by Will Durant
24. L. c.
25. Historiae Augustae, “Alex. Severus,” 33; Livy, xxxix, 8f; Mommsen, V, 384; Ward, I, 406.
26. In Boissier, G., Cicero and His Friends, 164.
27. Cicero, Pro Caelio.
28. Plutarch, “Cato the Younger.”
29. Cicero, Ad Atticum, ii, 1; Plutarch, 1. c, and “Phocien.”
30. Appian, Roman History, vi, 16.
31. Plutarch, “Crassus.”
32. Ibid.
33. Plutarch, “Sertorius.”
34. Plutarch, “Pompey.”
35. Cicero, De lege Manilia, vii, 18-19.
36. Cicero, Pro Caelio, 16.
37. Cicero, Pro Sexto Roscio.
38. Sallust, The War of Catiline, xv.
39. Ibid.; Plutarch, “Cicero.”
40. Haskell, H., The New Deal in Old Rome, 125.
41. Sallust, Catiline, xx, 7-13.
42. Cicero, III In Catilinam, vii.
43. Haskell, 167.
44. Sallust, xxxiii, 1.
45. Cicero, op. cit., viii.
46. Ibid., i.
47. Cicero, In Pisonem, vi-vii.
CHAPTER VIII
1. Lucretius, De rerum natura, iii, 1053f; tr. W. D. Rouse.
2. Ibid., iv, 1045-71.
3. Mommsen, IV, 207.
4. Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, 391.
5. Lucretius, i, 1-40.
6. Ibid., i, 101.
7. V, 1202.
8. I, 73.
9. II, 646.
10. II, 1090.
11. VI, 35.
12. I, 430.
13. II, 312.
14. IV, 834.
15. V, 419.
16. V, 837.
17. II, 8.
18. V, 1116.
19. II, 29.
20. IV, 1052.
21. V, 925f.
22. II, 79.
23. II, 1148.
24. II, 576.
25. Shotwell, Introduction, 221.
25a. Appian, ii, 2.
26. Lucretius, v, 564.
27. VI, 1093.
28. In Eusebius, Chronicles in Hadzsits, G., Lucretius and His Influence, 5.
29. Sellar, Poets of the Republic, 277.
30. Voltaire, Lettres de Memmius à Ciceron, in Hadzsits, 327.
31. Apuleius, Apology, in Sellar, 411.
32. Catullus, Poems, li.
33. Id., ii.
34. V.
35. XI
36. LXXXV.
37. LXX.
38. CI.
39. XXXI.
40. XXXVIII.
41. XCVIII.
42. Varro, pref.
43. Ibid., ii, 10.
44. St. Augustine, City of God, iv, 27.
45. Ibid., vii, 5.
46. Sallust, Jug. War, lxxxv.
46a. Gellius, xvii, 18.1.
46b. Pliny, xiv, 17.
47. In Weise, O., Language and Character of the Roman People, 86.
48. Nepos, “Atticus,” xvi.
49. Cf. the letter to Trebatius, in Cicero, vii, 10.
50. Cf. the letter to Lentulus in Cicero, i, 7 with the speech Pro Balbo, 27.
51. Ad Atticum, vii, 1.
52. Letters, xv, 4, to Cato.
53. Boissier, Cicero, 84; Frank, Economic Survey, I, 395.
54. Ad Atticum, i, 18.
55. Ibid., i, 7.
56. Pro Archia, vii.
57. De div., i, 2.1; ii, 2.4-5.
58. De off., ii, 17.
59. De natura deorum, i, 2, 8.
60. De div., ii, 12.28.
61. Academica, ii, 41.
62. De natura deorum, i, 5.
63. De div., ii, 47.97.
63a. De natura deorum, iii, 16.
