We Saw Spain Die
Page 59
64 Buckley, Life and Death, pp. 171–2.
65 Fox, Constancia de la Mora, pp. 89–95, 98–9, 103–5. For Salinas’ comments, see Pedro Salinas, Cartas a Katherine Whitmore (1932–1947) (Barcelona: Tusquets Editores, 2002), p. 358. Jay himself commented on the issue in a letter to Carlos Baker, 6 March 1963, Jay Allen Papers.
66 Diary entry for 13 May 1939, Ickes, The Secret Diary, p. 633.
67 Allen to Bowers, 3, 13 July 1939, Bowers Papers.
68 Memorandum by Chief of Division of European Affairs, 27 March 1939, Foreign Relations of the United States 1939, vol. II (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1956), pp. 767–8; Palencia, Smouldering Freedom, pp. 152–3.
69 Fox, Constancia de la Mora, pp. 110–11, 120.
70 Constancia de la Mora to Jay Allen, 9 April 1940; Fondo Amaro del Rosal, Archivo Histórico de la Fundación Pablo Iglesias. I am indebted to Soledad Fox for drawing my attention to this document.
71 Allen to Bowers, 19 April 1940, Bowers Papers; Allen to Baker, 9 January 1963, Allen Papers.
72 Allen to Fischer, 9 July 1962, Papers of Jay Allen; Fox, Constancia de la Mora, pp. 124–31.
73 Allen to Baker, 6 March 1963, 9 January 1963, Allen Papers.
74 The Volunteer for Liberty, vol. II, no. 3, May 1940, pp. 1–2.
75 Allen to Baker, 6 March 1963, Allen Papers; Allen to Negrín, 12 July 1940, Archivo Negrín, AJN 55, 75A–75D.
76 Allen to Negrín, 12 July 1940, Archivo Negrín, AJN 55, 75C.
77 Allen to Bowers, 19 April 1940, Bowers Papers.
78 Allen to Frankfurter, 24 October 1940, Jay Allen Papers.
79 Jay Allen, undated memo to Carlos Baker, Jay Allen Papers; Michael Allen to author, 21 July 2006.
80 Andy Marino, A Quiet American: The Secret War of Varian Fry (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999), pp. 210–13; Varian Fry, Surrender on Demand (New York: Random House, 1945), pp. 154–5.
81 Buckley, Life and Death, p. 164; Fry, Surrender, p. 155. Jay’s first meeting with Fry seems to have been on 2 January 1941.
82 Jay Allen, ‘Weygand Denies Rifts with Pétain’, New York Times, 12 December 1940; Hull to Murphy, 13 December 1940, Foreign Relations of the United States 1940, vol. II (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1957), p. 420; Jay Allen, untitled manuscript on Weygand and Noguès, Allen Papers, pp. 3–16.
83 Allen to Fry, 2 January 1941, Varian Fry Papers, Columbia University.
84 Allen to Fry, 20 January 1941, Varian Fry Papers.
85 Fry to AERC HQ, New York, 21 January 1941, Varian Fry Papers; Fry, Surrender, p. 155; Marino, A Quiet American, p. 253.
86 Marino, A Quiet American, pp. 255–8.
87 Lt Colonel Richard Broad to Allen, undated (but probably 1947); Ruth Allen to Priscilla Allen, 11 May 1980, Jay Allen Papers.
88 The account of the interview by Jay Allen, ‘Pétain Sees France Part of New Order’; ‘Algeria’s Loyalty Pledged to Pétain’, New York Times, 18 January, 18 February 1941.
89 SOE War Diary, 6, 16, 17, 29, 30 March 1941, TNA: PRO, HS 7/214; Michael Allen to author, 27 September 2006.
90 Acting Secretary of State to Admiral Leahy, 17 March, Chargé in Germany to Secretary of State, 21 March 1941, FRUS 1940, vol. II, pp. 597–8, 601; Michael Allen to Preston, 21 July 2006; Marino, A Quiet American, p. 265.
