Exceptional

by Dick Cheney

  against the Soviet threat: Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 217.

  “break up the play”: Ibid., p. 219.

  “not a free one”: Address of the President to Congress, Recommending Assistance to Greece and Turkey, March 12, 1947, Harry S. Truman Administration, Elsey Papers, https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/doctrine/large/documents/index.php?pagenumber=1&documentdate=1947-03-12&documentid=5-9.

  “suppression of personal freedoms”: Ibid.

  “destinies in their own ways”: Ibid.

  “welfare of our own Nation”: Ibid.

  majorities in both houses: Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 225.

  assist the European recovery: Mills, Winning the Peace, p. 108.

  “placed upon our country”: George C. Marshall Remarks at Harvard University, June 5, 1947, Transcription Version, http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/the-marshall-plan/marshall-plan-speech/.

  his prepared remarks: John T. Bethell, “The Ultimate Commencement Address,” Harvard Magazine, May 1977, https://harvardmagazine.com/1997/05/marshall.html.

  twelve-minute speech: Ibid.

  understood its significance: Ibid.

  sixteen European countries: “History of the Marshall Plan,” George C. Marshall Foundation, http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/the-marshall-plan/history-marshall-plan/.

  in 2015 dollars: Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI Inflation Calculator, http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm/.

  to outline assistance needs: Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 234.

  conference in Paris: Ibid., p. 235.

  ordered them not to attend: CNN Cold War, Episode 3, “Marshall Plan, 1947–1952.”

  “as Stalin’s slave”: Interview with Antonin Sum, ibid.

  “nothing against the state”: Anne Applebaum, Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956 (New York: Doubleday, 2012), loc. 178.

  secret police forces: Ibid., loc. 339.

  radio stations: Ibid., loc. 348.

  ethnic cleansing: Ibid., loc. 357.

  young people’s organizations: Ibid., loc. 348.

  “observation and restraint”: Ibid., loc. 358.

  “own the future”: Ibid., loc. 3447.

  trains loaded with coal: Air Force Historical Support Division, “The Berlin Airlift,” Fact Sheet, June 28, 2012, http://www.afhso.af.mil/topics/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id+17711.

  and other supplies: Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Berlin Airlift Fact Sheet, https://www.trumanlibrary.org/educ/presidentialyears/22-Berlin%20Airlift.doc.

  “plant of East Germany”: Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900, p. 382.

  “could dispel these fears”: Harry S. Truman, Memoirs: 1946–52, Years of Trial and Hope (New York: Doubleday, 1956), loc. 6635.

  Treaty was signed: Ibid., loc. 6671.

  “in France’s cemeteries?”: Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900, p. 469.

  state of Israel: Martin Gilbert, Israel: A History (New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), p. 186.

  “idea of a Jewish state”: Truman, 1946–1952, Years of Trial and Hope, loc. 4330.

  pulled out: Gilbert, p. 191.

  not include South Korea: Secretary of State Dean Acheson, Remarks at the National Press Club, January 12, 1950, https://web.viu.ca/davies/H102/Acheson.speech1950.htm.

  invade the South: John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), p. 42.

  in Indochina: Ibid.

  June 24, 1950: Truman, 1946–1952, Years of Trial and Hope, p. 332.

  withdraw its forces immediately: Ibid., p. 336.

  to the South Korean army: Ibid.

  “back away from it”:, Ibid., p. 334.

  worldwide dimensions: Ibid., p. 337.

  amphibious assault: McCullough, Truman, loc. 15575.

  imprisonment, and starvation: Stephane Courtois et al. and Mark Kramer, The Black Book of Communism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 463–64, cited in Lee Edwards, PhD, “The Legacy of Mao Zedong Is Mass Murder,” Heritage Foundation, February 2, 2010, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2010/02/the-legacy-of-mao-zedong-is-mass-murder.

  died in combat: Department of Veterans Affairs, “America’s Wars Fact Sheet,” May 2015, http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf.

  “intentions of the West”: President Ronald Reagan, Address to Members of the British Parliament, June 8, 1982, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2002/06/reagans-westminster-speech.

  thermonuclear bomb: McCullough, Truman, loc. 14752.