64. Ibid., ii, 37.
65. Ibid., i, I; De legibus, ii, 7; De off., ii, 72.148.
66. De legibus, i, 7.
67. De re publica, i, 2.
68. Ibid., i, 44.
69. III, 22.
70. De legibus, i, 15.
71. De amicitia, xii, 40.
72. De senectute, xi, 38.
73. Disp. Tusc., i.
74. De legibus, i, 2.
CHAPTER IX
1. Suetonius, Supplement, i, 3.
2. Suetonius, “Julius,” 49.
3. Ibid., 4; Plutarch, “Caesar.”
4. Suetonius, “Julius,” 52.
5. Plutarch, “Cato the Younger.”
6. Quintilian, Institutes, x, 1.114.
7. Sallust, Cataline, ii.
8. Appian, Civil Wars, ii, 2.
9. Ferrero, G., Greatness and Decline of Rome, I, 261.
10. Boissier, Tacitus, 215f.
12. Mommsen, V, 132.
13. Caesar, Gallic War, i, 44.
14. Mommsen, V, 34.
15. Ibid., 38.
16. Cicero, 1. c., 81.
17. Mommsen, V, 100.
18. Plutarch, “Pompey,” “Crassus,” “Cato the Younger.”
19. Homo, L., Roman Political Institutions, 184; Mommsen, V, 166.
20. Ibid., 385.
21. Appian, Civil Wars, ii, 3.
22. Cicero, Pro Sextio, 35; Mommsen, V, 108f, 370; Ferrero, I, 313; Boissier, Cicero, 213; Fowler, Social Life, 58.
23. Dio Cassius, xl, 57.
24. Plato, Republic, 562f.
25. Suetonius, “Julius,” 77.
26. Appian, Civil Wars, ii, 5; Ferrero, II, 187.
27. Suetonius, “Julius,” 32; Appian, l.c.
28. Syme, 89.
29. Cicero ad Atticum, vin, 16.
30. Ferrero, II, 212.
31. Cicero, Letters, xvi, 12, to Tiro, 49 B.C.
32. Cf., e.g., De bello civile, i, 43-52.
33. Ibid., i, 53; Appian, ii, 15.
34. Caesar, Bello civile, iii, 1.
35. Plutarch, “Caesar”; Appian, ii, 8.
36. Caesar, iii, 10.
37. Ibid., iii, 53.
38. Cicero, Letters, vii, 3 to Marcus Marius, 46 B.C.; ad Atticum, xi, 6.
39. Appian, ii, 10.
40. Plutarch, “Pompey.”
41. Plutarch, “Marcus Brutus.”
42. Caesar, iii, 88.
43. Plutarch, “Pompey.”
44. Appian, ii, 13.
45. Mahaffy, J., Silver Age of the Greek World, 199.
46. CAH, X, 37; Buchan, Augustus, 117.
47. Suetonius, “Julius,” 52.
48. Ibid.
49. Plutarch, “Caesar.”
50. Dio Cassius, xlii, 49.
51. Appian, ii, 13.
52. Suetonius, “Julius,” 80.
53. Pliny, xxviii, 2.
55. Frank, Economic History, 351.
56. Plutarch, “Caesar.”
57. Cicero Pro Marcello, 6-10.
58. Cf. ad Familiares, viii, 14, 22-5; ix, 11.
59. In Cicero, ad Atticum, xiv, 1.
60. Dio Cassius, ii, 44.
61. Plutarch, “Brutus.”
62. Appian, ii, 16.
63. Plutarch, I.c.
64. From a doubtful letter of Brutus in Boissier, Cicero and His Friends, 334.
65. Cicero, ad Atticum, v, 21; vi, 1-9.
66. Appian, ii, 16.
67. Suetonius, “Julius,” 79.
68. Ibid., 81-87; Plutarch, “Caesar”; Appian, ii, 16-21.
69. Suetonius, 82.
70. Appian, l.c.
CHAPTER X
1. Ferrero, II, 226.
2. Boissier, Cicero, 192.
3. Appian, Civil Wars, ii, 2; Dio, xlv, 2.
4. Appian, iv, 11.
5. Ibid., 2-6; Plutarch, “Antony.”
6. Brutus to Cicero, ad Familiares, xi, 20.
7. Plutarch, “Cicero.”
8. Appian, iv, 4; Plutarch, “Antony.”
9. Philo, Quod omnis probus, 118-20; Appian, iv, 8-10.
10. Plutarch, “Antony”; Appian, v, 1.
11. Ibid.; Athenaeus, iv, 29.
13. CAH, X, 79.
14. Suetonius, 17. Rostovt
zeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 29, thinks the will a forgery; CAH, X, 97, accepts it as genuine.
