A Short History of Nearly Everything: Special Illustrated Edition
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20.16 Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of replicating Ebola virus particles. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine/SPL
Chapter 21
21.1 Burgess Shale scene; artist’s reconstruction of the sea floor in Cambrian times. © John Sibbick/NHMPL
21.2 Dalmanites myops, a fossil trilobite found in the Wenlock Limestone, Dudley, Worcestershire. © NHMPL
21.3 Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850–1927) at the Burgess Shale site. Photo Smithsonian Institution, Washington
21.4 Pen and wash reconstruction of a Marrella from Walcott’s archive. Photo Smithsonian Institution, Washington
21.5 Reconstruction of a Hallucigenia by Mary Parrish. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
21.6 Mawsonite spriggi, a fossil jellyfish. © NHMPL
21.7 Reginald Sprigg (1919–94). Courtesy Marg Sprigg
21.8 Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002), 1981. © Wally McNamee/CORBIS
21.9 Anomalocaris canadensis fossil. © JunYuan Chen
21.10 Reconstruction of Anomalocaris canadensis. © NHMPL
Chapter 22
22.1 Artist’s reconstruction of a Tyrannosaurus rex fleeing from an approaching asteroid. D. van Ravenswaay/SPL
22.2 Petrified logs in the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, c.1987. © Tom Bean/CORBIS
22.3 Plankton diatoms, Pleurosigma balticum, Baltic Sea. © Seapics.com
22.4 Artist’s reconstruction of Ichthyostegas in a Devonian landscape. © John Sibbick
22.5 Artist’s reconstruction of a Dimetrodon from Dinosaurs!, issue 60. © De Agostini/NHMPL
22.6 Diorama of the sea bed in the late Ordovician period with models of seaweed, coral, a brachiopod, clam, snail, cephalopod and trilobite. The Field Museum neg. no GEO808ZOc/Ron Tester
22.7 Solar flares, c. 2000. © Royalty-Free/CORBIS
22.8 A chambered nautilus swimming over a coral reef, Papua New Guinea. © Stephen Frink/CORBIS
22.9 Artist’s reconstruction of the Chicxulub impact crater, Yucatan Peninsula. D. van Ravenswaay/SPL
22.10 Entrance hall, American Museum of Natural History, New York. © Louie Psihoyos/CORBIS
Chapter 23
23.1 Reptile specimens collected by Charles Darwin. © NHMPL 432.
23.1a Drawer of shells from Sir Joseph Banks’ collection. © NHMPL
23.2 Anonymous portrait of Robert Brown (1773–1858), c. 1845. © NHMPL
23.2a Toona ciliata, red cedar, collected in Australia by Robert Brown, 1804. © NHMPL
23.3 Portrait of Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820) by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1771–72. Agnew & Sons, London/BAL
23.4 Clianthus puniceus, parrot’s bill, collected in New Zealand by Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Carlsson Solander during the Endeavour voyage, 1769. © NHMPL
23.5 Portrait of Carolus Linnaeus (1707–78) after Martin Hoffman. Private Collection/BAL
23.6 Engraving by Thomas Burke after Philip Rienagle of Cupid inspiring plants with love: “And thou, divine LINNAEUS! Trac’d my Reign O’er Trees, and Plants, and Flora’s beauteous Train, Prov’d them obedient to my soft Controul, …,” 1 June 1805. WL
23.7 Title page of Systema Naturae by Carolus Linnaeus, 10th edition, 1758. © NHMPL
23.8 Watercolour illustration by Georg Dionysius Ehret from Carolus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 1736. © NHMPL
23.9 Weevil specimens. © NHMPL
23.10 Terry Erwin fogging trees in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, Peru. Mark Moffett/Minden/FLPA
23.11 Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the house-dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus on fabric. Andrew Syred/SPL
23.12 Light micrograph of a common bdelloid rotifer, rotaria. John Walsh/SPL
23.13 Takahe, New Zealand. © Bruce Coleman Inc.
23.14 Partula mirabilis and Partula mooreana; plate 19 from Studies on the Variation, Distribution, and Evolution of the Genus Partula by Henry Edward Crampton, 1932. © NHMPL