  “working on an H-bomb”: Paul H. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989), p. 90.

  directly to the president: Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 349.

  cut the presentation short: Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, p. 91.

  “of the individual”: “NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, A Report to the President Pursuant to the President’s Directive of January 31, 1950,” April 14, 1950, Part II, http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-68.htm.

  “to their authority”: Ibid., Part III.

  “its fundamental design”: Ibid., Part V.

  of the free world: Ibid., Part IX, D.

  “military position weakened”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 376.

  “to their enemies”: NSC 68, Part VIII.

  “We will bury you”: “Raging Soviet Boss Shouts at the West: We Will Bury You,” Sarasota Journal, November 19, 1956, p. 1.

  “compared to rockets”: Time, November 25, 1957, p. 27.

  “just as vulnerable”: Ibid.

  merits of communism versus capitalism: see Transcript, “The Kitchen Debate,” July 24, 1959, Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, U.S. Embassy, Moscow, Soviet Union, http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/16/1959-07-24.pdf; Harrison E. Salisbury, “Nixon and Khrushchev Argue in Public as U.S. Exhibit Opens; Accuse Each Other of Threats,” New York Times, July 24, 1959; “1959: Khrushchev and Nixon Have War of Words,” BBC, On This Day, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july24/newsid_2779000/2779551.stm.

  “our military establishment”: President Dwight Eisenhower, Farewell Address, January 17, 1961, http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/farewell_address/Reading_Copy.pdf.

  followed events closely: William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 1112.

  refugees from the East: Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary (New York: Norton, 2006), p. 355.

  would respond militarily: Ibid., p. 364.

  “Roughest thing in my life”: Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 1115.

  “intimidated and blackmailed”: Ibid.

  days of August alone: Time, August 25, 1961, p. 20.

  “steel on cobblestones”: Ibid.

  “As the troops arrived at scores of border points”: Ibid.

  “bullets, bayonets, and barricades”: Ibid.

  “self-destruction on his part”: Address by Roswell L. Gilpatric, Deputy Secretary of Defense, Before the Business Council at the Homestead, Hot Springs, Virginia, Saturday, October 21, 1961, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB56/BerlinC6.pdf.

  “intend to be defeated”: Ibid.

  “answer was missiles”: Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, translated and edited by Strobe Talbott (New York: Bantam, 1971), p. 546.

  “leads to war”: President John F. Kennedy, Address to the Nation, Cuban Missile Crisis, October 22, 1962, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/PDFFiles/John%20F.%20Kennedy%20-%20Cuban%20Missile%20Crisis.pdf.

  “upon the Soviet Union”: Ibid.

  they turned around: Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, loc. 21067.

  within six months: Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1
900, p. 454.

  remove the missiles: Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 1189.

  advisors in Vietnam: John F. Kennedy President Library and Museum, “Historical Briefings: JFK, The Cold War and Vietnam,” http://www.jfklibrary.org/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Education/Lesson%20Plans/Vietnam%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf.

  “unable to win”: General William Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (New York: Plenum, 1976), p. 142.

  “of the American public”: Henry A. Kissinger, Years of Renewal (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), loc. 1640.

  “Communist conqueror”: Ibid., loc. 7868.

  “finished as far as America is concerned”: Remarks by Gerald R. Ford, Tulane University, April 23, 1975, http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/750208.asp.

  “in the Middle East”: Kissinger, Years of Renewal, loc. 1727.

  “Don’t do stupid stuff”: See, for example, Mark Landler, “Obama Warns U.S. Faces Diffuse Terrorism Threats,” New York Times, May 28, 2014.

  “we’d made history”: Interview with Henry Kissinger, CNN Cold War, Episode 15, “China.”

  “of the United States”: Associated Press wire story, August 8, 1974.

  “to see Solzhenitsyn”: Memorandum from Dick Cheney to President Ford, July 8, 1975, cited in Stephen F. Hayes, Cheney: The Untold Story of America’s Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), pp. 92–93.

  “manner as possible”: Kissinger, Years of Renewal, loc. 11092.

  “unrecognized by contemporaries”: Ibid., loc. 10788.

