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Forensic Pharmacology

Page 13

by B Zedeck


  Levine,Barry,ed. Principles of Forensic Toxicology. Washington,DC:American AssociationforClinicalChemistry,Inc.,1999.

  Lobo,IngridA. Inhalants (Drugs: The Straight Facts).Philadelphia:Chelsea HousePublishers,2004.

  MADD.“FatalitiesandAlcohol-RelatedFatalitiesAmong15–20YearOlds,

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  Marquardt,Hans,SiegfriedG.Schäfer,RogerO.McClellan,andFrankWelsch,

  eds. Toxicology. SanDiego,CA:AcademicPress,1999.

  McAnalley,BillH.“ChemistryofAlcoholicBeverages.”Chapter1in

  Medicolegal Aspects of Alcohol, 3rded.,editedbyJamesC.Garriott.

  Tucson,AZ:LawyersandJudgesPublishingCompany,Inc.,1996.

  Mechoulam,R.,andY.Gaoni.“ATotalSynthesisofDL-delta-1-

  Tetrahydrocannabinol,theActiveConstituentofHashish.” J. Am. Chem.

  Soc. 87 (1965):3273–3275.

  Miller,RichardLawrence. The Encyclopedia of Addictive Drugs.Westport,CT: GreenwoodPress,2002.

  Milles,Dietrich.“HistoryofToxicology.” Chapter1 in Toxicology, editedby HansMarquardt,SiegfriedG.Schäfer,RogerO.McClellan,andFrank

  Welsch.SanDiego,CA:AcademicPress,1999.

  128

  Bibliography

  NationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformation.“OneSizeDoesNotFitAll:

  ThePromiseofPharmacogenomics.”NationalInstitutesofHealth.http://

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/pharm.html.

  NationalClearinghouseforAlcoholandDrugInformation.“Ketamine.A

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  samhsa.gov/nongovpubs/ketamine/.

  Neinstein,LawrenceS.,ed. Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide, 4thed.

  Philadelphia:LippincottWilliams&Wilkins,2002.

  NIDA.“CommonlyAbusedDrugs.”NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.http://

  www.drugabuse.gov/DrugPages/DrugsofAbuse.html.

  NIDA.“FactsonDrugs.”NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.http://teens.dru-

  gabuse.gov/facts.

  NIDA.“Inhalants.”NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.http://www.nida.nih.

  gov/ResearchReports/inhalants/inhalants2.html.

  NIDA.“NIDAInfofacts.”NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.http://www.nida.

  nih.gov/infofacts.

  OfficeofAppliedStudies.“DrugAbuseWarningNetwork,2003:Interim

  NationalEstimatesofDrug-RelatedEmergencyDepartmentVisits.”

  U.S.DepartmentofHealth&HumanServices,SAMHSA’sNational

  ClearinghouseforAlcoholandDrugInformation.http://www.oas.

  samhsa.gov/dawn/2K3interimED.pdf.

  OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy.“JuvenilesandDrugs.”http://www.

  whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/juveniles/index.html.

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  Passie,Torsten,JuergenSeifert,UdoSchneider,andHinderkM.Emrich.“The

  PharmacologyofPsilocybin.” Addiction Biology7(2002):357–364.

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  Plume,1991.

  Saferstein,Richard. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 8thed.

  UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PearsonEducation,Inc.,2004.

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  Bibliography

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  RegardingIdentificationofDrug-ImpairedDrivers.”Chapter16in

  Medical-Legal Aspects of Drugs, editedbyMarcellineBurns.Tucson,AZ:

  LawyersandJudgesPublishingCompany,Inc.,2003.

  Schedules of Controlled Substances. U.S.Code.Title21,Section812.

  Service,RobertF.“GoingfromGenometoPill.” Science308(2005):1858–

  1860.

  Shulgin,Alexander,andAnnShulgin. PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story.

  Berkeley,CA:TransformPress,1995.

  SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthDataArchive.“OverallTeenDrugUse

  ContinuesGradualDecline;ButUseofInhalantsRises.”Universityof

  Michigan.http://www.monitoringthefuture.org.

  U.S.DrugEnforcementAdministration.“Ketamine.”http://www.usdoj.gov/

  dea/concern/ketamine_factsheet.html.

  U.S.NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration. Code of Federal

  Regulations,Title49,Sec.40.87(2005).

  U.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine.“DrugInformation:Barbiturates,Aspirin,

  andCodeine(Systemic).”Micromedex,Inc.http://www.nlm.nih.gov/

  medlineplus/print/druginfo/uspdi/202104.htm.

  Wilson,R.I.,andR.A.Nicoll.“EndocannabinoidSignalingintheBrain.”

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  269–294.

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  130

  Further readiNg

  Evans,Colin. The Casebook of Forensic Detection: How Science Solved 100 of

  the World’s Most Baffling Crimes.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,1996.

  Fisher,David. Hard Evidence.NewYork:Simon&Schuster,1995.

  Owen,David. Police Lab.Buffalo,NY:FireflyBooks(U.S.)Inc.,2002.

  Wecht,CyrilH. Crime Scene Investigation.Pleasantville,NY:TheReaders

  DigestAssociation,Inc.,2004.

  Wecht,Cyril,GregSaitz,andMarkCurriden. Mortal Evidence: The Forensics

  Behind Nine Shocking Cases.Amherst,NY:PrometheusBooks,2003.

  Web Sites

  Alcoholics Anonymous

  www.aa.org

  American Academy of Forensic Sciences

  (Forensic Science Career Information)

  www.aafs.org

  Drug Enforcement Administration: Club Drugs

  www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/intel/01026/index.html

  General Information and Photographs of Drugs

  www.clubdrugs.org

  www.drugabuse.gov/drugpages.html

  www.drunkdrivingdefense.com/general/illegal-drugs.htm

  www.emedicinehealth.com

  www.erowid.org/chemicals

  www.streetdrugs.org

  Narcotics Anonymous

  www.wsoinc.com

  National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information

  www.health.org

  National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)

  www.nida.nih.gov

  131

  Further Reading

  Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

  www.samhsa.gov

  Information for Teens

  http://teens.drugabuse.gov

  www.drugabuse.gov/infofax/infofaxindex.html

  www.monitoringthefuture.org

  Toxicology Tutor

  www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/ToxTutor/Tox2/a21.htm

  White House Office of National Drug Control Policy

  www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov

  132

  Picture credits

  page:


  3: ©AnnJohansson/CORBIS

  67: ©InfobasePublishing

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  72: ©JoshSher/PhotoResearchers,Inc.

  Star/CORBIS

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  13: ©InfobasePublishing

  81: ©Dr.JeremyBurgess/Photo

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  Researchers,Inc.

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  84: ©InfobasePublishing

  26: ©Dr.JurgenScriba/Photo

  90: ©InfobasePublishing

  Researchers,Inc.

  91: ©SinclairStammers/Photo

  30: ©SusanMcClure/CDC

  Researchers,Inc.

  34: ©InfobasePublishing

  93: ©DrugEnforcement

  41: ©InfobasePublishing

  Administration

  48: ©InfobasePublishing

  98: ©APPhoto/PatRoque

  52: ©AdamHart-Davis/Photo

  104: ©InfobasePublishing

  Researchers,Inc.