Chapter 24
24.1 Human sperm penetrating an egg, from Lennart Nilsson, A Child is Born, 2003. Albert Bonniers Vorlag AB.
24.2 Computer artwork of a neuron in a network of other nerve cells. Hybrid Medical Animation/SPL
24.2a Computer artwork of a human cell dividing. Christian Darkin/SPL
24.3 Drawings of cork and a flea seen under the microscope, from Robert Hooke, Micrographia, 1665. WL
24.4a The Astronomer by Jan Vermeer, 1668. Louvre, Paris. Lauros/Giraudon/BAL
24.4b Replica of a microscope made by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, c. 1670. Science Museum Pictorial
24.5 Drawing of a homunculus from Nicolaas Hartsoeker, Essay de dioptrique, 1694.
24.6 llustration from the English translation of Theodor Schwann, Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants, 1847. WL
24.7 Artist’s impression of the inside of an imaginary cell. Francis Leroy/SPL
24.8 Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a longitudinal section through healthy cardiac muscle. Steve Gschmeissner/SPL
24.9 Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of two prostate cancer cells in the final stage of cell division. Steve Gschmeissner/SPL
24.10 Light micrograph of the spicules from unidentified maris sponges. Science Pictures Ltd/SPL
Chapter 25
25.1 Detail of a portrait of Charles Robert Darwin (1809–82) by John Collier, 1883. NPG
25.2 Coloured engraving of HMS Beagle. SPL
25.3a Title page of On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin, 1859. © NHMPL
25.3b Notebook kept by Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. English Heritage
25.4 Delphinus fitzroyi from Charles Darwin, Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle, 1843. © NHMPL
25.5 Illustration by R. T. Pritchett of finches from the Galápagos Islands from Charles Darwin, A Naturalist’s Voyage Round the World, 1889. Mary Evans Picture Library
25.6 Darwin’s study from Karl Pearson, The Life, Letters & Labours of Francis Galton, 1924. Mary Evans Picture Library
25.7 Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), photo from James Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, 1916. WL
25.8a Sir Charles Lyell (1797–1875), photo by Hills & Saunders of Oxford, c. 1855. NPG
25.8b Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911), photo by Henry Maull & George Henry Polyblank, c. 1855. NPG
25.9 Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–84), photo from the Mendelianum, Abbey of St. Thomas, Brno. James King-Holmes/SPL
25.10 Peas used by Gregor Mendel in his experiments; contemporary illustration. Sheila Terry/SPL
25.11 Spurious allelomorphism in sweet peas, from W. Bateson, Mendel’s Principles of Heredity, 1909. © NHMPL
25.12 “Monkeyana” from Punch, 18 May 1861.
25.13 Samuel Wilberforce (1805–73), Bishop of Winchester, carte-de-visite by Caldesi, Blanford & Co. NPG
25.14 Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–95), after a photo by Henry Maull & George Henry Polyblank, 1857. NPG
25.15 Child crying, illustration from Charles Darwin, The Expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872. WL
25.16 Charles Darwin, cartoon by Linley Sambourne in Punch, 1881. Mary Evans Picture Library
Chapter 26
26.1 Single chromosome. Photoniea
26.2 John Sulston at the Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus. WL
26.3 Female human chromosome set. Leonard Lessin/FBPA/SPL
26.4 Johann Friedrich Miescher (1844–95). WL
26.5 Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a distal fragment of a translation unit from the salivary gland cell of a midge. Dr. Elena Kiseleva/SPL
26.6 Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945), 1922. Photo by A. F. Huettner/courtesy Caltech Archives
26.7 Normal and mutant fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Pascal Goetgheluck/SPL
26.7a Oswald Avery (1877–1955). © The Rockefeller University Archives
26.8 Rosalind Franklin (1920–58). © Museum of Londo
n
26.9 An X-ray diffraction photograph of DNA obtained by Rosalind Franklin, 1953. SPL
26.10 James Watson (1928-) and Francis Crick (1916–2004) with their DNA model, 1953. A. Barrington Brown/SPL
26.11 Nobel Prize Winners of 1962, left to right: Professor Maurice Wilkins (1916–2004), Dr. Max Perutz (1914–2002), Professor Francis Crick, John Steinbeck, Dr. James Watson and Dr. John Kendrew. © Bettmann/CORBIS