15. Dio, li, 35.
16. Ibid., 6.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., Suetonius, 17.
CHAPTER XI
1. Suetonius, “Augustus,” 33.
2. Dio, liv, 17.
3. Ibid., Iv, 4.
4. Suetonius, 40.
5. Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. Bury, I, 65.
6. Suetonius, 23; Dio, lvi, 17.
7. Plutarch, Moralia, 207D.
8. Charlesworth, M., Trade Routes and Commerce of the Roman Empire, 8.
9. Suetonius, 41.
9a. Dio, liv, 18.
9b. Suetonius, 28.
10. Ibid., 42.
12. Augustus, Res gestae, iii, 21.
13. Dio, lv, 25.
14. Suetonius, 58.
16. Pliny, xiv, 5.
18. Cf. Himes, N., Medical History of Contraception, 85f and 188.
19. Dio, liv, 19.
20. Tacitus, Annals, xv, 19.
21. Ibid., iii, 25.
22. Horace, Odes, iii, 24.
23. Davis, Influence of Wealth, 304.
24. Gellius, x, 2.2.
25. Ibid.
26. Dio, lvi, 1.
27. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, 637.
28. Augustus, Res gestae, ii, 10.
29. Buchan, 286.
30. Suetonius, 76-83.
31. Ibid., 81; Dio, Iii, 30.
32. Suetonius, 76.
33. Ibid., 84.
34. Ibid., 90-2.
35. Ferrero, IV, 175.
36. Plutarch, Moralia, 207C.
37. Suetonius, 53.
38. Dio, lvii, 2.
39. Suetonius, 64.
40. Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 5, ad finem: “I never take on a passenger unless the vessel is already full.”
41. Seneca, Moral Essays, III, vi, 32.1.
42. Suetonius, 99.
CHAPTER XII
1. Macrobius, ii, 4.
2. Horace, Epistles, ii, 1.117.
3. Juvenal, Satires, i, 2; iii, 9.
4. Martial, Epigrams, i, 67, 118; Fried-lander, III, 37.
4a. Lanciani, Ancient Rome, 183.
5. Ovid., Tristia, i, 1.105.
6. Tacitus De oratorisbus, 13.
8. Virgil, Eclogues, i, 46.
9. Ibid., i, ix.
10. Suetonius, On Poets, “Virgil,” 9.
11. Virgil, Georgics, iii, 284.
12. Ibid., i, 145.
13. II, 490.
14. In Duff, Literary History of Rome, 455.
15. Georgics, iii, 46.
16. Aeneid, vi, 86of; Suetonius, “Virgil,” 31.
17. Aeneid, ii, 293.
18. Ibid., iv, 331-61.
19. VI, 126.
20. VI, 852.
21. IV, 508.
22. Suetonius, 23.
23. Ibid., 43.
24. Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, art. Epic Poetry.
25. Suetonius, On Poets, “Horace.”
26. Horace, Odes, iii, 2.
27. Epodes, ii, 2.41.
28. Satires, i, 1.
28a. Epistles, i, 16; Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic of the Roman Empire, 61.
