by Seth Koven
Dowell, William (brother), 24, 366
Dowell, William (father), 21, 24–26, 28, 30, 11, 363–64n15, 366n39
Drummond, Henry, 32
Durkheim, Émile, 57
East London, 1, 3, 4, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26, 27, 36, 51, 54, 57–59, 68, 70, 84, 86, 92, 94, 96, 99, 102, 106, 108, 119–21, 129, 137, 144, 150, 155–58, 160, 162, 167, 171, 173, 174, 19, 191, 223, 232, 237, 255, 256, 268, 269, 275, 278, 283, 286, 287, 304, 306, 308, 312, 314, 318, 322, 330, 332, 335, 336, 339, 341, 345
East London Federation of Suffragettes, 277, 312
East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions, 176–77. See also Harley House
East End Working Women’s Club, 284, 285
Eddy, Mary Baker, 214; critics of, 206–8; Science and Health with the Key to Scriptures, 205–6
education. See Forest Gate; infants’ rooms; Forster Education Act; kindergartens; London Board schools; “public” schools; schoolteachers; truancy officers
Eliot, George (Mary Ann Evans), 181
Elliott, Ebenezer, 265–66
Ellis, Edith Lees, 207, 246, 268, 271
Endersbee, Rose (Dowell), 28, 29, 31, 35, 77, 108, 336, 337
Engels, Frederick, 17, 29, 417n29
Englishwoman’s Review, 47–48; on Clara Balfour, 369–70n86
Epping Forest, 68, 69, 109, 202, 290, 341
Essex Baptist Union, 59, 61, 138, 148
Ethical Society and Movement, 128, 390n159
ethical socialism, 135
ethical subjectivity, 3
evangelicalism, 81, 84, 89, 91, 138, 146, 148, 154, 160, 171–77, 183, 212, 230, 392n9, 396n63, 398n106, 399n18
Fabian Society/Fabians, 85, 178, 181. See also Webb, Beatrice; Webb, Sidney
factory girls’ clubs, 91, 101, 102, 135, 154, 159, 170, 174, 184, 192, 205, 267, 335
Fawcett, Mrs. Henry (Millicent), 282, 283, 286
Fellowship of the New Life, 144, 207, 268. See also Ellis, Edith Lees
Fellowship of Reconciliation (FoR), 5, 128, 258, 288, 291–300; and Bolshevism, 297, 426n147; and Christian revolution, 291; origins of, 290–93
feminism, 3, 274, 275, 278, 280, 287, 322n83; antiwar, 274–76; and Muriel, 280–88; political, 210, 275, 277, 278. See also suffragettes
Forest Gate School, 8, 10, 21, 39–46, 43, 50, 51, 51, 52, 54–56, 63, 71, 77, 108
Forster Education Act (1870 Act), 28, 29
Forward Movement. See Methodism
Freud, Sigmund, 254; Civilization and Its Discontents, 247
friendship: Elizabeth Barrett on, 252–53; and Christian revolution, 2, 144, 257, 290, 338, 351–52; and community building, 45, 168, 182, 264–65, 274, 307; and cross-class, 3, 66, 95, 134, 137, 152, 162 164, 167, 308; and God, 144, 148, 152; inequality within, 65, 237; letters as tokens of, 7, 253; and mateship, 243; and seraphic, 239; between women, 71, 237–39, 245, 252
“From Birth to Death” (M. Lester), 14, 15, 22, 24, 27, 45, 48, 101, 111, 116, 124, 127, 128, 131, 134, 187, 189, 190, 192, 195, 196, 201, 235, 289, 327
Gainsborough Lodge, 21, 22, 59, 349
Gandhi, Mohandas, 5, 12, 68, 145, 292, 324, 330, 335, 342, 343, 346, 347. See also Kingsley Hall
gay, as term, 243, 244, 412nn150 and 152
gender, 3, 76, 274, 338; and female philanthropy, 2, 41, 58, 77, 89–90, 92, 102, 134, 159, 160, 167, 183, 192, 203, 250, 264, 278, 283, 286, 317, 329, 341; and household expenditure, 127, 245; and Henry Lester as paterfamilias, 60–61; and male breadwinners, 31–32, 141, 282, 379n30; and men’s bodies, 220, 223–25; and middle-class girls’ education, 67–73, 75, 158; and pauper girls’ education, 40, 341; and political argument, 86, 124–25, 278; and religion, 137–38, 144–45, 167–68, 205–9, 216, 283; and women’s bodies, 203–4; and women’s trade unionism, 86–91
