by Will Durant
47. Ibid., ii.
48. VII; XXV.
49. XXIII.
50. LXX.
51. De ira, v, 15.
52. Epist., lviii.
53. Ibid., lxi.
54. De ira, ii, 34.
55. Epist., i, lxi.
56. Tertullian, De anima, xx.
57. In Acton, Lord, History of Freedom, 25.
58. Epist., xxxi.
59. Gummere, R. M., Seneca the Philosopher, 131.
60. Seneca, Medea, 364.
61. Quaestiones naturales, vii, 30-33.
62. Ibid., vii, 25, 30.
63. Pliny, xxxvi, 15.
64. Ibid., ii, 5.
65. Plutarch, “Sertorius.”
66. Pliny’s Letters, iii, 5.
67. Pliny, Nat. Hist., iii, 6.
68. Ibid., ii, 5.
69. II, 30.
70. II, 33.
71. II, 6, 64.
72. II, 90-92.
73. II, 63.
74. XXXIV, 39.
75. XXXVII, 27.
76. XIX, 4.
77. XVIII, 76.
78. XXV, 110.
79. XXXVIII, 52.
80. XXVIII, 80.
81. VII, 5.
82. XXVIII, 16.
83. VII, 3.
84. XXV, 13.
85. Castiglione, 214.
86. Pliny, ii, 5, 117.
87. XXXIII, 13.
88. II, 5.
89. VII, 56.
90. XXVIII, 7.
91. VIII, 67.
92. VII, 13.
93. XVIII, 78f.
94. ll, 57.
95. Jones, W. H. S., Malaria and Greek History, 61.
96. Pliny’s Letters, i, 12.
97. Castiglione, 237.
98. Tacitus, Hist., iv, 81; Suetonius, “Vespasian,” 7.
99. Dill, Sir S., Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, 92.
100. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxix, 8.
101. Lucian, “To an Illiterate Book-Fancier,” 29.
102. Pliny, xxvi, 7-8; Castiglione, 200; Garrison, History of Medicine, 106.
103. Castiglione, 233, 240.
104. Ibid., 226.
105. Soranus in Friedländer, I, 171.
106. Castiglione, 237; Garrison, 118.
107. Bailey, C, Legacy of Rome, 291; Williams, H. S., History of Science, I, 274.
108. Pliny, xxix, 5.
109. Ibid., 8.
110. Garrison, 119.
111. Pliny, xxxv, 94.
112. Ibid., xxix, 5.
113. Friedländer, I, 180-1.
114. Castiglione, 234; Friedländer, I, 178; Duff, J., Literary History of Rome in the Silver Age, 121; Pliny, xxviii, 2.
115. Frank, Economic Survey, I, 381.
116. Bailey, 284.
117. Quintilian, vi, pref.
118. I, 12.17.
119. I, 10.36.
120. X, 3.9,19.
121. X, 4.1.
122. II, 12.7.
123. II, 5.21.
124. Juvenal, vii, 82.
126. Martial, xi, 43, 104.
127. II, 53.
128. IV, 49.
129. I, 16,
130. X, 4.
131. IV, 4.
132. IX, 37.
133. I, 32; III, 65.
134. I, 32.
135. E.g., ix, 27.
136. XI, 16.
137. III, 69.
138. Pliny’s Letters, iii, 21.
CHAPTER XV
1. Columella, De re rustica, i, 3.12.
2. In Davis, Influence of Wealth, 144.
3. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xviii, 4; Heitland, 224; Frank, Economic Survey, V, 175.
4. Columella, iii, 3.
5. Strabo, v, 4.3.
6. Frank, V, 158.
7. Pliny, xv, 68-83.
8. Columella, iii, 8.
9. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 182-3.
10. Suetonius, “Domitian,” 7.
11. Cato, De agri cultura, 144.
12. Pliny, xix, 2.
13. Paul-Louis, 274-6.
14. Tacitus, Agricola, 12.
15. Pliny, ii, 108-9.
15a. Ammianus Marcellinus, xxiii, 4.15.
