62. Depaepe et al. 2003: 220.
63. Interview with Martin Kabuya, Kinshasa, October 16, 2008.
64. Kisobele Ndontoni 2008.
65. Interview with Hélène Nzimbu Diluzeyi and Leon Wasolua, Kinshasa, November 11, 2008.
66. Interview with Eugène Yoka Kinene, Kinshasa, November 11, 2008.
67. Vanthemsche 2010.
68. Brion and Moreau 2006: 95.
69. Jewsiewicki 1980.
70. Hulstaert 1990.
71. Ndaywel è Nziem 1998: 411.
72. Libotte n.d.
73. Delannoo 2006.
74. Etambala 1993: 33–37; Odette Kudjabo, press communiqué.
75. Dominiek Dendooven, press communiqué.
76. Habran 1925: 52–53.
CHAPTER 4
1. Geldof 1937: 131.
2. Interview with Marcel Wanzungasa, Nkamba, November 4, 2008.
3. Cited by Vellut 2005a: 10.
4. Mokoko Gampiot 2004: 60–63.
5. Sinda 1972: 73.
6. Munayi 1977.
7. Gérard 1969: 9–13.
8. Nelson 1994: 176–77.
9. Ndaywel è Nziem 1998: 411–12.
10. Kibari 1985.
11. Maquet-Tombu 1952: 135–36.
12. Thieffry 1926: 267.
13. Blanchart et al. 1999.
14. Guebels 1952: 262.
15. Vandewalle 1966: 13.
16. Nzula et al. 1979: 64.
17. Vanthemsche 1999: 17.
18. Vandewalle 1966: 45.
19. Davidson et al. 1987: 739.
20. FOD Buitenlandse Zaken, Africa archives, personnel dossier, Firmin Joseph Arthur Peigneux.
21. Interview with Pierre Diakanua, Kinshasa, December 8, 2008.
22. Interview with Étienne Nkasi, Kinshasa, November 10, 2008.
23. Vellut 1992: 201.
24. Vellut 1992: 175.
25. Nelson 1994: 155.
26. Sikitele 1973: 117–18.
27. Sikitele 1973: 109.
28. Cited by Nzula et al. 1979: 110.
29. Saint Moulin 2007: 42.
30. Fetter 1976: 74.
31. Brion and Moreau 2006: 115, 134.
32. Nelson 1994: 151; Northrup 1988: 206–209.
33. Fetter 1973: 23.
34. Higginson 1989: 56.
35. Northrup 1988: 208.
36. Joye and Lewin 1961: 160.
37. Joye and Lewin 1961: 159.
38. Fetter 1974: 216.
39. Grévisse 1951: 98.
40. Esgain 2000: 61.
41. Verhaegen 1999: 126.
42. Daye 1929: 207.
43. Davis 1933: 287–90.
44. Van Peel 2000: 152.
45. Daye 1929: 239.
46. Chalux 1925: 213.
47. Chalux 1925: 157–58.
48. Stewart 2000: 16.
49. Fetter 1973: 38.
50. Chalux 1925: 126.
51. Fabian 1986.
52. Cited by Depaepe et al. 2003: 164–65.
53. Boel 2005: 77, 83.
54. Boel 2005: 111, 139.
55. Boel 2005: 88.
56. Emongo Lomomba 1985: 136.
57. Fabian 1971: 60.
58. Young 1984: 700.
59. Emongo Lomomba 1985: 137–38.
60. Joye and Lewin 1961: 161–3; Fabian 1971: 55–60; Fetter 1973: 38.
61. Cited by Brion and Moreau 2006: 137.
62. Tilman 2000.
63. Van Peel 2000: 180.
64. Renson and Peeters 1994: 204.
65. Van Peel 2000: 185.
66. Interviews with Henri de la Kéthulle, Kinshasa, May 26, 2007, Kikwit, June 2, 2007, and September 20, 2008.
67. Fetter 1974.
68. Perrings 1979: 216.
69. Kalundi Mango, interviewed by Johannes Fabian, Lubumbashi, June 1986, http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/lpca/aps/vol4/vocabulairekalundicomments.html.