26.12 Anglo-American co-operation on human genome research, scraperboard drawing by Bill Sanderson, 1990. WL
26.13 Black widow spiders mating. James H. Robinson/SPL
26.14 Foot and mouth disease protein. AlfredPasieka/SPL
PART SIX: THE ROAD TO US
p6.1 Field by Antony Gormley, 1991, Old City Jail, Spoleto Festival, Charleston, South Carolina. © ART on FILE/CORBIS
Chapter 27
27.1 Frost Fair on the Thames with Old London Bridge in the Distance, formerly attributed to Jan Wyck, c. 1685. © Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection/BAL
27.2 Erratic boulder, Yosemite National Park, California. Tony Craddock/SPL
27.3 Louis Agassiz (1807–73). © Bettmann/CORBIS
27.4 Ladies and guides on the Mer de Glace, Mont Blanc, near Chamonix, c. 1886. Photo by F & G. Charnaux. © Alpine Club
27.5 James Croll (1821–90). SPL
27.6 Milutin Milankovitch (1879–1958). © Vasko Milankovitch
27.7 Franz Josef Glacier, South Island, New Zealand. © Abbie Enock; Travel Ink/CORBIS
27.8 Aerial view of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. © CORBIS
27.9 Glacier in Prince William Sound. © Neil Rabinowitz/CORBIS
27.10 Ice core samples from Greenland in a freezer in Denver, Colorado, December 1993. © Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS
27.11 Chart of the Gulf Stream by Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Folger, 1769. Library of Congress/SPL
27.12 Iceberg close to Ross Island, West Antarctica. © arcticphoto.co.uk
Chapter 28
28.1 Reconstruction of Homo erectus by John Gurche. © John Gurche
28.2 Female Neandertal skull from Krapina in the Balkans. Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Image Collection
28.3 Eugène Dubois (1858–1940). © NMNH, Leiden, The Netherlands
28.4 Professor Raymond Arthur Dart (1893–1988) and the Taung specimen of Australopithecus africanus. John Reader/SPL
28.4a Robert Broom (1866–1951) in the field in South Africa. SPL
28.5 A Chinese apothecary’s stall. WL
28.6 Hominid skulls, left to right: Adapis, Proconsul, Australopithecus africanus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, homo sapiens sapiens, Cro-Magnon skull. Pascal Goetgheluck/SPL
28.7 Donald Johanson (1943-) with a plaster cast of Lucy’s skull, March 1981. © Bettmann/CORBIS
28.7a Skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis, known as “Lucy.” John Reader/SPL
28.8 Reconstruction of Lucy by John Gurche. © John Gurche
28.9 Footprints in fossilized volcanic ash, Laetoli, Tanzania. John Reader/SPL
28.10 Diorama of male and female Homo afarensis. © American Museum of Natural History
28.11 Maeve Leakey (1942–). © Leakey Foundation
28.12 Skull of Kenyanthropus platyops. F. Spoor/National Museums of Kenya
28.13 Aerial view of the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. © Galen Rowell/CORBIS
28.14 Acheulean culture tools found at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. John Reader/SPL
28.15 Richard Leakey (1944-) on the cover of Time, 7 November 1977. Photo by Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images.
28.16 Kamoya Kimeu searching for hominid remains. © Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Society Image Collection
Chapter 29
29.1 Earliest Homo sapiens skull found at Qafzeh, near Nazareth. Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Image Collection
29.2a Acheulean flint tool, c. 500,000 BC, St. Acheul, France. The Art Archive/Musée Boucher de Perthes, Abbeville/Dagli Orti
29.2b Choppers from the Olduvai Gorge, one million years old. The Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
29.3 Dunes in Mungo National Park, Australia. © Dave G. Houser/CORBIS
29.4 Skeleton of Mungo Man. Jim Bowler/published with permission of traditional elders
29.5 Mandible of early hominid, Klasies river mouth, Republic of South Africa. Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Image Collection
29.6 Neandertal flint scraper, Mousterian culture. Longham Pit, Dorset. The Ancient Art and Architecture Collection
29.7 Qafzeh human remains, near Nazareth. Pascal Goetgheluck/SPL
29.8 Anonymous artist’s reconstruction of a female Neanderthal. Photo by Express/Express/Getty Images
29.9 Anonymous artist’s reconstruction of a male Neanderthal. © Chris Hellier/CORBIS