16. Encyclopaedia Britannica, V, 868.
17. Paul-Louis, 287.
18. Frank, V, 229.
19. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 252.
20. Haskell, H. J., New Deal in Old Rome, 24-6.
21. Scott, S. P., Civil Law, Fragments of Ulpian in Justinian, Digest, iii, 2.4.
22. Friedländer, I, 289-91.
23. Gibbon, Everyman Lib. ed., I, 50; Bailey, C, Legacy of Rome, 158.
24. Seneca Ad Helviam, vi.
25. Plutarch, Moralia, “On Exile,” 604A.
26. Halliday, W. R., Pagan Background of Early Christianity, 88.
27. Juvenal, xiv, 287.
29. Athenaeus, ii, 239.
30. Josephus, Life, p. 511.
31. Mommsen, Provinces, II, 278.
32. Friedländer, I, 286.
33. Pliny, xix, 1, 4.
34. Ibid., ii, 57.
35. Cf. the crane pictured on the tomb of the Haterii in the Lateran Museum, Rome, in Wickhoff, E., Roman Art, p. 50; cf. also Gest, 60, and Bailey, 462.
36. Reid, Municipalities, 28.
37. Gest, 110-131.
38. Pliny, xxxvi, 24.
39. Bailey, 290.
40. Frontinus, Stratagems, iii, 1.
41. Frontinus, Aqueducts, ii, 75.
42. Ibid., i, 16.
43. In Friedländer, I, 13.
44. Carter, T. F., Invention of Printing, 86; Gibbon, Everyman ed., I, 55.
45. Tarn, W. W., Hellenistic Civilization, 206.
46. CAH, X, 417.
47. Strabo, xvii, 1.3.
48. Pliny, vi, 26, computes Rome’s annual payment to India at 550,000,000 sesterces; but this is probably an exaggeration, for elsewhere (xii, 41) he estimates the yearly loss of Rome to India, China, and Arabia at 100,000,000 sesterces each.
49. Halliday, 97.
50. Tacitus, Annals, vi, 16-17; Suetonius, “Tiberius,” 48; Davis, Influence of Wealth, 1. Renan, in Lectures on the Influence of Rome on Christianity, 25, and The Apostles, 170, compares Tiberius’ relief measures to the Crédit Foncier of France in 1852; and Haskell compares the situation with the “easy money” period in the United States, 1923-9, the crisis of 1929, and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (The New Deal in Old Rome, 183, 188).
51. Ovid, Fasti, i, 191.
52. In Toynbee, A., Study of History, I, 41n.
53. Davis, 242.
54. Beard, M., History of the Business Man, 47.
55. Athenaeus, vi, 104.
56. Seneca De dementia, i, 24.
56a. Sandys, Sir J., Companion to Latin Studies, 354.
57. Pliny, vii, 40.
58. Friedländer, II, 221.
59. Boissier, La réligion romaine, II, 330.
59a. Seneca De ira, iii, 3.
60. Juvenal, vi, 474.
61. Ovid, Ars amatoria, 235; Amores, i, 14.
62. In Holmes, Architect of the Roman Empire, 132.
63. Dill, 116.
64. Statius, Silvae, ii, 6.
65. Seneca, Epist., xlvii, 13.
66. Dill, 117.
68. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 105; Reid, 323, 521.
69. Toutain, 304.
70. Frank, Economic History, 280.
71. Frank, Economic Survey, V, 235.
72. Petronius, 44.
73. Rostovtzeff, 172; Declareuil, J., Rome the Law-Giver, 269.
74. Pliny, xiii, 23.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Seneca in Friedländer, II, 321.
2. Livy, xxiv, 9; Pliny’s Letters, viii, 17; Tacitus, Annals, i, 70.
3. Strabo, v, 3.8.
4. Juvenal, iii, 235-244.
5. Ibid., v, 268.
6. Martial, cxvii, 7.
7. Friedländer, I, 5.
8. Pliny, xxxv, 45.
9. Friedländer, II, 317, 330.
10. Mau, A., Pompeii, 231; Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 135; Gest, 96.
15. Suetonius, “Nero,” 39.
16. In Boissier, Rome and Pompeii, 119.
17. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxxiii, 45.