George, David Lloyd, 135, 224, 279, 297, 301
girl vendors, 79–80
Girton, 66, 71, 74
Gissing, George, 67
“God is Love” theology, 18, 136, 137, 149, 153, 173, 182–84, 207, 210, 41, 260, 300; and Mary Baker Eddy, 206
Gollancz, Victor, 346, 348, 349
Gore, Rev. Charles, 152; Bampton Lectures, 147; Lux Mundi, 146–47; on the Sermon on the Mount, 289
Gorst, Sir John, 52
Gramsci, Antonio, 2
Grange, the, 69, 74, 129, 154, 170, 201, 219, 228, 242, 248, 272, 309, 319, 320
Grant, Clara, 45, 46, 369n85
Grattan Guinness, Fanny, 171–73
Grattan Guinness, Rev. Henry “Harry,” 171, 172, 172, 173
Grattan Guinness, Dr. Henry (son), 174–75
Guild of Health, 214, 247
Guinness, Lucy, 154
Halévy, Élie: on Methodism, 259
half-orphans, 1, 8, 11, 22, 46, 72, 77, 103, 119, 132, 244, 255
Hall, Radclyffe, 412n147
Hall, William Clarke, 223, 287
Harley College and House, 172, 173, 174, 176, 380n42, 382n59, 398n110. See also Regions Beyond
Harnack, Adolf von, 147–48, 182
Hardie, Keir, 97, 150, 179
Harris, Booth, 154, 165
Harris, Louisa Emily (Louie), 154, 165
Harris, Mildred, 165
Harrow Cottage, 54, 55. See also Barnett, Dame Henrietta; Dowell, Alice
Hart, Dr. Ernest, 200
Hayes, Rev. Daniel, 176–77, 182
Headlam, Rev. Stewart, 89, 100, 146
heterosexuality, 66, 74, 413n153
Higher Thought Centre, 207
Hill, Octavia, 41, 50
Hinduism, 394n9; and Kabîr, 215; Muriel Lester on, 146, 292, 329, 348, 357n5; 394n39; and missionary training curriculum, 175; and Vivikananda, 216
Hitler, Adolf, 335
Hobhouse, Margaret Potter, 141; I Appeal unto Caesar, 224
Hodgkin, Henry, 258, 288, 290–94, 297, 300
Hobhouse, Rosa Waugh, 76, 79, 223, 267, 284, 287, 300, 313, 314, 332, 376n162; on allopathic medicine, 409n102; and voluntary poverty, 318, 320, 430n213
Hobhouse, Stephen, 141–42, 246, 304, 320; as conscientious objector, 221, 223–24
Hobson, John Atkinson, 131, 291, 383n70
Holgate, Wyndham, 45
Holmes, Edmond: on Board school education, 44
homosexuality, 20, 243, 246, 412nn146 and 148. See also queerness; same-sex desire
Hubbard, Kate, 97–98, 383n73
Hughes, Mary (May), 41, 76, 267, 268, 287, 313, 314, 321, 324, 423n97; and voluntary poverty, 318, 320, 321, 430n215
human interiority, 185, 226
humanitarianism: Christian, 171; global, 177
Huntley’s Health and Pleasure Resort (Bishops Teignton), 210
idealism, 318
immigrants: Chinese, 110; colored, 110; Irish, 87, 98, 109, 276; Jews, 109, 110, 128; white, 110
imperialism, 3, 4, 131, 135, 137, 171, 176, 183, 300; economic, 57, 191, 294, 316; Lenin on, 426n145
Independent Labour Party, 150, 179, 278, 312
infants’ room, 30, 364n29, 365n35
interwar years, 205, 246, 260, 330
It Occurred to Me (M. Lester), 58, 74, 153, 156, 158, 254, 307, 334, 335, 344, 419n54, 421n75
It So Happened (M. Lester), 254
James, Rev. Stanley, 293, 294, 318, 321
Junior Club, 163–64
Jupp, William, 144, 152
Just Children (D. Lester), 61–62
Kabîr, 215
Kenworthy, John Coleman, 143, 144, 152
Keynes, John Maynard, 260
Kill or Cure (M. Lester), 303
kindergarten, 29, 30, 318, 365n36
