60. Exactly which prince led which attack is difficult to tell from the multiple works on the campaign. Kadan Baidar is referenced as being in both the Polish campaign and leading a southern prong through Carpathians. Kaidu is usually identified as leading the Polish campaign, but in some sources his name is mentioned nowhere. As with the variation on names and places, the selection of commanders in this campaign will be somewhat arbitrary.
61. Jackson, Mongols and the West.
62. Chambers, Devil’s Horsemen, p. 92.
63. Lukinich, History of Hungary, p. 70.
64. Alexander, How Great Generals Win, p. 89.
65. Man, Life, Death, and Resurrection, p. 271.
66. Kosztolnyik, Hungary in the 13th Century, pp. 155–56.
67. McCreight, Mongol Warrior Epic, pp. 128–29.
68. Ibid., p. 133.
69. Ibid.
70. Kennedy, Mongols, Huns and Vikings at War, p. 161.
71. Buell, “Subotei Ba’atur,” p. 25.
72. Takemoto, Back Azimuth Check, pp. 22–23.
73. Gabriel, “Right Hand of Khan,” p. 49.
Chapter 9. Jan Žižka
1. Wylie, History of Protestantism, book 3, ch. 13. Various translations provide a number of spellings: Žižka, Ziska, Zisca, Siska, etc. I will use the modern Czech spellings for all people and locations unless they are spelled otherwise in a quote.
2. Vaclav is the Czech spelling, but he is better known in the West as Wenceslaus; he also is called Wenzel in some sources.
3. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 25.
4. Ibid., p. 27.
5. Ibid., p. 29.
6. Jorgenson, “Tannenberg, 1410,” p. 169.
7. Ibid.
8. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 30.
9. Ibid., p. 34.
10. Hutton, History of the Moravian Church, p. 31.
11. Ibid., p. 53.
12. Pribichevich, World without End, p. 86.
13. Cornej, “Hussite Art of Warfare,” p. 67.
14. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 9.
15. Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 312.
16. Ayton, “Arms, Armour, and Horses,” pp. 186–87.
17. Ibid., p. 110.
18. Ibid., p. 207.
19. Bennett et al., Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World, p. 123.
20. Showalter, “Caste, Skill, and Training,” p. 412.
21. Gravett, German Medieval Armies, p. 7.
22. Hall, Weapons and Warfare, p. 18.
23. Holmes, Oxford Companion, p. 961.
24. Dupuy and Dupuy, Encyclopedia of Military History, p. 406.
25. Turnbull, Hussite Wars, p. 24.
26. Bloom, “The Hussites,” p. 41.
27. Turnbull, Hussite Wars, p. 38.
28. Haywood, “Hussite Battle Tactics.”
29. Turnbull, Hussite Wars, p. 21.
30. Klassen and Paces, “Women in Hussite Wars,” p. 218.
31. Turnbull, Hussite Wars, p. 35.
32. Bloom, “The Hussites,” p. 42.
33. Oman, Art of War in the Middle Ages, pp.125–26.
34. Nolan, Age of Wars of Religion, p. 429.
35. Hazard, History of the Crusades, pp. 593–94.
36. Fudge, “‘More Glory than Blood,’” pp. 119, 120.
37. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 10.
38. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 92.
39. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 10; Turnbull, Hussite Wars, p. 33; “The Very Pretty Chronicle,” reproduced in Heymann, John Žižka, p. 110.
40. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 10.
41. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 97.
42. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 11.
43. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 139.
44. Ibid.
45. Dickie, “Vitkov, 1420,” p. 195.
46. Hazard, History of the Crusades, p. 597.
47. Macek, Hussite Movement in Bohemia, p. 43.
48. “John Žižka,” p. 346.
49. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 21.
50. Ibid., p. 22.
51. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 291
52. Ibid., pp. 294–95.
53. Bloom, “The Hussites,” p. 41.
54. “John Žižka,” p. 352.
55. Fudge, Magnificent Ride, p. 104.
56. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 25.
57. Delbruck, Medieval Warfare, p. 494.
58. Oman, Art of War in the Middle Ages, p. 152.
59. Gravett, German Medieval Armies, p. 16.
60. Nicholson, Medieval Warfare, pp. 37–38.
61. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 305.