18. Boissier, Tacitus, 223.
18a. N. Y. Times, Apr. 27, 1943.
19. Mau, 414.
20. Pliny, xxxv, 66; Strabo, xvi, 25.
21. Winckelmann, J., History of Ancient Art, II, 312.
22. Reid, 278.
23. Cf. Strong, Art in Ancient Rome, II, fig. 341.
24. Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum, viii, 14.
25. Pliny, xxxv, 37.
26. Cf. Maiuri, A., Les fresques de Pompeii, Table XXXIII.
27. Cf. Rostovtzeff, Mystic Italy, passim.
27a. Pliny, xxxv, 40.
28. Duff, Literary History of Rome, 632.
29. Vitruvius, ii, 4.
30. Ibid., i, 1.
31. Ibid., x, 9.
32. Friedländer, II, 191.
32a. Seneca, Epistles, lxxxviii.
32b. Kirstein, L., The Dance, 49.
32c. Lucretius, ii, 416; Ovid, Ars, i, 103.
33. Pliny, xxxvi, 24.
CHAPTER XVII
1. Juvenal, v, 141.
2. Petronius in Henderson, Nero, 326.
3. Seneca Ad Marciam, xix, 2.
4. Juvenal, vi, 367.
5. Friedländer, I, 238.
6. Cf. Pliny, xxiv, 11: “They say that if the male organ is rubbed with [oil or gum of] cedar just before coitus, it will prevent impregnation.” Cr. also Himes, 85f, 186.
