (see ghettos)
history of extermination and leadership of, xxiii–xxv (see also Jewish Councils; leadership, Jewish)
Jewishness, xiv–xv, 7
Jewish star (see star, Jewish)
lack of solidarity of, 60, 192, 479, 508–9, 528
powerlessness and passivity of, xv, xxi–xxiii, 8–10, 103–4, 479, 631
liberalism, communism, and, xvii–xviii, 25–26
migration of (see migration, Jewish)
mixed breed (see mixed-breed Jews; mixed marriages)
persecution of (see anti-Jewish measures)
propaganda against (see propaganda campaign)
reaction of, to anti-Jewish measures, 43, 143–44
reaction of, to Nazi occupation of Europe, 77–79, 126–27
reactions of Soviet, 247–51
religious (see Judaism)
suicides (see suicides)
survivors, xiii (see also survivors)
Jews Unmasked (film), 20
Jew Süss (film), 19–20, 96, 99–102, 173–74, 259, 443, 593
Jezler, Robert, 447–48
Jodl, Alfred, 131, 134–35
Johnson, Eric, 254–55
Johst, Hanns, 138
Jood, Jude, Juif (terms), xiii–xiv
Jordan, Fritz, 242
Jorga, Nicolae, 167
Judaism. See also religion
Christianity vs., 574–77 (see also Christian churches; Christianity
de-Judaization, 32–33, 161
religious Jews, 5, 6, 24–25, 27–28, 444–47
synagogues, 21–22, 257, 259, 514–15, 318, 444, 514–15, 524–25
Juden ohne Maske. See Jews Unmasked (film)
Judenräte. See Jewish Councils
Jud Süss. See Jew Süss (film)
Jünger, Ernst, 381
Kaczerginski, Shmerke, 590
Kafka, Ottla, 579
Kaganowitsch, Lazar, 275
Kahle, Paul E., 588
Kahlich, Dora Maria, 297–98
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 505
Kallay, Miklós, 232–33, 451–52, 483–84
Kalmanovitch, Zelig, 437–38, 532–33, 588–91, 632, 663
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 350, 483, 497, 526, 542, 561
“Kaltenbrunner Reports, The,” 635
Kammler, Hans, 359, 502
Kaplan, Chaim, 3–4, 10, 41, 44–45, 63–64, 77–78, 105, 148–49, 154, 159–60, 268, 322–23, 333, 429, 662
Kaplan, Marion, 96
Kappers, C. U. Ariens, xiii
Kappler, Herbert, 559–61
Karaites research, 587–89
Karski, Jan, 46–47, 455–56, 598
Kaspi, André, 414
Kastner, Rudolf, 621, 624–25
Katag A.G., 423–24
Katyn Forest massacre, 475, 477–78
Katzenberger, Leo Israel, 365–67
Katzmann, Friedrich, 282
Kaufering, 646
Kaufman, Theodor N., 205–6, 337
Kaufmann, Karl, 264
Kautsky, Benedikt, 509
Keitel, Wilhelm, 13, 165, 471–72
Kennedy, Joseph P., 73
Khoroshunova, Iryna, 197
Kielce, 17, 64, 107, 320–21 Kiev, 197, 201, 215–19, 259–60, 293–94, 470
Killinger, Manfred von, 80, 450–51
Kirk, Alexander, 51
Kladovo episode, 88–89
Kleinbaum, Moshe, 44, 106
Klemperer, Victor, 1, 3–4, 54, 60–61, 63–64, 78–79, 96, 126–27, 140, 199, 252–53, 268, 319–20, 327, 337, 367–70, 402–3, 440–41, 444, 474, 477–78, 518–19, 527, 609, 653, 661–62
Klepper, Jochen, 51, 64, 79, 91–92, 144, 301–2, 426, 662
Klieforth, Alfred W., 73
Klonicki, Aryeh and Malwina, 214, 535–36, 663
Klooga labor camp, 632–33
Kluger, Ruth, 255, 354, 494, 504–5, 577–78, 651–52
Klukowski, Zygmunt, xxiii, 29–30, 159, 242–43, 328, 358, 628
Knatchbull-Hugessen, Hughe, 329
Knochen, Helmut, 115, 175