Kingsley Hall, 4, 6, 163, 209, 210, 222, 250, 331, 333; activities at, 270–71; bombing of, 248, 308–10, 312, 314, 316; Children’s House, 46, 59, 62, 258, 332, 340, 342, 343, 415n6, 432n3; as Christian revolutionary “People’s House,” 3, 201, 250, 257, 261, 285, 331, 339; Dagenham branch, 6, 345; daily-life rules, 258–59, 268, 270, 331, 342; domestic routines at, 257–58, 316, 331, 332, 378; ethics of, 261–74, 318, 328; functions
of, 4; Gandhi at, 5, 12, 335, 346, 347; Joy Nights, 4; kitchen of, 201, 220, 230; Montessori school at, 4, 45, 62, 270, 303, 304; post–World War I life at, 338–40; prayer/religion at, 258, 270–71, 328; principles of, 259, 346; purpose of, 250, 256, 257; residents of, 3, 4, 8, 41, 76, 223, 284, 287, 299, 318, 332; as “small utopia,” 20; social club at, 268; and suffrage movement, 274–76, 280–88; 285; vs. Toynbee Hall, 262, 267, 274; vegetarianism at, 340; Women’s Service scheme, 286. See also Lester, Doris; Lester, Muriel; London Society for Women’s Suffrage
Kingsley Rooms, 1, 209, 211, 222, 261, 267, 286, 330, 345. See also Kingsley Hall; Lester, Kingsley
Kropotkin, Peter, 294
labor: disputes over, 96–105, 114, 115, 121; manual vs. machine, 120–31; and politics, 3; relations with employers, 106, 112–14, 117; and tariff protection, 113, 130; unfair labor practices, 85, 108, 296, 380n34
Lansbury, George, 42, 54, 145, 180, 181, 190, 191, 206, 262, 263, 265, 282, 285, 297, 300, 318, 327, 384n85, 430n213, 421n322; criticism of, 179; meets Muriel Lester, 179; and suffrage movement, 278–80. See also Social Democratic Federation
Lansbury, Minnie, 191
Lansdowne, Lord Henry: on ending World War I, 312
Lawrence, Brother, 212–13, 216; The Practice of the Presence of God, 213
League of Nations, 318
Left, the, 259, 298; Christian, 13, 298; politics of, 18, 259
Leighton Buzzard, 36, 37, 38, 39
Lenin, Vladimir, 291, 297, 298, 426n145
Leo XIII (pope): Rerum Novarum, 148, 394n46
Leopold, King, 136, 171, 174–76
lesbians/lesbianism, 6, 238, 243, 244, 411n139, 412nn146, 147, and 152, 413n153
Lester, Doris, 4, 5, 6, 8, 21, 54, 59, 60, 62, 63, 70, 159, 174, 184, 201, 205, 210, 214, 221, 241, 251, 256, 261, 264, 265, 267, 270, 275, 280, 292, 293, 309, 322, 328, 335, 342, 343, 346, 351; as admirer of Tolstoy, 145, 164–65; and bicycling, 67; childhood of, 23, 57–58, 61; as Christian, 145; and conscientious objectors, 222, 223; dependence on Muriel, 73–74, 153, 270, 179; education of, 362–63n5; effect of Kingsley’s death on, 209; and the FoR, 290; friendship with Nellie, 46, 170, 235, 241, 250, 257; friendship with Al Whipps, 348–49; independence of, 170; and the Kitkats, 149; lack of interest in male courtship, 74, 375–76n159; leadership of Kingsley Hall, 342–44; and Montessori school at Kingsley Hall, 4, 45, 62, 270, 303, 304; moves to Bow, 168, 170, 171; as New Girl, 66–67; and New Theology, 149; as pacifist feminist, 286; as radical Christian, 286; shyness of, 20; at St. Leonard’s, 73–74, 173; as Sunday school teacher, 162–65; and “synthetic families,” 349; and Underhill, 214; vision of early childhood education, 45–46; visits Bow families, 269; and voluntary poverty, 320