62. Showalter, “Caste, Skill, and Training,” p. 411.
63. Wilkinson, “Žižka’s Zeal,” p. 36.
64. Macek, Hussite Movement in Bohemia, p. 48.
65. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 31.
Chapter 10. Oda Nobunaga
1. Hooker, “Warring States.”
2. Lamers, Japonius Tyrannus, p. 23.
3. Luis Frois, quoted in ibid., p. 24.
4. Turnbull, Samurai Warfare, p. 56.
5. Ibid.
6. Bryant, Samurai 1550–1600, p. 31.
7. Turnbull, Warfare, p. 58.
8. Kure, Samurai: An Illustrated History, p. 73.
9. Bryant, Samurai 1550–1600, pp. 24 (chart), 50; Varley says the spear length in Nobubaga’s army was 18 feet (“Oda Nobunaga,” p. 109).
10. Varley, “Oda Nobunaga,” p. 106.
11. Turnbull, Samurai, World of the Warrior, p. 97.
12. Bryant, Samurai 1550–1600, p. 50.
13. Perrin, Giving up the Gun, p. 17.
14. Kure, An Illustrated History, p. 75.
15. From “The Record of the Kunitomo Teppoki,” quoted in Lidin, Tanegashima, pp. 134–35.
16. Perrin, Giving up the Gun, p. 14.
17. Lidin, Tanegashima, p. 146.
18. Turnbull, Nagashino, p. 15.
19. Turnbull, Warfare, p. 65.
20. Ibid, p. 67.
21. Varley, “Oda Nobunaga,” p. 113.
22. Turnbull, Samurai and the Sacred, p. 77.
23. Ibid., p. 77.
24. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 273.
25. Lamers, Japonius Tyrannus, p. 42.
26. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 275.
27. Sharpe, Samurai Battles, pp. 112–113.
28. Sato, Legends of the Samuraii, p. 234.
29. Sadler, Maker of Modern Japan, p. 54.
30. Sansom, History of Japan, pp. 276–77.
31. Sato, Legends of the Samuraii, p. 235.
32. Kure, An Illustrated History, p. 145.
33. Sadler, Maker of Modern Japan, p. 55.
34. Black, War in the Early Modern World, p. 68.
35. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 278.
36. Turnbull, Warrior Monks, p. 15.
37. Turnbull, Sacred, pp. 77–78.
38. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 284.
39. Turnbull, Japanese Warrior Monks, p. 57.
40. Ibid., p. 58.
41. Sharpe, Battles, pp. 144–45.
42. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 284.
43. Sharpe, Battles, p. 145.
44. Turnbull, Nagashino, p. 13.
45. Ibid., p. 31.
46. Ibid., p. 33.
47. Hilbert, “Samurai Slaughtered,” p. 67.
48. Turnbull, Nagashino, pp. 45–47.
49. Ledbetter, “The Battle of Nagashino.”
50. Lamers, Japonius Tyrannus, p. 112.
51. Turnbull, Nagashino, pp. 60–61.
52. Ledbetter, “The Battle of Nagashino.”
53. Turnbull, Nagashino, p. 57.
54. Sharpe, Battles, p. 150.
55. Ibid., p. 68.
56. Ledbetter, “The Battle of Nagashino.”
57. Kure, An Illustrated History, p. 79. It should b
e noted that while Kure is not a historian by training, his resources are all Japanese works.
58. Ibid., p. 81.
59. Lamers, Japonius Tyrannus, p. 112.
60. Hilbert, “Samurai Slaughtered,” p. 68.
61. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 310.
62. Turnbull, Book of the Samurai, pp. 95–96; Parker, Military Revolution, p. 140.
63. Turnbull, Book of the Samuri, pp. 309–10.
64. Turnbull, Nagashino, p. 57.
65. Kure, An Illustrated History, p. 81.
66. Turnbull, Japanese Warrior Monks, pp. 19–20.
67. Turnbull, Sacred, p. 84.
Chapter 11. Gustavus Adolphus
1. Ahnlund, Gustavus Adolphus the Great, pp. 4–16.
2. Ibid., p. 32.
3. Redmond, “Gustavus Adolphus, Father of Combined Arms Warfare,” p. 2.
4. Ibid., p. 3. It should be noted that this story is not agreed upon by historians; some dismiss the detail of using disguise.
5. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 114.