29. Horace, Satires, ii, 5.
30. Ibid., ii, 7.105.
31. Ibid., 23.
32. I, 1.69.
33. Odes, ii, 10.
34. Satires, i, l.105.
35. Ibid., ii, I.1.
36. Odes, iii, 29.12.
37. Satires, ii, 6.60.
39. Odes, iii, 16.29.
40. Epodes, ii, 1.
41. Petronius, Satyricon, 118.
42. Odes, ii, 11.
43. I, 9.
44. I, 28.
45. I, 35.
46. III, 30.
47. Ars poetica, 139.
48. Ibid., 343.
49. Ibid., 102.
50. Epistles, i, 6.1.
51. Odes, ii, 3.
52. Ibid., ii, 10.
53. Satires, ii, 7.83.
54. Odes, iii, 3.
55. Epistles, i, 4.16; cf. i, 17.
56. Satires, ii, 6.93.
57. Epistles, ii, 2.55.
58. Odes, ii, 14.
59. Satires, i, 1.117.
60. Epistles, ii, 2.214.
61. Odes, ii, 17.
63. Taine, H., Essai sur Tite Live, 1.
64. Pliny, Natural History, dedication.
65. Taine, l.c., 10.
66. E.g., Livy, ii, 48.
67. E.g., cf. Livy, xlv, 12 with Polybius, xxix, 27; or Livy, xxiv, 34 with Polybius, viii, 5.
68. Pliny, Letters, ii, 3.
69. Tibullus, i, 1.
70. Ibid., i, 6.
71. I, 3, 10.
72. Propertius, ii, 34, 57.
73. Ibid., ii, 6.
74. I, 8.
75. Ovid, Tristia, iv, 10.
76. Ovid, Ars amatoria, 157.
77. Ibid., 99.
78. Ibid., 171.
79. Amores, ii, 4.
80. Ibid., i, I; ii, 18.
81. II, 1.
82. I, 4.
83. II, 5.
84. II, 10.
85. III, 7; ii, 10.
86. Ars amatoria, 97.
90. Remedia amoris, 183.
91. Ibid., 194.
92. Heroides, iv.
93. Tristia, ii, 103.
94. Ex Ponto, iv, 6.41.
95. Tristia, i, 1; iii, 8.
96. Ibid., iii, 3.15; Ex Ponto, i, 4.47.
CHAPTER XIII
1. In Holmes, Architect of the Roman Empire, 108.
2. Suetonius, “Tiberius,” 68.
3. Ibid., 69.
4. Tacitus, Annals, i, 11.
5. Suetonius, 23.
6. Dio, lvii, 18.
7. Ibid., 6; Suetonius, 30; Tacitus, Annals, iv, 6.
8. Suetonius, 27.
9. Tacitus, I.c.
10. Suetonius, 32.
11. Ferrero, G., Women of the Caesars, 136.
12. Tacitus, ii, 50.
13. Ibid., iv, 57.
14. Dio, lvii, 11.
15. Ferrero, Women, 140.
16. Tacitus, iv, 57; Suetonius, 42-4.
17. CAH, X, 638.
18. Tacitus, iv, 58.
19. Suetonius, 60.
20. Tacitus, iv, 70.
21. Ibid., vi, 50.
22. Mommsen, T., Provinces of the Roman Empire, II, 187.
23. Josephus, Antiquities, xix, 1.15.
24. Suetonius, “Gaius,” 50-1.
25. Ibid.
26. Dio, lix, 5.
27. Suetonius, “Gaius,” 29, 32.
28. Dio, lix, 26.
29. Suetonius, 24.
30. Ibid.
31. Seneca Ad Helviam, x, 4.
32. Suetonius, 40.
33. Ibid., 38.
34. Ibid., 30.
35. Dio, lix, 3.
36. Suetonius, 27.
37. For a defense of Caligula cf. Balsdon, The Emperor Gaius, 33 etc.
39. Dio, lix, 28.
40. Balsdon, 161.
41. Ibid., 168.
42. Dio, lix, 29.
43. Suetonius, “Claudius,” 29.
44. Dio, lx, 10.
45. Suetonius, 21.
46. Seneca, Apocolocyntosis, 3.
47. Tacitus, xii, 53.
48. Suetonius, 28.
49. Brittain, 244.