  112: ©DrugEnforcement

  56: ©InfobasePublishing

  Administration

  57: ©InfobasePublishing

  59: ©CordeliaMolloy/Photo

  Cover:©MauroFermariello/Photo

  Researchers,Inc

  Researchers,Inc.(mainimage);©

  64: ©DrugEnforcement

  MarkLorch/Shutterstock.com

  Administration

  (spotimage)

  133

  index

  AAFS,8

  backextrapolation,77

  Abel,JohnJacob,8

  barbiturates,67–71,78

  absorption,18

  bars,dramshopcasesand,77–78

  abuse,5,40

  baseball,58,109

  accreditation,36–37

  Bayer,AdolphVon,66

  acetaminophen,15,40

  behavior. Seeeffects

  ADAMprogram,45

  benzodiazepines,21,67,71–73,76

  ADHD,57,58

  benzoylecgonine,60–61

  adolescents,42,43–45,90,103,109–110

  benzylisoquinolines,80

  adulterants,39–40

  bloodalcoholconcentration,33–37,68–69,

  AIDS,50

  76–78

  alcohol

  blood-brainbarrier,12–15,60–61,83,104,

  adolescentsand,43

  105

  bloodalcoholconcentrationand,33–35

  brains,14,21–23

  chloralhydrateand,75

  breathalyzers,34,107

  derivationofproofand,70

  Bucheim,Rudolf,8

  metabolismof,16,68–69

  bufotenine,89,92

  withdrawaland,76–77

  Burns,Marcelline,76

  alcoholdehydrogenase,16,68

  butalbital,78

  alveoli,12

  buttons,mescaline,89,92

  amnesia,69

  amotivationalsyndrome,51

  California,49

  amphetamines,21,57–60,61,64

  cannabinoids,47–51,52–53

  amylnitrate,106

  capillaryelectrophoresis,31–33

  anaboliceffects,109

  cataplexy,73

  AnabolicSteroidControlAct,110

  cathinone,61–62

  anabolic-androgenicsteroids,3,109–113

  CDC,45

  analysis

  celebrities,overdosesby,1–2

  bloodalcoholconcentrationand,33–37

  centralnervoussystem,14–15,21–23,55–65.