91 Fry, Surrender, p. 208; Marino, A Quiet American, pp. 265–7.
92 Acting Secretary of State to Leahy, 20 March, Leahy to Secretary of State (Hull), 22, 24 March 1941, FRUS 1940, vol. II, pp. 601–3.
93 Halifax to FO, 30 May 1941, TNA: PRO, FO 371/29022, W6858; Leahy to Hull, 28 March 1941, FRUS 1940, vol. II, pp. 603–4; Jay Allen, ‘The Prisoners of Chalon’, Harper’s Magazine, September 1940.
94 Leahy to Hull, 16 April, 19 May, 23 June; Hull to Chargé in Berlin (Morris), 25, 26 April, 6 May; Morris to Hull, 2, 10 May, 10 June Berle to Morris, 23 June 1941, FRUS 1940, vol. II, pp. 606–19; Jay Allen, ‘The Prisoners of Chalon’; Jay Allen, ‘Autobiographical summary’; Ruth Allen to her parents, 3 April 1941 Ruth Allen, ‘Family Chronology’, Jay Allen Papers.
95 Transcript, TNA: PRO, FO 371, 2874, Z 7458/45/17.
96 Luisi del Vayo to Fischer, 21 October 1942, Fischer Papers, Box 12, Folder 43.
97 Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, I was There (London: Victor Gollancz, 1950), p. 124.
98 Michael Allen to author, 6 November 2006; Jay Allen, ‘Autobiographical summary’, Jay Allen Papers.
99 Captain Harry C. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower (London: William Heinemann, 1946), p. 192.
100 Michael Allen to author, 6 November 2006; Jay Allen, ‘Autobiographical summary’, Jay Allen Papers.
101 Michael Allen to author, 6 November 2006; Jay Allen, ‘Autobiographical summary’, Jay Allen Papers.
102 Hemingway to Allen, 17 February 1943, Hemingway Papers.
103 Jay Allen, ‘Autobiographical summary’, Jay Allen Papers.
104 Michael Allen to author, 27 September 2006.
105 Michael Allen, ‘An Answer’, Episcopal Church News, 22 January 1956.
106 Allen to Negrín, 14 December 1945, Archivo Negrín, AJN 29, 33-33J.
107 Michael Allen, ‘An Answer’, Episcopal Church News, 22 January 1956.
108 Allen to Bowers, 30 November 1948, 19 January, 12 September 1957, Bowers Papers.
109 Allen to Morris, University of Missouri Press, 23 December 1965, Southworth Papers.
110 Allen to Southworth, 6 January 1964, Allen Papers.
111 Allen to Southworth, 7 November, 15 December 1967, Southworth Papers.
112 Allen To Southworth, 14 December 1964, Southworth Papers.
113 Allen to Southworth, 28 May 1967, Southworth Papers; 21 June 1968, 23 June 1971, Allen Papers; Southworth to Allen, 13 July 1968, Southworth Papers.
114 Ruth Allen to Southworth, 1 November 1971, 22 December 1972, 16 August 1973, 28 October 1979; Southworth to Ruth Allen, 29 August 1973, 14 November, 7 December 1979, 27 January, 7 July, 2 September 1980; Alain Hénon (University of California Press) to Ruth Allen, 24 September 1979, Southworth Papers.
Chapter 10: The Humane Observer
1 William Forrest, ‘Mr Henry Buckley’, The Times, 15 November 1972.
2 Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1961), p. xxi.
3 Forrest, ‘Mr Henry Buckley’, The Times, 15 November 1972.
4 Henry Buckley, Life and Death of the Spanish Republic (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1940), pp. 15, 33.
5 Constancia de la Mora, In Place of Splendor. The Autobiography of a Spanish Woman (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), p. 291.