6. Ahnlund, Gustavus Adolphus the Great, pp. 228–29.
7. Jones, Art of War, p. 195.
8. Ibid., p. 191.
9. Bobbit, Shield of Achilles, p. 99.
10. Jones, Art of War, p. 195.
11. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons and Warfare, p. 116.
12. Rothenberg, “Maurice of Nassau,” p. 37.
13. Parker, Military Revolution, p. 19.
14. Childs, “Maurice of Nassau,” p. 22.
15. Rothenberg, “Maurice of Nassau,” p. 43.
16. Parker, Military Revolution, p. 23.
17. Howard, War in European History, p. 37.
18. Brzezinski, Army of Gustavus Adolphus, vol. 1, p. 19.
19. Jones, Art of War, p. 223.
20. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 19.
21. M. Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, p. 105.
22. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons and Warfare, p. 135.
23. Ibid., p. 136.
24. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 22.
25. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 16.
26. Baumgartner, From Spear to Flintlock, p. 253.
27. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 31.
28. Liddell Hart, Great Captains Unveiled, p. 86.
29. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 117.
30. Quoted in Rabb, Thirty Years War, p. 87.
31. Quoted in Parker, Thirty Years War, p. 122.
32. Maland, Europe at War, pp. 126–27.
33. Guthrie, Battles, p. 20.
34. Ibid.
35. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 19.
36. Guthrie, Battles, p. 23.
37. Guthrie, Battles, pp. 20–23. This is the most detailed accounting of the two forces. Other authors give a wide range of numbers. Goodenough (Tactical Genius): 40,000 allied, 33,000 imperial; Alexander (“Swedish King”): 41,000 allied, 35,000 imperial; Childs (Warfare): 41,000 allied, 31,000 imperial; Fuller (Military History): 47,000 allied, 40,000 imperial; Haythornthwaite (Invincible Generals): 42,000 allied, 36,000–40,000 imperial; Parker (Thirty Years War): 41,000 allied, 31,400 imperial; Delbruck (Dawn of Modern Warfare): 39,000 allied and 75 guns, 36,000 imperial and 26 guns.
38. Liddel Hart, Great Captains Unveiled, p. 130.
39. Delbruck, Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 204.
40. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 37.
41. Guthrie, Battles, p. 23.
42. Maland, Europe at War, pp. 130–31.
43. Wedgewood, Thirty Years War, p. 287.
44. Guthrie, Battles, p. 24.
45. Hollway, “Triumph of Flexible Firepower,” p. 43.
46. Wedgewood, Thirty Years War, p. 289.
47. Showalter, “Gustavus’ Greatest Victory,” p. 48
48. Guthrie, Battles, p. 33.
49. Alexander, How Wars are Won, p. 171.
50. Goodenough, Tactical Genius, p. 75.
51. Bonney, Thirty Years War, p. 47.
52. Ibid.
53. Liddell Hart, Great Captains Unveiled, p. 126.
54. Fuller, Military History, p. 65.
55. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 41–42.
56. Guthrie, Battles, p. 165.
57. Ibid., pp. 165–66.
58. Malleson, Battlefields of Germany, p. 57.
59. Guthrie, Battles, p. 168.
60. Malleson, Battlefields of Germany, p. 59.
61. Connor, “Gustavus Adolphus and the Crossing of the Lech.”
62. Guthrie, Battles, p. 169.
63. Connor, “Gustavus Adolphus and the Crossing of the Lech.”
64. Liddell Hart, Great Captains Unveiled, p. 190.
65. Wedgewood, Thirty Years War, p. 311.
66. Ibid., pp. 313–14.
67. Jones, Art of War, p. 240.
68. Guthrie, Battles, p. 196.
69. Brzezinsky, Lutzen, pp. 31–32.
70. M. Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, p. 177.
71. Guthrie, Battles, p. 197.
72. Brzezinsky, Lutzen, p. 42.
73. Guthrie and Brzezinsky differ radically on which units were placed in which positions and where the commanders were assigned; e.g., Holk on the imperial right flank and Colloredo in the center. The text follows Guthrie.
74. Guthrie, Battles, p. 205.
75. Ibid., p. 208.
76. Ibid., p. 210.
77. Ibid., p. 217.
78. Livesey, Great Commanders, p. 59.
79. Jones, Art of War, p. 241.
80. Chandler, Atlas of Military Strategy, p. 27.
81. Brodie and Brodie, From Crossbow to H-Bomb, p. 77.
82. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 133.