70. Yav 1965: 22.
71. Fetter 1974: 212–13.
72. Brausch 1961: 20.
73. Brausch 1961: 19–39.
74. Souchard 1983: 47.
75. Cited by Feuchaux 2000: 88–90.
76. Cited by Etambala 1993: 40.
77. Cited by Etambala 1993: 40.
78. Cited by Bontinck 1980: 608.
CHAPTER 5
1. Interview with André Kitadi, Kinshasa, October 16, 2008.
2. Bourla Errera 2000: 59.
3. McCrummen 2009.
4. Interview with André Kitadi, Kinshasa, November 11, 2008.
5. Interview with André Kitadi, Kinshasa, October 16, 2008.
6. Interview with Martin Kabuya, Kinshasa, October 16, 2008.
7. Ergo 2008: 132–34.
8. Interview with Libert Otenga, November 11, 2008.
9. Wrong 2000: 136–44.
10. Buelens 2007: 282.
11. Buelens 2007: 288.
12. Jewsiewicki et al. 1973: 160.
13. Tshibangu Kabet 1974: 297.
14. Etambala 1999a: 77–78.
15. Dibwe dia Mwembu 1999: 195.
16. Perrings 1979: 226.
17. Yav 1965: 24.
18. Emongo Lomomba 1985: 140.
19. Vellut 1983: 506–514.
20. Jewsiewicki et al. 1973.
21. Young 1984: 703.
22. Souchard 1983: 176.
23. Souchard 1983: 59.
24. Souchard 1983: 58.
25. Souchard 1983: 59–60.
26. Souchard 1983: 146–48.
27. Souchard 1983: 155.
28. Hulstaert 1983: 590.
29. Souchard 1983: 234.
30. Souchard 1983: 84–87.
31. Souchard 1983: 235.
32. Interview with Libert Otenga, November 11, 2008.
33. Vellut 1983: 505.
34. Interview with André Kitadi, Kinshasa, October 16, 2008.
35. Vanderlinden 1994: 604.
36. Van Bilsen 1993: 55.
37. Guebels 1952: 640.
38. Roussel 1949:49.
39. Wauters 1929: 142.
40. Dehoux 1950: 1:155.
41. Lefebvre 1952: 519.
42. Ceuppens 2009.
43. Young 1984: 704–707.
44. Stengers 1989: 226.
45. Drachoussoff 1954: 115–16.
46. Guebels 1952: 738.
47. Tempels 1944: 22.
48. Tempels 1945 [1946]: 105.
49. Guebels 1952: 659.
50. Saint Moulin 2007: 42.
51. Gourou 1955: 33.
52. Guebels 1952: 642.
53. Interviews with Longin Ngwadi, Kikwit, September 19–20, 2008.
54. Comhaire-Sylvain 1968: 54–56.
55. Interview with Sister Apolline Lemole Daringi, Kinshasa, September 29, 2008.
56. Interview with Victorine Ndjoli, Kinshasa, November 7, 2008.
57. Interview with François Ngombe, Kinshasa, November 9, 2009.
58. Comhaire-Sylvain 1968: 23.
59. Gondola 1997a.
60. Pauwels-Boon 1979: 137.
61. Jewsiewicki 1976: 69.
62. Guebels 1952: 664.
63. Martens 1999: 141.
64. Young 1968: 24–25.
65. Pons 1969: 147–50.
66. Young 1968: 150–53.
67. Pons 1969: 214.
68. Interview with Kipulu Sambo and Hery Mambo, Kinshasa, September 17, 2008.
69. Emongo Lomomba 1985: 139.
70. Leysen 1982: 35 min.04 sec.
71. Jewsiewicki 1976: 69.
72. Cited by Rubbens 1945: 128–29.
73. Mantels 2007: 206.
74. Kadima-Nzuji 1984: 55.
75. Interview with Camille Mananga Nkanu, Boma, October 9, 2008.
76. Interview with Victor Masunda Kukana, Boma, October 8, 2008.
77. Ndaywel è Nziem 1998: 462.
78. Interviews with Jean Lema, alias Jamais Kolonga, Kinshasa, October 3 and 14 and November 6, 2008.
79. Interview wi
th Paul Kasenge, Lubumbashi, June 29, 2007.