6 Buckley, Life and Death, pp. 13–17.
7 Buckley, Life and Death, pp. 34–6, 46–7, 75, 80.
8 Buckley, Life and Death, pp. 30 (Queipo de Llano), 73 (Besteiro), 83–4 (Alcalá Zamora), 97–8 (Esplá), 109 (Gil Robles), 133 (Largo Caballero).
9 Cedric Salter, Try-out in Spain (New York: Harper Brothers, 1943), p. 113.
10 Buckley, Life and Death, pp. 312–14 (Ibárruri), 336–7 (Prieto).
11 Buckley, Life and Death, pp. 364 (Campesino), 370 (Líster), 397–8 (Negrín).
12 Buckley, Life and Death, pp. 321–4, 330–3, 382–4.
13 Buckley, Life and Death, pp. 420–3.
14 Kitty Bowler, ‘Memoirs’, Chapter 7, p. 8; LHCMA, Wintringham papers, 1, Folder 3.
15 Herbst to Watson, 2 August 1967, Za Herbst Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University.
16 Geoffrey Cox, Eyewitness. A Memoir of Europe in the 1930s (Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1999), p. 214.
17 De la Mora, In Place of Splendor, p. 291.
18 Peter Besas, ‘Henry Buckley, Reporter and 40-year Veteran of Madrid’, Guidepost, 1970, pp. 17–18; Herbert L. Matthews, The Education of a Correspondent (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1946), p. 138; Sheean, Not Peace, pp. 336–7.
19 Allen to Baker, 2 February 1964, Jay Allen Papers.
20 Cedric Salter, Try-out in Spain (New York: Harpe
r Brothers, 1943), p. 211.
21 Buckley, Life and Death, pp. 376–7.
22 De la Mora, In Place of Splendor, p. 408.
23 Buckley, Life and Death, p. 419.
Chapter 11: A Lifetime’s Struggle
1 Southworth to Allen, 21 December 1965, Jay Allen Papers.
2 Albert Forment, José Martínez: La epopeya de Ruedo Ibérico (Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama, 2000), pp. 238, 241.
3 Quoted in Southworth to Allen, 21 December 1965, Jay Allen Papers.
4 Ricardo de la Cierva y de Hoces, Cien libros básicos sobre la guerra de España (Madrid: Publicaciones Españolas, 1966), p. 40.
5 Herbert R. Southworth, ‘A modo de prólogo’, El mito de la cruzada de Franco (Barcelona: Plaza y Janés, 1986), pp. 10–12.
6 Southworth, ‘A modo de prólogo’, pp. 13–14; conversations with Paul Preston over many years.
7 Herbert R. Southworth, ‘Franco Draws Italians, Nazis and Portuguese’, Washington Post, 14 November 1937.
8 Herbert R. Southworth, ‘Apology for Revolt’, Washington Post, 7 July 1937; F. Theo Rogers, Spain: A Tragic Journey (New York: The Macaulay Company, 1937), p. ix.
9 Herbert R. Southworth, ‘Franco’s Friend’, Washington Post, 24 November 1937; Harold G. Cardozo, The March of a Nation: My Year of Spain’s Civil War (London: The Right Book Club, 1937), pp. 11, 59, 74, 157.
10 Franco’s Mein Kampf. A Fascist State in Rebel Spain (New York: no publisher given, 1939), José Pemartín, Qué es ‘lo nuevo’…Consideraciones sobre el momento español presente, 2nd edn (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1940).