Lester, Henry, 9, 142, 160, 222, 230, 320, 323, 330, 341; background of, 58–59; charities of, 59–60; children of, 58; clothing of, 67; as progressive thinker, 70; religious beliefs/practices of, 21, 60–61, 138, 144, 148, 170, 221; and social conformity, 75–76; support of Kingsley Hall, 261–74; wealth of, 322
Lester, Kingsley, 1, 221, 74, 211, 211, 262, 263, 265, 405n66; closeness with Doris and Muriel, 58; charities of, 59; childhood of, 21; illness and death of, 208–10, 220, 222; vocation of, 59; will of, 209, 261
Lester, Muriel, 5, 323, 349; and allopathic medicine, 190, 203–4, 207, 208, 211, 253; aversion to Hinduism, 146; at Bow Lodge, 92; childhood of, 22–23, 58–66, 156, 176; as Christian, 136, 145–46, 151–53, 160–61; and Christian mysticism, 212; and Christian revolution, 256–60, 270, 273, 285, 286, 288, 338, 341, 351; and Christian Science, 205–6; churches attended, 148, 15, 216; and conscientious objectors, 221–26, 409n109; criticism of Britain, 135, 149, 153, 184, 241, 259, 260; criticized, 316–17; effect of Kingsley’s death on, 209; feeling overworked, 203; and feminism, 281; and feminist politics, 280–89; and the FoR, 290, 293, 295–97, 299; friendships with match girls, 78; and “God is Love” theology, 18, 136, 137, 149, 153, 173, 182–84, 207, 210, 41, 260, 300; government files on, 6; on health care for the poor, 192; influence of Tolstoy, 139, 142; inheritance of, 258, 322; lack of interest in male courtship, 74, 246; as Lady Bountiful, 2, 154–60, 264, 317; last will of, 349–50; life/work at Bow, 136, 137, 154–62, 170–71; and “lived” theology, 138, 153; and London Society for Women’s Suffrage, 274–76, 282–86; love by/for Nellie Dowell, 1, 92, 134, 226–52, 308; and Lusitania riots, 428n176; mental illness of, 208, 210, 224; as New Girl, 66–67; and New Theology, 149–51, 153; as nurse and patient of Nellie, 230–32; as pacifist feminist, 135, 142, 184, 204, 275, 288; and participatory democracy, 262–63; patriotism of, 135; as “Peth,” 280; physical illnesses of, 184–85, 201, 203, 204, 210, 247, 293; as Poplar councilwoman, 190, 338; and “Prayer of Relaxation,” 202, 204–6, 218, 219, 247, 254; as radical Christian, 136, 154, 162, 286, 296, 300; renovates Kingsley Hall, 331–32; and restorative justice, 323; as “saint,” 6, 12–13, 324; self-improvement of, 152; and the Sermon on the Mount, 18, 260, 288, 289, 301, 314, 315, 324, 327, 329; as slum worker, 136, 137, 154–271, 394n34; and spiritual therapeutics, 212–19, 253–54; as sportswoman, 72; at St. Leonard’s, 70, 73, 159, 173, 375n155; struggle for peace, 1; and suffrage, 274, 389n151 (see also London Society for Women’s Suffrage); and theological thinking, 138–40, 153; and Underhill, 214–16; as vegetarian, 68; vision of Kingsley Hall, 266; visits Bow neighbors, 264–65; and voluntary poverty, 3, 299, 318, 322, 325, 335, 338; and world citizenship, 330. See also Bruce Road Men’s Adult School; “From Birth to Death”; It Occurred to Me; It So Happened; Loughton Sunday school; “The Salt of the Earth”
Lester, Rachel (Goodwin), 21, 51, 59, 142, 149, 230, 320, 330; children of, 58; as progressive thinker, 67, 70; and social conformity, 75–76
letters: as important to female friendships, 239, 411n138. See also Dowell, Nellie: letters of