80. Interview with Zizi Kabongo, Kinshasa, April 21, 2008.
81. Tshitungu Kongolo 2003b: 62.
CHAPTER 6
1. Interview with Michel Lechat, Brussels, September 19, 2007.
2. De Backer 1959: 1:7.
3. Van Bilsen 1958: 164–202.
4. Labrique 1957: 253, 256.
5. Labrique 1957: 261.
6. Labrique 1957: 254.
7. Young 1968: 114–17.
8. Labrique 1957: 271.
9. Labrique 1957: 107–10.
10. Queuillle 1965: 315.
11. Klein 1957: 84; Pétillon 1985: 448.
12. Interview with Jean Cordy, Louvain-la-Neuve, September 5, 2009.
13. Verhaegen 1971: 419–21; Bouvier 1965: 39–56.
14. Ghilain 1963: 90–91.
15. Archer 1971: 67.
16. Wolter et al. 1957: 55–58.
17. Sinatu Bolya 2003.
18. Interview with Victorine Ndjoli, Kinshasa, November 7, 2008.
19. Michel 1962: 72.
20. Verhaegen 1971: 419.
21. Gondola 1999.
22. Laude 1956: 29.
23. Sohier 1959: 236.
24. Etambala 1999b: 50.
25. Ganshof van der Meersch 1958: 40–54.
26. CRISP 1962: 136.
27. Interviews with Jean Lema, alias Jamais Kolonga, Kinshasa, October 3 and 14 and November 6, 2008.
28. Monstelle 1962: 119.
29. Interviews with Longin Ngwadi, Kikwit, September 19–20, 2008.
30. Pétillon 1985: 446.
31. Pétillon 1985: 517.
32. De Backer 1959: 1:32.
33. Etambala 2008: 79–80.
34. Scott 1969: 21–22.
35. Etambala 2008: 82, 84.
36. De Vos 1961: 52.
37. De Backer 1959: 1:32.
38. Interview with Albert Tukeke Talulue, Kisangani, November 18, 2008.
39. Interview with Jean Mayani, Kisangani, November 19, 2008.
40. Interview with Raphaël Maindo, Kisangani, November 17, 2008.
41. Van Bilsen 1993: 124.
42. Interview with Jean Cordy, Louvain-la-Neuve, September 5, 2009.
43. Monheim 1961: 22–24.
44. Janssens 1961: 60.
45. Lumenganeso 2005: 108–109.
46. Janssens 1961: 59–61.
47. Interview with Jean Cordy, Louvain-la-Neuve, September 5, 2009.
48. Interview with Jean Cordy, Louvain-la-Neuve, September 5, 2009.
49. Interview with Jean Cordy, Louvain-la-Neuve, September 5, 2009.
50. CRISP 1960: 10.
51. Demunter 1975: 266.
52. Interview with Jean Cordy, Louvain-la-Neuve, September 5, 2009.
53. Young 1968: 159–60.
54. Caprasse 1959: 137–41.
55. CRISP 1960: 51–53.
56. De Backer 1959: 3:64.
57. Interview with Jean Mayani, Kisangani, November 19, 2008.
58. De Backer 1959: 2:20.
59. De Backer 1959: 3:158.
60. De Backer 1959: 2:83.
61. Interview with Jean Mayani, Kisangani, November 19, 2008.
62. Interview with Jean Mayani, Kisangani, November 19, 2008.
63. Ndaywel è Nziem 1998: 546.
64. Schöller 1982: 114.
65. Interview with Charly Henault, Méhaigne, August 28, 2008.
66. Ganshof van der Meersch 1960: 25; Scott 1969: 25.
67. Fierlafyn 1990: 200.
68. Demunter 1975: 276–77.
69. Archer 1971: 84.
70. Interview with Mario Cardoso, Kinshasa, October 1, 2008.
71. Buelens 2007: 327.
72. Merlier 1962: 292.
73. Eyskens 1994: 567.
74. Remilleux 1989: 46.
75. Joye and Lewin 1961: 290–95.
76. Young 1984: 712–13.
77. Weiss 1965: 2.