11 Jay Allen to Holman Hamilton, 16 January 1964, Jay Allen Papers.
12 H. Rutledge Southworth, ‘The Catholic Press’, The Nation, 16 December 1939.
13 Southworth to Allen, 25 May 1946, 28–29 December 1948, Jay Allen Papers.
14 Southworth, ‘A modo de prólogo’, p. 19.
15 Southworth to Allen, 25 May 1946, Jay Allen Papers.
16 Southworth to Allen, 28–29 December 1948, Jay Allen Papers.
17 Southworth to Allen, 28–29 December 1948, Jay Allen Papers.
18 Southworth to Allen, 29 January 1964, Jay Allen Papers.
19 Southworth to Allen, 20 January 1964, Jay Allen Papers.
20 Southworth to Allen, 7 May 1971, Jay Allen Papers.
21 Herbert Rutledge Southworth, El mito de la cruzada de Franco (Paris: Ediciones Ruedo Ibérico, 1963); Herbert Rutledge Southworth, Le mythe de la croisade de Franco (Paris: Ediciones Ruedo Ibérico, 1964). This expanded edition was published in Spanish as El mito de la cruzada de Franco (Barcelona: Plaza y Janés, 1986).
22 Forment, Ruedo Ibérico, pp. 241–2.
23 Herbert Rutledge Southworth, Antifalange; estudio crítico de ‘Falange en la guerra de España’ de Maximiano García Venero (Paris: Ediciones Ruedo Ibérico, 1967).
24 Forment, Ruedo Ibérico, pp. 257–8, 263–4, 272–3, 305–6, 311–12.
25 Southworth to Allen, 21 December 1965, 12 December 1968, Jay Allen Papers.
26 Herbert R. Southworth, ‘Los bibliófobos: Ricardo de la Cierva y sus colaboradores’, Cuadernos de Ruedo Ibérico, pp. 28–9 (diciembre 1970 y marzo 1971).
27 Southworth to Allen, 7 May 1971, Jay Allen Papers.
28 Herbert Rutledge Southworth, ‘“The Grand Camouflage”: Julián Gorkín, Burnett Bolloten and the Spanish Civil War’, in Paul Preston and Ann Mackenzie (eds), The Republic Besieged: Civil War in Spain 1936–1939 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), pp. 260–310; author’s interviews with Burnett Bolloten.
29 Herbert R. Southworth, Conspiracy and the Spanish Civil War: The Brainwashing of Francisco Franco (London: Routledge-Cañada Blanch Studies, 2002), translated into Spanish as El lavado de cerebro de Francisco Franco. Conspiración y guerra civil (Barcelona: Editorial Crítica, 2000).
Epilogue: Buried Treasure
1 Peter J. Sehlinger and Holman Hamilton, Spokesman for Democracy. Claude G. Bowers 1878–1958 (Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Society, 2000), p. 200.
2 Sumner Welles, The Times for Decision (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), p. 59; Dante A. Puzzo, Spain and the Great Powers, 1936–1941 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), pp. 149–60.
3 Dolores Ibárruri, El único camino (Madrid: Editorial Castalia, 1992), pp. 423–5; Herbert L. Matthews, A World in Revolution: A Newspaperman’s Memoir (New York: Charles Scribner, 1972), p. 75.
4 Dominic Tierney, FDR and the Spanish Civil War. Neutrality and Commitment in the Struggle that Divided America (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2007), pp. 1, 139–40; Richard P. Traina, American Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1968), pp. 230–2.
5 Welles, The Times for Decision, pp. 57, 61.
6 Herbert L. Matthews, Half of Spain Died. A Reappraisal of the Spanish Civil War (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973), p. 176.
7 Tierney, FDR & SCW, p. 89.
8 F. Jay Taylor, The United States and the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 (New York: Bookman Associates, 1956), p. 7; Matthews, Half of Spain Died, p. 173.
9 George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia (London: Secker & Warburg, 1971), pp. 246–7.
10 Alfred Kazin, ‘The Wound That Will Not Heal’, The New Republic, 25 August 1986.
11 Herbst to Mary and Neal Daniels, 17 February 1966, Za Herbst Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University. It is reprinted in its entirety in Elinor Langor, Josephine Herbst (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1984), pp. ix–x.
Postscript: Love, Espionage and Treachery
1 Nigel West (ed.), The Guy Liddell Diaries Volume 1: 1939–1942: MI5’s Director of Counter-Espionage in World War II (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 43–4.
2 Prince Hubertus Friedrich of Loewenstein, A Catholic in Republican Spain (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), pp. 21–4, 107.