liberalism/Liberalism/Liberal party, 20, 67, 176, 177, 279, 296: and childhood, 48–49; and conscientious objection, 221; and Germany in 1848, 29; and laissez-faire, 16; and Muriel Lester, 182, 258, 342; and New Liberalism, 139, 383n70; and New Zealand, 8, 78, 104, 112, 114, 117, 123, 385n91; and political thought, 48; and Protestantism, 146, 150, 259, 290, 394n39; values of, 137, 220, 328; victory (1906), 178
Lilley, Fanny (“Tannie”), 61, 156–57
Lindlahr, Henry: Practice of Nature Cure, 218
Link, The, 85, 88, 89
Lundström Co., 125
Little Folks, 47, 63
“Little Match Girl, The” (Andersen), 77–78, 81, 82, 88
“lived” theology, 18, 182. See also under Lester, Muriel
London Board schools, 8, 29, 45, 89
London Hospital, 10, 14, 187, 188, 188, 189, 192, 193, 194, 194, 196, 196–98, 199, 199, 200, 204, 208, 215, 230, 253, 325
London Society for Women’s Suffrage, 4, 209–10, 274–76, 282, 287, 314, 422n84; involvement with Kingsley Hall, 282–86
London Theosophical Society, 144
Loughton, 5, 12, 67–69, 69, 70, 129, 136, 148, 151, 153, 154, 157, 159, 170, 171, 183, 184, 201, 202, 205, 222, 228, 253, 62, 285, 290, 316, 330, 333, 335; Sunday school, 147, 162, 163, 164, 165, 205, 221–22, 302
Loughton Union Church, 151, 153, 154, 163, 173, 176, 182, 209, 222
Luckes, Eva, 194
Lumsden, Louisa, 71, 251, 252
lunatic ward. See Dowell, Nellie: as pauper lunatic; Poor Law hospitals
Lusitania Riots, 303, 306, 307
Lyschinska, Maria, 5, 29
McCarthy, Tom: and opening of Kingsley Hall, 354.
Macdonald, J. A. Murray (M.P., Bow and Bromley), 97, 383n70
Macpherson, Annie, 49
Mannheim, Karl: and Utopianism, 20, 362n44
Marner Street school, 10, 28, 29, 31, 36, 55
Marcus, Sharon: on women’s friendships and eroticism, 238, 411n139
Marshall, Catherine, 283
Martin, Thomas Beecham and Emilia, 68
Marx, Eleanor, 179
Marx, Karl, 29, 83, 131, 179, 270, 291; Capital, 295; and “false consciousness,” 2; and religion, 259
matchboxes, 10, 116, 117, 201, 379n30
matches: fusées, 98; lucifer, 31, 77, 103, 120, 121, 148; wax vestas, 31, 77, 88, 106, 107, 113, 120, 130, 385n98
match girls, 77–135, 90, 379–80 n33, 280n34; as box fillers, 95, 113, 114, 116, 118, clubs for, 91, 92; complaints about, 115; duties of, 88, 114, intimidation of, 114; natures of, 91–95; strike of 1888, 8, 78, 85–95, 144, 146, 179, 379n29, 379–80n33, 381–82n37, 384n85; strike of 1893/94, 95–103, 382n67, 383n71, 383–84n78; strike of 1900, 195, 275; wages of, 115–16; work of, 79–85. See also Bryant and May; labor: disputes over; Dowell, Nellie: in New Zealand; Dowell, Nellie: in Sweden; R. Bell and Company
match industry, 1, 2, 6, 17, 18, 31, 78, 88, 102, 103, 105, 106, 117, 120, 130–33, 278, 202, 379n30, 383n71; competition in, 126, 131; dangers in, 106, 107; diseases caused by, 88, 100, 113, 132; in New Zealand, 104–6, 111–14, 118, 121, 125–27, 126, 131, 379n30, 387n127; in Sweden, 125. See also Bryant and May; Diamond Match Company; Dowell, Nellie: in Sweden; R. Bell and Company
Matchmakers Union, 90, 96, 99, 383n72; Committee, 96
maternalism: and child welfare, 16, 49, 338, 371n94
Maurice, Rev. Frederick Denison, 146
Maynard, Constance, 71, 251–52
Methodism/Methodists, 61, 68, 91, 138, 148, 153, 166, 167, 239, 280, 236, 294, 345, 415nn9 and 10; and “erotics of friendship,” 239
Methodist Forward movement, 286
Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young Servants (MABYS), 41, 50, 52, 376n1