  “Declaration of Human Rights”: Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, “Final Act,” Helsinki, August 1, 1975, http://www.osce.org/docs/English/1990-1999/summits/helfa75e.htm.

  “Who can force us?”: Interview with Anatoly Dobrynin, CNN Cold War, Episode 16, “Détente.”

  “The Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact”: Interview with President Gerald Ford, CNN Cold War, Episode 16, “Détente.”

  “of an official document”: Gaddis, The Cold War, p. 190.

  “of the Soviet leadership”: Ibid.

  “Charter 77” manifesto: Ibid., 191.

  “under a Ford administration”: Gerald R. Ford, “Presidential Campaign Debate,” October 6, 1976, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=6414.

  “communist zone?”: Ibid.

  national security team: Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “Nuclear Blockbuster,” Washington Post, January 27, 1977, p. A23.

  flatly rejected it: Interview with Anatoly Dobrynin, CNN Cold War, Episode 19, “Freeze.”

  “deep stab wound”: Interview with Les Gelb, CNN Cold War, Episode 19, “Freeze.”

  “because we are free”: President Jimmy Carter, Commencement Address at University of Notre Dame, May 22, 1977, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=7552.

  from the Soviets: Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900, p. 519.

  “on a very clear course”: “The Neutron Bomb Furor,” Time, April 17, 1978.

  “foul-up”: “Costly U.N. ‘Mistake’: Carter Angers Both Sides in the Arab-Israeli Contest,” Evening Independent, March 6, 1980, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19800306&id=p2FQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sVgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6657,1414362&hl=en.

  fifty-two Americans: “The Iran Hostage Crisis, 31 Years Later—Pictures,” National Journal, January 19, 2012, http://www.nationaljournal.com/pictures-video/the-iran-hostage-crisis-31-years-later-pictures-20120119.

  “to do anything”: Address by Governor Ronald Reagan Accepting the Republican Nomination for the Presidency, July 17, 1980, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25970.

  “country as pope”: Gaddis, The Cold War, p. 192.

  “speaks with my voice”: John O’Sullivan, The President, the Pope, and the Prime Minister: Three Who Changed the World (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2006), p. 93.

  “before your own conscience”: George Weigel, Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), pp. 307–9.

  “thousand-year-right of citizenship”: Ibid., p. 306.

  “history of Poland”: Peggy Noonan, “We Want God: When John Paul II Went to Poland, Communism Didn’t Have a Prayer,” Wall Street Journal, April 7, 2005.

  “We want God”: Ibid.

  “people want the Pope”: Hella Pick, “Party for the People but People for the Pope,” Manchester Guardian Weekly, June 17, 1979.

  the archbishop’s residence: Weigel, Witness to Hope, p. 313.

  “Sto lat!”: Ibid.

  the pope sang: Ibid.

  Kraków Commons: Ibid., p. 318.

  “the Holy Spirit”: Noonan, “We Want God.”

  “spiritual freedom”: Weigel, Witness to Hope, p. 319.

  Thirteen million Poles: Ibid., p. 320.

  In an interview: Peggy Noonan, “Make Him a Saint: How Pope John Paul II Worked a Political Miracle,” Wall Street Journal, April 28, 2011.

  pen bearing John Paul II’s picture: Gaddis, The Cold War, p. 218.

  “coffin of Communism”: Ibid., p. 222.

  “ash-heap of history”: President Ronald Reagan, Address to Members of the British Parliament, June 8, 1982, http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm.

  “squandering of our freedom”: President Ronald Reagan, Remarks at the Annual Convention of the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida, March 8, 1983, http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/30883b.htm.

  “day by day”: President Ronald Reagan Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security, March 23, 1983, http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/32383d.htm.

  share the technology: Ronald Reagan, Speech on the Geneva Summit, November 21, 1985, http://www.millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3924.

  toward significant arms reductions: Ibid.

  were on the table: Lou Cannon, “Reagan-Gorbachev Summit Talks Collapse as Deadlock on SDI Wipes Out Other Gains,” Washington Post, October 13, 1986, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatt/longterm/summit/archive/oct86.htm.

  laboratory testing: Ibid.