3 Anna Louise Strong, Spain in Arms 1937 (New York: Henry Holt, 1937), pp. 6, 29–33.
4 Report by FBI Washington Field Office, 8 December 1946, ref. MAT:JAG 100-17493.
5 Herbert Greene, Secret Agent in Spain (London: Robert Hale, 1938), pp. 80–1, 84, 108.
6 Tom Wintringham, ‘Love and War in Madrid’, Picture Post, 18 March 1944.
7 Michael Eaude, Triumph at Midnight of the Century. A Critical Biography of Arturo Barea (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2008), p. 226.
8 Víctor Alba, Sísifo y su tiempo. Memorias de un cabreado (1916–1996) (Barcelona: Laertes, 1996), p. 180.
9 The principal biography of Landau is by Hans Schafranek, Das Kurze Leben des Kurt Landau: Ein Österreichischer Kommunist als Opfer der stalinistischen Geheimpolizei (Vienna: Verlag fur Gesellschaftskritik, 1988).
10 The details of the arrests of the Landaus are recounted in Katia Landau’s pamphlet Le Stalinisme, Bourreau de la Revolution Espagnole, 1937–1938, first published in Paris in 1938 and reprinted in Marcel Ollivier and Katia Landau, Espagne. Les fossoyeurs de la révolution sociale (Paris: Spartacus René Lefeuvre, 1975), pp. 32–44.
11 John McGovern, Terror in Spain (London: Independent Labour Party, 1938), p. 10.
12 Landau, Le Stalinisme, Bourreau de la Revolution Espagnole, pp. 39–40.
13 Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel (London: Davis-Poynter, 1972) pp. 707–19.
Bibliography
Archival Sources
ALBA Collection of the Tamiment Library, at New York University
Allen, Jay, Papers (courtesy of Very Rev. Michael Allen)
—— correspondence with Juan Negrín, Archivo Juan Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Bennett, Millie, Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford
Bolloten, Burnett, Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford
Bowers, Claude, Papers, Lilly Library, Indiana University
British Battalion, International Brigade files, Russian Centre for the Preservation and Study of Recent Historical Documents, Moscow, Fond. 545, Opus 6, 201 (copy held by International Brigades Memorial Trust, London)
&
nbsp; Fischer, Louis, Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
Fondo Amaro del Rosal, Archivo Histórico de la Fundación Pablo Iglesias
Fry, Varian, Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
Gellhorn, Martha, correspondence with Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park
Hemingway, Ernest, Papers, Hemingway Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston
Herbst, Josephine, Papers, Za Herbst Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University
Kirchwey, Freda, Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University
Mangan, Kate, Papers (courtesy of Charlotte Kurzke)
Ministerio de la Guerra, Archivo Militar General, Segovia, Sección Personal
National Archives, Public Record Office: Foreign Office Correspondence FO371; Security and intelligence records releases, Personal files; SOE War Diary
Negrín, Juan, Papers, Archivo Juan Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Noel-Baker, Philip, Papers, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
Quintanilla, Luis, Papers (courtesy of Paul Quintanilla)
Robles Pazos, José, Papers, Sheridan Libraries, Johns Hopkins University
Wintringham, Tom, Papers, Liddell Hart Centre For Military Archives, King’s College, London
Ziffren, Lester, Papers (courtesy of David Wurtzel)
Unpublished Manuscripts
Bowler, Kitty, ‘Spanish Civil War Memoirs’, Wintringham Collection, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London
Fischer, Louis, ‘Spanish diary’, Louis Fischer Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
Herbst, Josephine, Spanish diary, ‘Journal Spain’, Za Herbst Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University
Kurzke, Jan and Kate Mangan, ‘The Good Comrade’ (Jan Kurzke Papers, Archives of the International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam)
Regler, Gustav, ‘Civil War Diary’, Southworth Papers
Volodarsky, Boris, KGB: The West Side Story (forthcoming)