7. Juvenal, vi, 592.
10. Gatteschi, G., Restauri della Roma Imperiale, 64.
11. Gibbon, I, 42; Friedländer, I, 17; Sandys, 355-7; Davis, 195; Paul-Louis, 15, 227.
12. Tacitus, Annals, xiii, 27.
13. Vogelstein, H., Rome, 10.
14. Cicero, Pro L. Flacco, 28.
15. Edersheim, A., Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, I, 67.
16. Tacitus, Annals, ii, 85; Suetonius, “Tiberius,” 36.
17. Dio, lvii, 18; Schürer, History of the Jewish People, Div. II, Vol. II, 234.
18. Vogelstein, 17.
19. Ibid., 31, 33; Renan, Lectures, 50.
20. Tacitus, Annals, ii, 85; Ammanianus, M., xxii, 5.
21. Dill, 83-4.
22. Dio, lx, 33
23. Martial, vii, 30.
24. Juvenal, iii, 62.
25. In Bailey, 143.
26. Tacitus, xiv, 42, 60.
27. Juvenal, xiv, 44.
28. Gellius, xii, 1.
29. Enc. Brit., X, 10.
30. Horace, Satires, i, 6.75.
31. Pliny’s Letters, ii, 3.
32. Petronius, 1.
33. Pliny’s Letters, iv, 3.
34. Ovid, Ars amatoria, 98.
35. Juv., ix, 22.
36. Minucius Felix, Octavius, 67; Tertullian, Apology, 15.
37. Horaces, Epodes, xi.
38. Martial, viii, 44; xi, 70, 88, etc.; Juv., ii, vi, ix.
39. In Friedländer, I, 234.
40. Seneca the Elder, Controversiae, in Friedländer, I, 241.
41. Seneca, Ad Helviam, xvi, 3; Ad Marciam, xxiv, 3.
42. Ovid, Amores, i, 8.43; iii, 4.37.
43. Friedländer, I, 241.
44. Juv., vi, 228.
45. Ibid., 281.
46. I, 22.
47. Boissier, La réligion romaine, II, 197.
48. Juv., vi, 248.
49. Martial, De spectaculis, vi.
50. Statius, Silvae, i, 6.
51. Seneca, Moral Essays, i, 9.4.
52. Ovid, Ars amatoria, 113.
53. Martial, x, 35.
54. Ibid., i, 14.
55. Tacitus, Annals, xvi, 10.
56. Friedländer, I, 265.
57. Tacitus, xiv, 5.
58. Martial, vi, 57.
59. Catullus, lxxxvi.
60. Ovid, Ars, 158; Kohler, K., History of Costume, 118; Pfuhl, E., Masterpieces of Greek Drawing, fig. 117.
61. Tibullus, i, 8.
62. Juv., vi, 502.
63. Pliny, xxviii, 12.
64. Guhl and Konar, 498.
65. Martial, ix, 37.
66. Ovid, Ars, 160.
67. Pliny, ix, 63.
68. Ibid., xxxviii, 12.
69. IX, 58.
70. Friedländer, II, 181.
71. Pliny, xxxiii, 18.
72. Seneca, Epist., lxxxvi.
73. Pliny, viii, 74.
74. Quintilian, vi, 3.
75. Galen in Friedländer, II, 227. The remainder of this chapter is particularly indebted to Friedländer’s devoted accumulation of Roman mores.
76. Juv., vii, 178.
77. Jones, H. S., Companion to Roman History, 116; Friedländer, I, 12.
78. Seneca, Epist., lxxxvi.
79. Ker, W. C., in Martial, I, 244n.
80. Gardiner, E. N., Athletics of the Ancient World, 230.
81. Pliny, xxviii, 51.
82. Journal of the American Medical Association, Aug. 1, 1942, 1089.
83. Ovid, Ars, 165; Tristia, ii, 477-80.
84. Pliny, viii, 51, 77.
85. Ibid., ix, 30, 31.
86. Ibid., 39.
87. VIII, 82.
88. VIII, 77.
89. Seneca Ad Helviam, x, 9.
90. Ibid., 3.
91. Sandys, 502.
92. Mantzius, K., History of Theatrical Art, I, 217.
93. Suetonius, “Vespasian,” 19.
94. Mantzius, I, 218.
95. Boissier, La réligion romaine, II, 215.
96. Cicero Fro Murena, 6.
97. Lang, P. N., Music in Western Civilization, 35.
98. Ammianus, xiv, 6.
99. Martial, v, 78.
100. Ammianus, xiv, 6.
101. Seneca, Epist., lxxxviii.
102. Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana, v, 21.
103. Lang, 33.
104. Virgil, Aeneid, v, 362f.
105. Friedländer, II, 30.
106. Dio, lxi, 33.
107. Lecky, W. E., History of European Morals, I, 280.
108. Friedländer, II, 72.
109. Pliny, viii, 70.
110. Friedländer, II, 5.
111. Boissier, Tacitus, 246.
112. Martial, De spectaculis, vii.
113. Friedländer, II, 43.
114. Ibid., 49.
115. Epictetus, Discourses, i, 29.37.
116. Seneca, Epist., lxx.
117. Friedländer, II, 61.
118. Juv., iii, 36.
119. Pliny II, Panegyricus, xxxiii.
120. Tacitus, Annals, xiv, 44.
121. Cicero, Letters, vii, 1, to Marcus Marius, 55 B.C.
122. Seneca, Epist., vii, xcv.
123. In St. Augustine, City of God, vi, 10.
124. Tertullian, Apology, 15.
125. Juv., xiii, 35.
126. Abbott, Common People of Ancient Rome, 88; Dill, 498.
127. Friedländer, III, 283.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Bury, J. B., History of the Roman Empire, 527.
2. Justinian, Digest, i, 1, in Scott, The Civil Law.
3. Gaius, Institutes, i, 8.
4. Maine, Sir H., Ancient Law. This generalization has been questioned, but seems substantially true.
5: Justinian, Codex, vii, 16.1.