Knoll, Roman, 48
knowledge. See awareness, public
Koch, Erich, 76, 200, 361–62, 650
Koch, Pietro, 612
Kochanowski, Erich, 97–98
Koenekamp, Eduard, 39
Kogon, Eugen, 181
Köhler, Hermann, 53–54 Kolb, Eberhard, 583
Komoly, Otto, 621
Königsberg, 650
Koppe, Wilhelm, 263, 266
Korczak, Janusz, 393, 429–30, 663
Koretz, Zwi, 488, 489, 555
Korherr, Richard, 480–82
Körner, Thodor, 473
Korsemann, Gert, 200
Kos, 613
Kossak-Szezucka, Zofia, 537–38
Kot, Stanislaw, 456–57
Kovner, Abba, 325–26, 328, 532
Kovno, 193–94, 219, 222–25
Kovno ghetto, 241–42, 267, 283, 323–24, 384, 445–46, 584, 632–33
Kraków, 12, 14, 35–36, 38, 357, 523, 529
Kramer, Joseph, 592
Krauss, Clemens, 369
Kremer
, Johann Paul, 506–7
Krengiel, Ziula, 152
Kritzinger, Friedrich Wilhelm, 300
Krombach, Ernst, 355–56, 662
Krüger, Friedrich Wilhelm, 37, 266, 347–48, 497, 522
Krüger, Hans, 282
Kruk, Hermann, 198, 241, 327, 382–83, 437–38, 446, 527–28, 530–33, 550, 590, 632–33, 663
Krumey, Hermann, 647
Krymchaks, 589
Kube, Wilhelm, 362–63
Kubowitzki, Leon, 627
Küchler, Georg von, 27
Kulturbund, 97–98, 255–56
Kvaternik, Slavko, 203
labor camps. See also concentration camps
Belzec, 154
Dutch, 375–76, 413
Estonian, 632
Polish, 154–55
slave labor and, 582 (see also slave labor, Jewish)
Labor Law for Jews, 289
La Communauté Française, 173
Lagedi labor camp, 633
Lages, Willi, 179
Lambert, Raymond-Raoul, 119–20, 256, 258, 318, 382, 416–17, 440, 554–56, 662
Lammers, Hans-Heinrich, 139, 141, 291–92, 471–72, 517
Landau, Felix, 246–47, 436
Landau, Leib, 589
Landesberg, Henryk, 435
Lange, Herbert, 284
Langfus, Leyb, 580
Langgässer, Elisabeth and Cordelia, 519–20
Laqueur, Walter, xxv
Latin America, 86, 87, 270, 583–84
Latvia, 223
Laval, Pierre, 377–78, 416, 551
law, Jewish belief in, 10, 191
Law, Richard, 329
leadership
execution of Polish, 13–14, 40
German opposition, 54–55, 74, 511–13, 526, 634
Hitler’s charismatic, xx, 656–59
Jewish (see leadership, Jewish)
passivity of European, xv, xxi–xxiii, 68
resistance by Nazi, 17
leadership, Jewish. See also Jewish Councils
compliance of, 555–57
Jewish Central Museum and, 592–93
in France, 118–21, 176–78, 416–18, 550–57
in Germany, 59–61, 97–98, 103–4, 425–26
in Holland, 180–82
in Poland, 61–63
reaction of, in Palestine, 305–6, 596–98
responsibility of, xxiii–xxiv, 191–92
at Theresienstadt, 578
Lecca, Radu, 594
Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter von, 210–11
Leers, Johann von, 477
legal rights, Jewish, 289
Lehndorff, Heinrich von, 460
Leibbrandt, Georg, 587–89
Lejkin, Jacob, 522
Lemgo, 514
Lend-Lease Bill, U.S., 201, 265
Leningrad, 470
Lentz, Jacob, 123
Les Milles concentration camp, 109
letters, German soldiers’. See also soldiers, German
anti-Semitism of, 107–8, 121, 159, 211–12, 634, 643–44
awareness of Jewish exterminations by, xxii, 214, 293–94, 399–400, 426, 430–31, 528–29
on slave labor, 209–10
Leventhal, Zalman, 580
Le Vernet concentration camp, 109
Levi, Primo, 493–94, 504, 616–17, 651
Levin, Dov, 45
Lewandowski, Jozef, 460