78. Inforcongo 1958; Verhaegen 1971: 421.
79. Kanza 1959: 39.
CHAPTER 7
1. Interviews with Jean Lema, alias Jamais Kolonga, Kinshasa, October 3 and 14 and November 6, 2008.
2. Interview with Victorine Ndjoli, Kinshasa, November 7, 2008.
3. Archer 1971: 11.
4. Etambala 1999b: 147.
5. Etambala 2008: 432–33.
6. CRISP 1961: 318–20.
7. Verlinden 2008: 140.
8. Interview with Jean Cordy, Louvain-la-Neuve, September 18, 2009.
9. De Vos 1961: 193–94.
10. CRISP1961: 323.
11. Interview with Victor Masunda Kukana, Boma, October 8, 2008.
12. Interview with Camille Mananga Nkanu, Boma, October 9, 2008.
13. Interview with Mario Cardoso, Kinshasa, October 1, 2008.
14. Schöller 1982: 178–83.
15. Ganshof van der Meersch 1958: 284.
16. Paulus 1962: 224.
CHAPTER 8
1. Janssens 1961: 12.
2. CRISP 1961: 353–54.
3. De Vos 1961: 202.
4. CRISP 1961: 381, 388; Geerts 1970: 79.
5. Verlinden 2002: 154.
6. CRISP 1961: 375.
7. Janssens 1961: 216.
8. Jorissen 2005: 115.
9. Verlinden 2002: 148–51.
10. De Craemer and Fox 1968: 3.
11. Interview with Jacques Courtejoie, Nsioni, October 5, 2008.
12. Souchard 1983: 254.
13. Kanza 1959: 40.
14. Souchard 1983: 248–49.
15. Geerts 1970: 11.
16. Interview with Bonyololo Lokombe, alias Papa Rovinscky, Kisangani, November 7, 2008.
17. Vesse 1961: 16.
18. Van den Bosch 1986: 57.
19. De Vos et al. 2004: 41.
20. De Vos et al. 2004: 40.
21. Boehme 2005.
22. De Vos et al. 2004: 521.
23. http://www.congo-1960.be/WilfriedDeBrouwerFAF_Piloot.html.
24. Kestergat 1961.
25. Interview with Camille Mananga Nkanu, Boma, October 9, 2008.
26. Verlinden 2002: 151.
27. CRISP 1961: 544.
28. Abi-Saab 1978: 14.
29. CRISP 1961: 555.
30. Devlin 2007: 48.
31. Pardigon 1961: 89.
32. CRISP 1961: 555–56.
33. Devlin 2007.
34. El-Tahri 2007.
35. Interview with Jean Lema alias Jamais Kolonga, Kinshasa, October 3, 2008.
36. Brian Urquhart, cited by Meredith 2005: 104.
37. Meredith 2005: 104–105.
38. Eyskens 1994: 584.
39. CRISP 1961: 806.
40. CRISP 1961: 110.
41. Geerts 1970: 90–91.
42. Interview with Mario Cardoso, Kinshasa, October 1, 2008.
43. De Vos et al. 2004: 581.
44. Devlin 2007: 94–97.
45. Young 1984: 721.
46. De Vos et al. 2004: 255.
47. Interview with Mario Cardoso, Kinshasa, October 1, 2008.
48. Meredith 2005: 109.
49. De Vos et al. 2004: 363–422.
50. De Vos et al. 2004: 395.
51. Soete 1993: 98–101.
52. Walter Zinzen, press release, November 4, 2009.
53. Van Bilsen 1993: 161.
54. Interview with Anne Mutosh Amuteb, Lubumbashi, April 23, 2008.
55. Ziégler 1963.
56. Yakemthouck 1988a: 177.
57. Scholl-Latour 1986: 216.
58. Gérard-Libois 1963: 186–87.
59. Ziégler 1963: 38.
60. Interview with Walter and Alice Lumbeeck, Oostkamp, July 25, 2009.
61. Interview with Frans and Marja Vleeschouwers, Berchem, July 25, 2009.
62. Hammarskjöld 1964: 93.
63. Martelli 1966: 198.
64. http://www.congo-1960.be/huurlingencongo.htm.