  Reagan would not agree: Ronald Reagan, Address to the Nation on the Meetings with Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev in Iceland, October 13, 1986, http://www/reagan.uteyas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/101386a.htm.

  “tear down this wall”: President Ronald Reagan Remarks on East-West Relations at the Brandenburg Gate, West Berlin, June 12, 1987, http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/061287d.htm.

  Hungarian frontier: Chris Bowlby, “The Man Who Opened the Iron Curtain,” BBC Radio 4, October 26, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8323140.stm.

  Gorbachev did not object: Ibid.

  bold red print: Anna Husarska, “How a Partially Free Election Altered Poland,” January 25, 2010, IIP Digital, U.S. Department of State, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2010/01/20100125173526mlenuhret0.558952.html#axzz3bxO4zmRc.

  “country of their choice”: Serge Schmemann, “Hungary Allows 7000 East Germans to Emigrate West,” New York Times, September 11, 1989, http://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/11/world/hungary-allows-7000-east-germans-to-emigrate-west.html.

  embassy in Prague: Serge Schmemann, “East Germans Line Emigré Routes, Some in Hope of Their Own Exit,” New York Times, October 5, 1989, http://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/05/world/east-germans-line-emigre-routes-some-in-hope-of-their-own-exit.html.

  “onwards, immediately”: Serge Schmemann, “A Fateful Day and the East Tasted Freedom,” New York Times, November 9, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/world/europe/09iht-wall.html?pagewanted=all.

  “in Russia itself”: Judt, Postwar, p. 632.

  94.5 million people: Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900, p. 386.

  CHAPTER 3: DAWN OF THE AGE OF TERROR

  embargo on Iraq: John-Thor Dahlburg and Jim Mann, “U.S., Soviets Ask World to Cut Off Weapons to Iraq,”
Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1990.

  “Cold War ended”: James A. Baker, Oral History, Miller Center, University of Virginia, 2011, http://millercenter.org/president/bush/oralhistory/james-baker-2011.

  world’s deadliest weapons: George J. Tenet, Porter J. Goss, Michael Hayden, John E. McLaughlin, Albert M. Calland, and Stephen R. Kappes, “Ex-CIA Directors: Interrogations Saved Lives,” Wall Street Journal, December 10, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/cia-interrogations-saved-lives-1418142644.

  to procure nuclear weapons: Ibid.

  should conflict occur: Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, “Defense Strategy for the 1990s: The Regional Defense Strategy,” January 1993, p. 3, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb245/doc15.pdf.

  “crisis response capability”: Ibid., pp. 23–24.

  “to resist aggression”: Ibid.

  “but the prosecutors”: Andrew McCarthy, Willful Blindness: A Memoir of the Jihad (New York: Encounter Books, 2008), loc. 79.

  “the defendants”: Ibid., loc. 82.

  “had taken place”: Osama bin Laden, fatwa, August 23, 1996, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military-july-dec96-fatwa_1996/.

  seventy-five were wounded: Michael R. Gordon and Thomas L. Friedman, “Details of U.S. Raid in Somalia: Success So Near, a Loss So Deep,” New York Times, October 25, 1993.

  Somali militias: Eric Schmitt, “Study Faults Powell Aides on Somalia,” New York Times, October 1, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/01/world/study-faults-powell-aides-on-somalia.html.

  “keep the numbers down”: United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, “Review of the Circumstances Surrounding the Ranger Raid on October 3–4, 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia,” September 29, 1995, p. 29, https://fas.org/irp/congress/1995_rpt/mogadishu.pdf.

  “imagery on CNN”: Ibid., p. 31.

  presence in Somalia: Ibid., p. 34.

  March 31, 1994: Remarks by President Bill Clinton on the Situation in Somalia, October 7, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/08/world/somalia-mission-clinton-s-words-somalia-responsibilities-american-leadership.html.

  “became very clear”: Osama bin Laden, fatwa, August 23, 1996, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military-july-dec96-fatwa_1996/.

  more than five thousand were wounded: “1998 U.S. Embassies in Africa Bombings Fast Facts,” CNN, October 6, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/06/world/africa/africa-embassy-bombings-fast-facts/.