50. Suetonius, 37; Dio, lx, 14.
51. Suetonius, 50.
52. Dio, lx, 18.
53. Tacitus, xi, 12.
54. Ibid., 25.
55. Dio, lxi, 31.
56. Ferrero, Women, 226.
57. Buchan, 247.
58. Tacitus, xi, 25.
59. Pliny, Nat. Hist., ix, 117.
60. Tacitus, xiii, 43.
61. Dio, lxi, 34.
62. Ibid., 2.
63. Suetonius, “Nero,” 52.
64. Dio, lxi, 3.
65. Tacitus, xiii, 4.
66. Henderson, B., Life and Principate of the Emperor Nero, 75.
67. Tacitus, xv, 48.
68. Suetonius, 56.
69. Ibid., 27.
70. Tacitus, xvi, 18.
71. Dio, lxii, 15; lxi, 7; Suetonius, 26.
72. Dio, lxii, 14; Tacitus, xiv, 5, adds that some writers question the story.
73. Tacitus, xiv, 10.
74. Ibid., xiii, 3.
75. Suetonius, 20.
76. Ibid., 41; Dio, lxiii, 26.
77. Suetonius, 52.
78. Ibid., 11.
79. Tacitus, xiv, 60.
80. CAH, X, 722.
81. Tacitus, xv, 44.
82. Ibid., xvi, 6; Suetonius, 25.
83. Dio, lxii, 27; Suetonius, 27.
84. Tacitus, xvi, 18.
85. Suetonius, 22.
86. Ibid.
87. Dio, lxiii, 23.
88. Suetonius, 43.
89. Ibid., 57.
90. Suetonius, “Galba,” 23.
91. Tacitus, Histories, i, 49.
92. Suetonius, “Otho,” 5.
93. Tacitus, Hist., iii, 67.
94. Suetonius, “Vitellius,” 17.
95. Suetonius, “Vespasian,” 13.
96. Ibid., 16.
97. Dio, lxv, 14.
98. Suetonius, 18.
99. Ibid., 21.
100. Tacitus, Hist., ii, 2.
101. Suetonius, 23-4.
102. Suetonius, “Titus,” 8.
103. Suetonius, “Domitian,” 18.
104. Dio, lxvi, 26.
105. Suetonius, 22; Dio, lxvii, 6.
106. Frank, Economic Survey, V, 56.
107. Dio, lxvii, 14.
108. Suetonius, 10.
CHAPTER XIV
1. Lucan, Pharsalia, ii, 67.
2. Ibid., i, 128.
3. Petronius, Epigrams, frag. 22 in Robertson, J. M., Short History of Freethought, I, 211.
4. Petronius, Satyricon, 11.
5. Ibid., 48.
6. 71.
7. 35, 40, 47.
8. 74.
9. Seneca in Boissier, G., La réligion romaine, II, 204.
10. Tacitus, Annals, xiv, 59; xvi, 34.
11. Lucian, Icaromenippus, 4.
12. Seneca, Epistulae Morales, xii; Moral Essays, III, vii, 11.1.
13. Monroe, Source Book, 401.
14. Quintilian, Institutes, x, 1.125.
15. Dio, lxii, 2.
16. Friedländer, III, 238.
17. Tacitus, Annals, xiii, 42.
18. Seneca, De vita beata, xvii-xviii.
19. Davis, Influence of Wealth, 154.
20. Seneca, Epist. xv.
21. De vita beata, xviii.
22. De clementia, i, 3.
24. Epist., vii.
25. Tacitus, Annals, xiii, 2.
27. Boissier, Tacitus, 11.
28. Seneca, Epist., lxxvi.
30. Seneca, Epist., lxxv.
31. Ibid., vii.
32. XXVI.
33. De providentia, ii, 6.
34. Epist., xli.
36. De providentia, v, 8.
37. Epist., xxxi.
38. Ibid., cii; ad Marciam, xxiv, 3.
39. In Henderson, Nero, 309.
40. Epist., lxxii and iii.
41. Ibid., lxxii.
44. XXXIII.
45. De brevitate vitae, xiv.
46. Epist., lxix.