83. Rothenberg, “Maurice of Nassau,” p. 55.
Chapter 12. John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough
1. Spencer, Battle for Europe, p. 44.
2. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 14.
3. Ibid., Marlborough, p. 16.
4. Folkers, “Marlborough.”
5. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 17.
6. Hussey, Marlborough, Hero of Blenheim, p. 23.
7. Spencer, Battle for Europe, p. 52.
8. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 42.
9. Ibid., p. 44.
10. Hussey, Hero of Blenheim, p. 40.
11. Wolf, Emergence of the Great Powers, p. 60.
12. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 47.
13. Ibid., p. 52.
14. Ibid., p. 74.
15. Chartrand, Louis XIV’s Army, p. 21.
16. Childs, Warfare in the Seventeenth Century, p. 156.
17. Chartrand, Louis XIV’s Army, p. 24.
18. Folkers, “Dragoon Regiments,” in Spanish Succession.
19. Chartrand, Louis XIV’s Army, pp. 34–35.
20. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 91.
21. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 94.
22. Chandler, Marlborough as Military Commander, p. 92.
23. Wilson, “Warfare in the Old Regime,” p. 91.
24. Ibid., p. 93.
25. Barthorp, Marlborough’s Army, p. 10.
26. Ibid., p. 11.
27. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 93.
28. Barthrop, Marlborough’s Army, p. 16.
29. Treasure, Making of Modern Europe, pp. 218–19.
30. Folkers, “Austrian Army,” in Spanish Succession.
31. “Eugene,” p. 156.
32. Chartrand, Louis XIV’s Army, p. 12.
33. Kennedy, Grand Strategies, p. 15.
34. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 57.
35. Folkers, “1701,” in Spanish Succession.
36. J. Jones, Marlborough, pp. 62–63; see also Ostwald, “‘Decisive’ Battle,” p. 699.
37. Morris, “Villars,” p. 69.
38. Col. Robert Parker, quoted in Chandler, Military Campaigns, p. 31.
39. Standford et al., “Schellenberg,” p. 36.
40. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 136.
41. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 79.
42. Churchill, Marlborough, His Life and Times, p. 382.
43. Duc de la Colonie, quoted in Standford et al., “Schellenberg,” p. 39.
44. Parker, quoted in Chandler, Military Memoirs of Marlborough’s Campaigns, p. 33.
45. Tincey, Blenheim, p. 36.
46. Chandler, Atlas, pp. 44–45.
47. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 84.
48. Spencer, Battle for Europe, p. 223.
49. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 82.
50. Spencer, Battle for Europe, p. 224.
51. Derek McKay, Prince Eugene of Savoy, p. 86.
52. Chandler, “Blenheim,” p. 32.
53. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 146.
54. Hussey, Hero of Blenheim, pp. 145–146.
55. McKay, Prince Eugene, p. 86.
56. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 86.
57. Fuller, Military History, p. 152.
58. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 96.
59. Spencer, Battle for Europe, pp. 296–97.
60. Fuller, Military History, pp. 153–54.
61. Dodge, Gustavus Adolphus, pp. 732–33.
62. McKay, Prince Eugene, p. 87.
63. Folkers, “Battle of Blenheim/Hochstadt,” in Spanish Succession.
64. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 88.
65. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 119.
66. A. Jones, Art of War, p. 278; Morris, “Villars,” p. 69.
67. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 172.
68. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, p. 100.
69. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, pp. 88–89.
70. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, p. 109.
71. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 176.
72. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, p. 112.
73. Parker, quoted in Chandler, Military Memoirs, p. 60.
74. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 177.
75. Wolf, Emergence of the Great Powers, p. 74.
76. Barnett, First Churchill, p. 169.
77. “Ramillies (Offus),” pp. 372–73.
78. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 178.
79. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 92.
80. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 212.
81. Barnett, First Churchill, p. 204.
82. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 214.
83. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, pp. 138–40.
84. Ibid., p. 142.
85. Barnett, First Churchill, p. 210.
86. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 220.
87. Livesey, Great Commanders, pp. 78–79.
88. Chandler, Military Commander, pp. 221–22.
89. Spencer, Battle for Europe, p. 330.
90. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 63.
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