  cannabinoidsand,52–53

  See alsodepressants

  chromatographyand,26,29–33,53,85

  chainofcustody,64

  depressantsand,76–78

  chemotherapy,50

  DrugRecognitionExperts(DREs)and,

  chloralhydrate,75

  35–36

  chromatography,26,29–33

  ecstasyand,92

  cirrhosis,69

  futureresearchand,115–116

  Coca-Cola,56

  GHBand,78

  cocaethylene,61

  ofhallucinogens,95

  cocaine,55–57,60–61,63–64,82

  marijuanaand,53

  codeine,75,82

  opioidsand,85–86

  colorimetrictests,28–29,53

  stimulantsand,62–65

  ComprehensiveDrugAbusePreventionand

  testsfor,25–29

  ControlAct,40–42,107,110

  urinetestingand,28,32,63–64,78,85–86

  concentration,defined,25

  anandamide,51

  confirmatorytests,25,64

  androgens,109

  conjugation,16

  anemia,106

  consultants,6

  anesthetics,67,71,75,97–102

  ControlledSubstancesAct(CSA),40–42,107,

  antidiuretichormone,69

  110

  ASCLAD,36–37

  crackcocaine,56–57,62

  ASPET,8

  cross-tolerance,38–39,94

  asthma,47,60

  CSIeffect,1

  ataxia,51

  curare,27

  automobiles. Seemotorvehicles

  cutoffvalues,31,32

  134

  Index

  daVinci,Leonardo,19

  expertwitnesses,6

  DASIS,45

  extrapolation,77

  daterapedrugs,71–72,73–74,75,78

  DAWN,43,44

  falsepositives,28,52–53,62,64–65

  decomposition,27

  FDA,101

  dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA),110

  fentanyl,82

  dependence,38–39,51,75,111

  first-passeffect,17

  depressants

  flashbacks,94–95

  alcohol,68–69

  forensicscience,2–5,6–11

  barbiturates,69–71

  freebasecocaine,56–57

  benzodiazepines,71–73

  Freud,Sigmund,55

  forensicissuesand,76–78

  GHB,73–75

  GABA,21,74

  historyof,66–67

  gamma-hydroxybutyrate,21,67,73–75,78

  overviewof,75–76

  gaschromatography(GC),28

  dextromethorphan,22,82,84

  gaschromatogratography/massspectrometry

  diazepam,15,72–73

  (GC/MS),28,29–30,85

  diets,57,58

  GHB,21,67,73–75,78

  diffusion,12–13,14

  gluesniffing,107

  diluents,39–40

  glutethimide,75,82

  dissociativeanesthetics,97–102

  Gray,Henry,19

  DMT,89,92

  growthhormone,67

  dopamine,21,22

  dosage,toxicologyand,4

  hairtesting,26

  dramshopcases,77–78

  half-life

  drivingwhileintoxicated(DWI),76–77

  ofbenzodiazepines,72–73

  dronabinol,50

  ofcocaine,60–61

  DrugRecognitionExperts(DREs),35–36

  defined,18

  druggeddriving,43–44

  ofecstasy,92

  Duquenois-Levinecolortests,53

  ofLSD,91

  Dyer,JoEllen,6

  ofmescaline,92

  dynorphins,21–22

  ofopioids,83

  ofPCPandketamine,99–100

  ecstasy. SeeMDMA

  hallucinogens,47,88–90,90–95

  effects
<
br />   hashish,48,50

  ofhallucinogens,93–94

  headspacegaschromatography,33

  ofinhalants,105

  hemp,47–48,52–53

  ofmarijuana,51

  Henry’sLaw,33

  ofopioids,84

  heroin,75,80,82–84,86

  ofPCPandketamine,100

  high-performanceliquidchromatography

  ofsteroids,111

  (HPLC),28

  ofstimulants,62

  Hofmann,Albert,88

  electrophoresis,31–33

  embalmingfluid,27,99

  infraredspectrometry,28,34–35

  endorphins,21–22

  inhalants,43,103–108

  enkephalins,21–22

  injection,39–40

  enterohepaticcirculation,17

  interactions,16–17,22,39

  enzymemultipliedimmunoassaytechnique

  ions,14

  (EMIT),28

  ephedrine,58–60

  Jascalevich,MarioE.,27

  epinephrine,22

  excretion,17–18

  ketamine,97,98,99–100,101

  exhumation,27

  khat,58

  135

  Index

  kidneys,17–18

  narcolepsy,57,58

  kinetics. Seepharmacokinetics

  narcotics,defined,80

  NationalInstituteofJustice,45

  Laborit,Henri,67

  nausea,50

  lipids,13–14,15,50–51,72–73

  needles,39

  liver,15,17–18,50,68–69,111

  Netter,FrankH.,19

  LSD,21,88,90–91,95

  neurotransmitters,20–23,74,88,100

  lungs,17–18

  NHTSA,76–77

  Luster,Andrew,6

  NIDA,36–37,44,109–110

  Niemann,Albert,55

  MaHuang,58–59

  nitrousoxide,103,106

  MAOI,22

  NMDAreceptors,22,84,100

  MarijuanaTaxAct,48

  norepinephrinereceptors,21,22

  MDMA,73,88,89–90,92–93,94

  noscapine,80

  medicalexaminers,7

  NSDUH,43,44–45

  medicinalusage

  nucleusaccumbens,23

  ofamphetamine,57–58,64

  nystagmus,35,76

  ofcocaine,55,56

  ControlledSubstancesAct(CSA)and,40

  OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy,45

  marijuanaand,47,49

  omegafattyacids,52

  ofopioids,82

  one-legstand,76

  membranes,12–13,50–51

  opioidreceptors,21–22

  mescaline,89,92

  opioids,80–87

  metabolism

  opium,80–82

  ofalcohol,68–69

  overdoses,1–2,71,75,76,85

  ofbarbiturates,69–71

  oxazepam,73

  ofbenzodiazepines,71–73

  oxycodone,43

  ofcannabinoids,50–51

  ofGHB,73–75

  papaverine,80

  ofhallucinogens,90–95

 

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