6. Gaius, i, 144.
7. Ibid., 145, 194.
8. Buckland, W. W., Textbook of Roman Law, 113.
9. Gaius, i, 114.
10. Friedländer, I, 236.
11. Suetonius, “Vespasian,” 3; Hist. Aug., “Antoninus,” 8; “Aurelius,” 29.
12. Castiglione, 227.
13. Gaius, commentary, p. 66.
14. Ibid., p. 64.
15. Gaius, i, 56.
16. Davis, Influence of Wealth, 211.
17. Tacitus, xiv, 41.
18. Renan, Marc Aurèle, 24.
19. Ulpina, in Digest, L
, 17.32.
20. Lecky, I, 295.
21. Gaius, iii, 40-1.
22. Cicero Ad Familiares, viii, 12, 14.
23. Gaius, ii, 157; iii, 2.
24. Maine, 117.
25. Buckland, 64.
26. Gaius, iii, 189; iv, 4.
27. Ibid., iv, 11.
28. In Friedländer, I, 165.
29. Ammianus, xxx, 4.
30. Ulpian in Digest, L, 13.1.
31. Quintilian, xii, 1.25.
32. Pliny’s Letters, v, 14.
33. Martial, vii, 65.
34. Pliny’s Letters, ii, 14.
35. Tacitus, Annals, xi, 5.
36. David, 125.
37. Pliny’s Letters, vi, 33.
38. Juv., xvi, 42.
39. Apuleius, Golden Ass, p. 245.
40. Psalms, cxvi, 11; St. Paul, Epistle to the Romans, iii, 4.
41. In Taylor, H., Cicero, 77.
42. Quintilian, v, 7.26.
43. Ibid., vi, 1.47.
44. Codex Theodosius, ix, 35, in Gibbon, II, 120.
45. Gellius, xx, 1.13.
46. Sallust, Catiline, 55.
47. Cicero, De re publica, iii, 22; cf. De officiis, i, 23; De legibus, i, 15.
48. Gaius, i, 1.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Ker, W., in Martial, II, 54n.
2. Dio, lxviii, 13.
3. Renan, Marc Aurèle, 479.
4. Dio, lxviii, 15.
5. Mahaffy, J., Silver Age of the Greek World, 307.
6. In CAH, XI, 201, 855.
7. Pliny II, Panegyricus, 50.
8. Justinian, Digest, xlviii, 19.5.
9. Bury, Roman Empire, 437.
10. Brittain, 366.
11. Wickhoff, 113.
12. Dio, lxix, 1.
13. Hist. Aug., “Hadrian,” i, 4.
14. Ibid, xxvi, 1.
15. Ibid.
16. XIV, 1.
17. Martial, viii, 70; ix, 26.
18. Hist. Aug., “Hadrian,” xv, 10.
19. Ibid., xx, 7.
20. Henderson, Hadrian, 207.
21. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, iv, 9.
22. Dio, lxix, 6.
23. Fronto, M., Correspondence, A.D. 162; 11, 4.
24. Hist. Aug., “Hadrian,” x, 1.
25. Winckelmann, I, 327.
26. Bevan, E. R., House of Seleucus, II, 15.
27. Hist. Aug., viii, 3.
29. Simpson, F. M., History of Architectural Development, 123.
30. Dio, lxix, 4; cf. Henderson, 247.
31. Dio, lxix, 8.
32. Hist. Aug., xxiv, 8.
33. Merivale, C, History of the Romans under the Empire, VIII, 255.
34. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, 16.
35. Hist. Aug., “Antoninus,” iv, 8.
36. Ibid., viii, 1.
37. IX, 10.
38. Appian, preface, 7.
39. Bury, 566.
40. Renan, The Christian Church, 159.
41. Renan, Marc Aurèle, 2.
42. Gibbon, I, 76.
43. Marcus, i, 17.
44. Ibid., 1.
45. I, 14.
46. I, 15.
47. I, 14.
48. VII, 70.
49. Hist. Aug., “Marcus,” xxiii, 4.