by Mary M. Lane
65. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 264–266.
66. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 20 January 1942,” Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, 152, 154.
67. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 301.
68. Peter Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl: Hitler und der Weg zur “Endlösung” (Munich: Piper Verlag, 2001), 124.
69. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 27 March 1942,” Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, 561.
70. Inventory List, District President in Breslau, 28 June 1941, Peter Toren Family Archive, Washington, DC.
71. David Toren in discussion with the author, November 2015.
CHAPTER VI: CULTURAL COMPLICITY
1. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 23 January 1943,” Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, ed. Elke Fröhlich (Munich: K. G. Saur, 1993), vol. 2, pt. 7, 162, 181.
2. Albert Speer, Spandau: The Secret Diaries (New York: Pocket Books, 1977), 190.
3. Kathrin Iselt, Sonderbeauftragter des Führers: Der Kunsthistoriker und Museumsmann Hermann Voss (1884–1969) (Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 2010), 114.
4. Document regarding Hildebrand Gurlitt’s payments from the Führermuseum Project, no file listed, 10 March 1944, Federal Archives Berlin (Reichsstelle Papier- und Verpackungswesen), quoted in Meike Hoffmann and Nicola Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler: Hildebrand Gurlitt, 1895–1956 (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2016), 214.
5. Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 215.
6. Letters, Erhard Göpel to Hildebrand Gurlitt, 15 January 1943 and 22 Jaunuary 1943, no file listed, Dusseldorf City Archives (Mahn- und Gedenkstätte), quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 214.
7. Traudl Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary: A Firsthand Account of Life with Hitler (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2011), 65.
8. Heinz Linge, With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler’s Valet (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2009), 55–57.
9. Rochus Misch, Hitler’s Last Witness: The Memoirs of Hitler’s Bodyguard (London: Frontline Books, 2015), 68.
10. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 66.
11. Linge, With Hitler to the End, 25.
12. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 68.
13. Linge, With Hitler to the End, 24.
14. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 79, 100.
15. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 92.
16. See Richard Evans, The Third Reich at War (London: Penguin Books, 2008), 328.
17. Letter, Linz Special Commission to Reich Ministry for Science and Education, 8 May 1943, B 323-123, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Catherine Hickley, The Munich Art Hoard: Hitler’s Dealer and His Secret Legacy (London: Thames & Hudson: 2015), 87.
18. Vitale Bloch, “Erinnerungen (Persönliches und Kunsthistorisches),” in Hommage à Hermann Voss, no editor listed (Strasbourg: Impr. strasbourgeoise, 1966), 45–52.
19. No author, “Collection Schloss: Archives et patrimoine,” Diplomatie France, article undated, accessed 22 December 2018, diplomatie.gouv.fr/sites/archives_diplo/schloss/sommaire_ang.html.
20. Anne Sinclair, My Grandfather’s Gallery: A Legendary Art Dealer’s Escape from Vichy France (London: Profile Books, 2012), 24.
21. Letter, Henri Matisse to an unidentified acquaintance, 2 April 1939, no file listed, Getty Center for the History of Art, Santa Monica, California, quoted in Hilary Spurling, Matisse the Master: A Life of Henri Matisse: The Conquest of Colour, 1909–1954 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 2005), 385.
22. Letter, Henri Matisse to Pierre Matisse, 16 March 1938, no file listed, Pierre Matisse papers, Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, quoted in Spurling, Matisse the Master, 379.
23. Sinclair, My Grandfather’s Gallery, 34.
24. Iselt, Sonderbeauftragter des Führers, 256.
25. Theo Hermsen to Hildebrand Gurlitt, 16 June 1943, in file provided to the author by a confidential German source.
26. (Signature unintelligible) to Hildebrand Gurlitt, 1943; file provided to the author by a confidential German source.
27. File provided to the author by a confidential German source.
28. Letter, Hildebrand Gurlitt to Linz Special Commission, 25 August 1943, B323-134, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany, and letter, Hans Gerlach to Robert Oertel, 8 December 1943, B323-133, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Hickley, The Munich Art Hoard, 78.
29. Iselt, Sonderbeauftragter des Führers, 257.
30. Johannes Gramlich and Meike Hopp, “Hildebrand Gurlitt as an Art Dealer During the Nazi Period,” in Gurlitt: Status Report, ed. Kunstmuseum Bern, Bundeskunsthalle (Munich: Hirmer, 2017), 36.
31. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 508.
32. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 25 January 1944,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, vol. 2, pt. 11, 170.
33. Document, “Übernahmebescheinigung, ausgestellt von Hermann Voss,” 31 January 1944, R 8 XIV/12, Bd. 2, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Iselt, Sonderbeauftragter des Führers, 295.