Lewin, Abraham, 195, 394, 430, 441–42, 445, 521–22, 662
Ley, Robert, 17, 23–24, 337
liberalism, 5, 8, 9, 67–69
libraries, 150–51, 438, 590–91
Lichtenbaum, Marc, 523 Lichtenberg, Bernhard, 303,
468–67
Lichtheim, Richard, 306, 463
Lidice, 349–50
Liebehenschel, Arthur, 509
Liénart, Achille, 419
Lifar, Serge, 117
Lifton, Robert Jay, 507
Lindbergh, Charles A., 270–71, 304–5
Lippman-Rosenthal bank, 180
liquidations. See executions
Lischka, Kurt, 171–72
Lithuania, 7, 44, 86–87, 193–94, 219–25, 241–42, 303, 632–33
Lithuanian Activists’ Front, 220
Litzmannstadt ghetto, 263, 584–86. See also Lodz ghetto
Lodz, 4, 21–22, 24
Lodz ghetto
awareness of exterminations in, 441
Chelmno extermination site and, 284, 441
chroniclers of, vii, 146, 245–46, 388–89, 433–35, 585–86, 632, 662
creation of, 38, 104, 245–46
cultural life in, 149–53, 446–47, 584–86
deportations to and from, 266–67, 310–14, 387–89, 433–35, 629–32
euthanasia in, 245–46
extermination of, 314–18, 337, 629–32
leadership in, 61, 62
reaction in, to Eastern Front war, 197–99
slave labor and, 347
starvation in, 144
Logothetopoulos, Constantine, 489
Lohse, Hinrich, 76, 200, 261, 361–62
Long, Breckinridge, 85, 596 looting, 28–29, 164–66, 22.
See also expropriation campaign
Lorentz, Werner, 138
Losacker, Ludwig, 526
Lospinoso, Guido, 553
Lowenstein, Karl, 578
Lubetkin, Zivia, 126
Lublin, 12, 16
Lublin ghetto
Belzec extermination site for, 283–84
colonization plans and, 233–34
concentration camp, 584–86
creation of, 38
deportations to, 30–37
executions at, 431
euthanasia hospital, 16
gassing of Jews of, 356–57, 521
Jewish perceptions in, 322–23
slave labor, 154–55
Lublin-Majdanek labor camp, 233
Ludin, Hans, 373–74, 485–86
Luftgas, Markus, 273
Lustig, Walter, 520
Luther, Martin, 81, 340–41, 450–52
Lutheran Church
in Germany, 56
in Holland, 125
in Hungary, 619–20
in Slovakia, 373
Lutz, Carl, 642
Lutze, Viktor, 475
Luxembourg, 75
Lwov, 213, 215, 356–36, 435–36, 458, 464
Macedonia, 452, 484–85, 487–88
Mach, Alexander, 80
Mach, Sano, 162, 231
Mackensen, Hans Georg von, 453
MacQueen, Michael, 498
Madagascar deportation plan, 81–82, 93, 103–4, 136, 203, 265
Magill, Franz, 208
Maglione, Luigi, 229, 373, 464–65, 562–63, 566
Majdanek extermination site, 359, 421, 559, 628
Mandel, Georges, 611
Mandel, Maria, 577
Manfred Weiss industrial empire, 625
Mann, Thomas, 334
Manstein, Erich von, 210
Mapai party, 305–6, 457–58
marches
concentration camp evacuation, 648–52
Hungarian, 640–43
Marcone, Giuseppe Ramiro, 229
Marian, Ferdinand, 99
Marie-Benoît, Pierre, 553
Maritain, Jacques, 113
Marothy, Karoly, 641
marriages. See mixed marriages
Marsonas, Georg, 224–25
Martel, C., 115
Marti, Roland, 579–80
Marxism. See Bolshevism; communism
Masse, Pierre, 116
mass executions
awareness of, 426 of Dutch Jews, 405–10, 608
of French Jews, 415–16, 469–70
of German Jews, 262–63
of Hungarian Jews, 232–33
in Kiev, 197, 215–19, 259–60
of Lodz Jews, 314–18
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