65. Interview with Walter en Alice Lumbeeck, Oo
stkamp, July 25, 2009.
66. Interview with Frans and Marja Vleeschouwers, Berchem, July 25, 2009.
67. Interview with Walter en Alice Lumbeeck, Oostkamp, July 25, 2009.
68. CRISP 1964: 99.
69. Kamitatu 1971: 97.
70. Young 1968: 319–48.
71. CRISP 1965: 104.
72. CRISP 1964: 105–107.
73. Verhaegen 1966–1969: 1:122.
74. Fox et al. 1965: 22.
75. Makulo Akambu 1983: 91–94.
76. Manya K’Omalowete 1986.
77. Verhaegen 1986: 7, 12.
78. Takizala 1964: 69.
79. Manya K’Omalowete 1986: 102.
80. Zinzen 2004: 101.
81. Geerts 1970: 189.
82. Etambala 1999b: 266.
83. Etambala 1999b: 258.
84. Tielemans 1966; Esposito 1978.
85. Ndaywel è Nziem 1998: 638–39.
86. CRISP 1965: 141.
87. Ndaywel è Nziem 1998: 639.
88. Verbeken 2005: 36.
89. Devlin 2007: 225.
90. Ndaywel è Nziem 1998: 623.
91. Brion 1986: 63.
92. Makulo Akambu 1983: 92.
93. Makulo Akambu 1983: 93–94.
94. El-Tahri 2007.
95. Guevara 2001: 298.
96. Guevara 2001: 83.
97. Guevara 2001: 313.
98. Guevara 2001: 281.
99. Zinzen 1995: 19–20.
100. CRISP 1966: 441.
101. CRISP 1966: 257.
102. Houyoux 1973: 30.
103. La Fontaine 1970: 64.
104. Close 2007: 164.
105. CRISP 1966: 6.
106. Interview with Jean Lema, alias Jamais Kolonga, Kinshasa, October 3, 2008.
107. Ilosono 1985: 67–72.
CHAPTER 9
1. Interviews with Zizi Kabongo, Kinshasa, May 31, November 14 and 16, 2007, April 21 and September 16, 2008.
2. Buana Kabue 1975: 105.
3. CRISP 1966: 438–44.
4. Joris 2001: 33.
5. Interview with Vincent Lombume Kalimasi, Kinshasa, June 14, 2007.
6. Diallo 1977: 88.
7. CRISP 1967: 441.
8. CRISP 1967: 442–43.
9. Saint Moulin 2007: 42.
10. Houyoux 1973: 30–31.
11. Geerts 1970: 358.
12. CRISP 1966: 415–16.
13. CRISP 1967: 102.
14. Geerts 1970: 286–95.
15. CRISP 1967: 120.
16. CRISP 1967: 179.
17. Geerts 1970: 274.
18. Interview with Alphonsine Mosolo Mpiaka, Kinshasa, November 7, 2008.
19. Zinzen 1995: 29–31.
20. Verhaegen 1970: 23.
21. Braeckman 1992: 38–40.
22. Geerts 1970: 255.
23. Huybrechts et al. 1980: 152–63.
24. Ikembana 2007: 31.
25. Bureau du Président de la République 1972: 384–85.
26. Sakombi Inongo 1974b: 409.
27. Close 2007: 235.
28. Close 2007: 190.
29. Close 2007: 251.
30. Interview with François Ngombe, alias Maître Taureau, Kinshasa, November 9, 2009.
Congo Page 78