34. Receipt, Hildebrand Gurlitt to Linz Special Commission, 4 April 1944, B 323-134, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Hickley, The Munich Art Hoard, 90.
35. Letter, Gustav Rochlitz to Hermann Voss, Febuary 1944, B323-147, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Hickley, The Munich Art Hoard, 81.
36. See Iselt, Sonderbeauftragter des Führers, 291.
37. Iselt, Sonderbeauftragter des Führers, 296.
38. Hildebrand Gurlitt to Paul Roemer, 11 March 1944, Berlin: Private Archive, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler.
39. Henrik Eberle and Matthias Uhl, eds., The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler’s Personal Aides (New York: PublicAffairs, 2005), 138.
40. Report, 6 July 1944, file shown to author by a confidential source, 2015.
41. Hermann Voss to Reichsstelle Papier, 1 July 1944, B323-134, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany, and receipt, Kunstkabinett Dr. H. Gurlitt to Linz Special Commission, 26 June 1944, B323-134, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Hickley, The Munich Art Hoard, 80.
42. Letter, Hildebrand Gurlitt to Erich and Arno Krause, 6 July 1944, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 224.
43. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 635.
44. Linge, With Hitler to the End, 159.
45. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 130, 135.
46. Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 219.
47. Jonathan Steinberg, The Deutsche Bank and Its Gold Transactions During the Second World War (Munich: Beck, 1999), quoted in Evans, The Third Reich at War, 345.
48. Horst Mönnich, The BMW Story: A Company in Its Time (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1991), 283–284, quoted in Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction (New York: Viking, 2006), 519.
49. See Bernard Bellon, Mercedes in Peace and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 249–251.
50. Ulrich Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 209–211.
51. Letter, Reich Chamber of Culture to Helene Gurlitt, 12 September 1944, Private Archive, Berlin, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 225.
52. Michel Martin, Rapport Docteur Hildebrand Gurlitt, 1946, Archives du ministère des affaires étrangères, Paris, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 208.
53. Iselt, Sonderbeauftragter des Führers, 271.
54. Iselt, Sonderbeauftragter des Führers, 282.
55. Max Beckmann, Notebooks 1904–1948, Diaries 30.06.1944–31.12.1944, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 215.
56. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 2 December 1944,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, vol. 2, pt. 14, 327.
57. Sybille Steinbacher, “Musterstadt” Auschwitz: Germanisierungspolitik und Judenmord in Ostoberschlesien (Munich: K. G. Saur, 2000), 123–128.
58. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 588. Author’s Note: It is difficult to quote a precise sum of the money spent on the Führermuseum Project. Evans provides this reasoned, perhaps even cautiously low, estimate.
59. Meike Hoffmann, “The Long Shadows of the Past—a Critical Appraisal of Hildebrand Gurlitt’s Life,” in Gurlitt: Status Report, 22.
60. Bill to Hildebrand Gurlitt, Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Düsseldorf, Dresdner Transport- und Lagerhaus-Aktiengesellschaft, Stadtarchiv Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 228.
CHAPTER VII: REVISIONIST HISTORY
1. Rochus Misch, Hitler’s Last Witness: The Memoirs of Hitler’s Bodyguard (London: Frontline Books, 2015), 145.
2. Traudl Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary: A Firsthand Account of Life with Hitler (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2011), 159.
3. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 159.
4. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 157.
5. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 160.
6. Henrik Eberle and Matthias Uhl, eds., The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler’s Personal Aides (New York: PublicAffairs, 2005), 205.
7. Eberle and Uhl, The Hitler Book, 225.
8. Misch, Hitler’s Last Witness, 151.
9. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 162.
10. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 164–165.
11. Author’s Note: The Children of Joseph and Magda Goebbels, whom their parents murdered, were Helga, born 1 September 1932; Hildegard, born 13 April 1934; Helmut, born 2 October 1935; Holdine, born 19 February 1937; Hedwig, born 5 May 1938; Heidrun, born 29 October 1940.
12. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 168.
13. Misch, Hitler’s Last Witness, 155; Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 171.
14. Erich Kempka, I Was Hitler’s Chauffeur: The Memoirs of Erich Kempka (London: Frontline Books, 2010), 61.
15. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 177.
16. Adolf Hitler, “Mein privates Testament: 29 April 1945, 4.00 uhr,” in Adolf Hitlers Tamente, ed. Gert Sudholt (Leoni am Starnberger See: Druffel, 1977), n.p.
17. Heinz Linge, With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler’s Valet (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2009), 41.