29.10 Skeleton of a four-year-old child, Portugal. © Instituto Portuguěs de Arqueologia/José Paulo Ruas
29.11 “The Search for Adam & Eve,” Newsweek, 11 January 1988. © Newsweek International
29.12 Reconstruction by John Sibbick of Australopithecus africanus in the Rift Valley. © John Sibbick/NHMPL
29.13 View of the Great Rift Valley, Masai Mara National Park, Kenya. © Sue Cunningham Photographic/Alamy
29.14 Louis (1903–72) and Mary Leakey (1913–96) with their son, Philip, looking for fossil remains, Olduvai Gorge, 1960. Robert Sisson/National Geographic Image Collection
29.15 Rick Potts of the Smithsonian Institute holds a hand axe made by Homo erectus, Olorgesailie, Kenya. Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Image Collection
Chapter 30
30.1 The Dodo by Hans Savery, 1651. Oxford University Museum of Natural History/BAL
30.2 Head and foot of a dodo. Oxford Museum of Natural History
30.3 Excavating a baby mammoth from the tundra in Siberia, 1977. Novosti
30.4 Steller’s sea cow from Tim F. Flannery and Peter Schouten, Astonishing Animals, © Peter Schouten, 2004, published by the Text Publishing Company Pty Ltd, Melbourne 2004
30.5 Stephens Island wren from Astonishing Animals, as above
30.6 Portrait of Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild (1868–1937) by Arpad Koppay, Baron von Dretoma, c. 1910. The Zoological Musem, Tring. © NHMPL
30.7 Hugh Cuming photo by Henry Maull & George Henry Polyblank, c. 1855. NPG
30.8 A male specimen of the great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), collected 1918, held at the Walter Rothschild Museum of Zoology at Tring. © NHMP
30.9 “Native Tiger of Tasmania shot by Weaver 1869.” Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery
30.10 Whole earth as seen from Apollo 16, April 1972. NASA/SPL
INDEX
Acheulean tools, Chapter 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4
Agassiz, Louis, Chapter 05.1, Chapter 21.1, Chapter 25.1, Chapter 27.1, 27.2, 27.3
Aharanov, Yakir, Chapter 09.1
AIDS, see HIV
air pressure, Chapter 17.1, 17.2
alchemy, Chapter 04.1, Chapter 06.1, Chapter 07.1
Aldrich, Pelham, Chapter 18.1
algae: blue-green, Chapter 14.1, Chapter 19.1; calcareous, Chapter 17.1; classification, Chapter 20.1; lichens, Chapter 22.1; oxygen, 20.2; species, 20.3
Alger, Derek V., Chapter 13.1 All Species Foundation, Chapter 23.1 Alpha Centauri, Chapter 02.1, Chapter 03.1 altitude, Chapter 17.1 aluminium, Chapter 07.1, Chapter 16.1
Alvarez, Luis, Chapter 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Alvarez, Walter, Chapter 12.1, Chapter 13.1
Alvin, submersible, Chapter 18.1, 18.2
amino acids, Chapter 19.1, 19.2, Chapter 20.1
ammonites, Chapter 22.1
amoebas, Chapter 19.1, Chapter 20.1, 20.2, 20.3
amphibians, Chapter 22.1, 22.2, 22.3
anapsids, Chapter 22.1
ancestors, Chapter 26.1
Anderson, Ray, Chapter 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Anning, Mary, Chapter 06.1, 06.2
Anomalocaris, Chapter 20.1, Chapter 21.1, 21.2
Antarctica: ecosystem, Chapter 18.1; ice, 18.2, 18.3; 537;
ice-free, Chapter 27.1; seals, 18.4
antibiotics, Chapter 20.1
Appalachian mountains, Chapter 12.1
Arambourg, Camille, Chapter 29.1
archaea, Chapter 19.1n, Chapter 20.1
Archaean period, Chapter 05.1, Chapter 19.1, 19.2
archaeopteryx, Chapter 03.1, Chapter 06.1, Chapter 25.1n
Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba, Chapter 28.1, 28.2
Armstrong, Richard, Chapter 13.1
arsenic, Chapter 16.1
Asaro, Frank, Chapter 13.1
Ashcroft, Frances, Chapter 15.1, Chapter 16.1, 16.2, Chapter 17.1, Chapter 20.1
Ashfall Fossil Beds, Chapter 14.1, 14.2
Asimov, Isaac, Chapter 09.1
Askesian Society, Chapter 07.1, Chapter 17.1
asteroids, Chapter 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
asthenosphere, Chapter 14.1, 14.2
Atkins, P. W., Chapter 05.1n
Atlantic floor, Chapter 12.1
atmosphere, Chapter 03.1, Chapter 16.1, Chapter 17.1
atomic bomb, Chapter 09.1, 09.2
Atomium, Chapter 08.1
atoms: atomic number, Chapter 07.1, 07.2; atomic weight, 07.3, 07.4, Chapter 09.1; behaviour, 09.2, 09.3; cells and, Chapter 19.1; durability, 09.4; evidence of existence, Chapter 08.1, 09.5; helium, 09.6; idea of, 09.7; image, 09.8, 09.9, 09.10; life of, i.1–8; molecules and, 09.11; nucleus, 09.12, 09.13, 09.14, Chapter 11.1; shape, 09.15; shell, 09.16; sizes, 09.17, 09.18; smasher, 07.5, 11.2; structure, 09.19