18. Kempka, I Was Hitler’s Chauffeur, 70.
19. Linge, With Hitler to the End, 194, 195; Kempka, I Was Hitler’s Chauffeur, 70.
20. Misch, Hitler’s Last Witness, 167.
21. Misch, Hitler’s Last Witness, 168.
22. Kempka, I Was Hitler’s Chauffeur, 75; Linge, With Hitler to the End, 199.
23. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 187.
24. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 187.
25. Eberle and Uhl, The Hitler Book, 271.
26. Kempka, I Was Hitler’s Chauffeur, 89.
27. Linge, With Hitler to the End, 199.
28. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 188.
29. Kempka, I Was Hitler’s Chauffeur, 80.
30. Eberle and Uhl, The Hitler Book, xvi, xvii.
31. Misch, Hitler’s Last Witness, 176, 177.
32. Misch, Hitler’s Last Witness, 7.
33. Misch, Hitler’s Last Witness, 177.
34. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 192.
35. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 192.
36. Lynn H. Nicholas, The Rape of Europa (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 220.
37. Nicolas, The Rape of Europa, 224.
38. Ian Kershaw, To Hell and Back: Europe, 1914–1949 (London: Penguin Books, 2015), 470.
39. J. Robert Lilly, Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe During World War II (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 117, 118.
40. Volker Koop, Besetzt: Französische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland (Berlin: BeBra Verlag, 2007), 40.
41. William I. Hitchcock, Liberation: The Bitter Road to Freedom, Europe 1944–1945 (London: 2009), 302, quoted in Frederick Taylor, Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany (London: Bloomsbury, 2011), 167.
42. Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 231.
43. Letter, Hildebrand Gurlitt to Horst Meixner, no date, private archive, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 232.
44. Letter, Hildebrand Gurlitt to Wolfgang Gurlitt, 12 June 1945, private archive, Berlin/Munich, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 239.
45. Letter, Hildebrand Gurlitt to Wolfgang Gurlitt, 12 June 1945, private archive, Berlin/Munich, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 241.
46. Letter, Karl Ballmer to Hildebrand and Helene Gurlitt, 14 August 1948, private archive, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 242.
47. Letter, Helene Gurlitt to Lisa Arnhold, 1947, private archive, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 232.
48. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 23.
49. Junge, Hitler’s Last Secretary, 1–2.
50. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1945, Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA), National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)/(Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997074.
51. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997269.
52. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997136.
53. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997289.
54. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997301.
55. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997321.
56. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997257.
57. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997289.
58. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997269.
59. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997301.
60. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997239.
61. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997289.
62. Detailed Interrogation Report No. 12: Hermann Voss, 15 September 1045, MFAA, NARA, (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231997308.
63. Letter, Robert Oertel to Hildebrand Gurlitt, 1945, Hildebrand Gurlitt Papers, Bundesarchiv Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
64. Letter, Kurt Martin to Hildebrand Gurlitt, 1945, Hildebrand Gurlitt Papers, Bundesarchiv Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
65. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231981232.
66. Letter, Guido Schönberger to Hildebrand Gurlitt, Hildebrand Gurlitt Papers, Bundesarchiv Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
67. Letter, Albin von Prybram Gladona to Hildebrand Gurlitt, c.1946, Hildebrand Gurlitt Papers, Bundesarchiv Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
68. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231981242.
69. Letter, Max Beckmann to Hildebrand Gurlitt, c. 1946, Hildebrand Gurlitt Papers, Bundesarchiv Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
70. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 5 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/2700
55181.
71. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 5 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/270055082 and www.fold3.com/image/270055099.
72. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 5 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/270055121.
73. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 5 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/270055392.
74. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 5 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/270055636.
75. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 3 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/270055601.
76. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 3 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/270055441.
77. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/270055259.
78. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231981199.
79. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231981211.
80. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/270055191 and www.fold3.com/image/232020673.
81. Collection: Gurlitt (Gurlitt Coll.), MFAA, NARA (Fold3), accessed 4 January 2019, www.fold3.com/image/231980918.
82. Kershaw, To Hell and Back, 483.
83. “So-Called ‘Degenerate Art,’” APO 742 to Information Control Division, Office of Military Government for Wuerttemberg-Baden, APO 154, 4 February 1947, NARA, Restitution Branch, Economics Division, Office of Military Government for Germany, Washington, DC, quoted in Hoffmann and Kuhn, Hitler’s Kunsthändler, 259.
CHAPTER VIII: OUR SINCERE CONDOLENCES
1. George Grosz to Wieland Herzfelde, 23 April 1945, in George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, ed. Herbert Knust (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt Verlag, 1979), 340.
2. Marty Grosz (son of artist George Grosz) in discussion with the author, June 2018.
3. George Grosz, A Little Yes and a Big No (New York: Dial Press, 1946), 294.
4. Juerg M. Judin, George Grosz: The Years in America (1933–1958) (Berlin: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2009), 74–79.