91. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, p. 142.
92. Barnett, First Churchill, p. 212.
93. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 71.
94. Black, Britain’s Military Power, p. 56.
95. Ibid., p. 76.
96. Ibid., p. 329.
97. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, p. 217.
98. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 94.
99. Fuller, Military History, p. 129.
100. Weigley, Age of Battles, pp. 102–3.
Chapter 13. Frederick II (the Great)
1. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 100.
2. Duffy, Frederick the Great: A Military Life, p. 3.
3. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 15.
4. Ritter, Frederick the Great, p. 24. Known in other sources as the “Tobacco Parliament.”
5. Ibid., p. 25.
6. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, pp. 104–5.
7. Baumgartner, From Spear to Flintlock, p. 308.
8. Bleckwenn, quoted in Duffy, Military Life, p. 4.
9. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 58.
10. Childs, Armies and Warfare, p. 108.
11. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 311.
12. Laffin, Links of Leadership, p. 142.
13. Haythornthwaite, Frederick the Great’s Army, vol. 2, p. 5.
14. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 63.
15. Duffy, Military Life, p. 13.
16. Nosworthy, Anatomy of Victory, pp. 187–88.
17. Childs, Armies and Warfare, p. 125.
18. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, pp. 394–95.
19. Duffy, Army of Frederick, pp. 80–81.
20. Childs, Armies and Warfare, p. 123.
21. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 396.
22. Duffy, Army of Frederick., p. 90.
23. Delbruck, Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 276.
24. Duffy, Army of Frederick, pp. 153–54.
25. Alexander, p. 240.
26. Nosworthy, Anatomy of Victory, p. 193.
27. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 380.
28. Palmer, “Frederick the Great,” p. 101.
29. Haythornthwaite, Frederick the Great’s Army, vol. 1, p. 3.
30. Ibid., p. 4.
31. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 93.
32. Duffy, Army of Frederick, pp. 98–99.
33. Childs, Armies and Warfare, p. 105.
34. Nosworthy, Anatomy of Victory, p. 164.
35. Childs, Armies and Warfare, p. 106.
36. Nosworthy, Anatomy of Victory, p. 170.
37. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons, p. 151.
38. Duffy, Military Life, p. 321.
39. Dupuy and Dupuy, Encyclopedia of Military History, p. 611.
40. Alphin, West Point History.
41. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 115.
42. Ibid., p. 114.
43. Seaton, Frederick the Great’s Army, p. 11.
44. Ritter, Frederick the Great, p. 82.
45. Ibid., pp. 83–84.
46. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 111.
47. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 146.
48. Ritter, Frederick the Great, p. 89.
49. Ibid., 89–90.
50. Browning, War of the Austrian Succession, pp. 213–14.
51. Seaton, Frederick the Great’s Army, p. 19.
52. Today, in modern Poland, the town is Strzegom and the river the Strzegomka. Hohenfriedberg is now Dobromierz, Pilgrimshain is Zolkiewka, Gunthersdorf is Godzieszow, Thomaswaldau is Tomkowice, and Halbendorf is Granica.
53. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 341.
54. Duffy, Military Life, p. 60.
55. Ibid., pp. 60–61.
56. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 80.
57. Browning, Austrian Succession, p. 216.
58. Ibid.
59. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 81.
60. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 175.
61. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 84.
62. Ritter, Frederick the Great, p. 91.
63. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 176.
64. Phillips, Roots of Strategy, pp. 309–10.
65. Duffy, Military Life, p. 78.
66. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 111.
67. Telp, Evolution of the Operational Art, p. 18.
68. Marston, Seven Years War, p. 24.
69. Ibid., pp. 13–14.
70. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 126.
71. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 178.
72. Duffy, Army, p. 171.
73. Duffy, Military Life, p. 135.
74. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 185.
75. Most writers use this number. Dupuy and Dupuy in their Encyclopedia give the figure 64,000, as does Baumgartner (From Spear to Flintlock); Alexander (How Wars Are Won) gives 60,000; Britt et al. (Dawn of Modern Warfare) numbers the force at 54,000, with the imperial troops in the majority; Weigley (Age of Battles) proposes 50,000.
76. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 188.
77. Carlyle, History of Frederick, vol. 6, p. 256.
78. Millar, Rossbach and Leuthen, p. 29.
79. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 184.
80. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 189.
81. Carlyle, quoted in Asprey, Frederick the Great, p. 472.
82. Carlyle, History of Frederick, vol. 6, p. 259.
83. Britt et al., Modern Warfare, p.121.
84. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 185.
85. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 192.
86. Millar, Rossbach and Leuthen, pp. 41, 43.
87. Asprey, Frederick the Great, p. 475.
88. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 195.
89. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, pp. 123–24.
90. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 198.
91. Pratt, Battles That Changed History, p. 221.
92. Duffy, Military Life, p. 152.
93. Millar, Rossbach and Leuthen, p. 88.
94. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 124.
95. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 179.
96. Ibid., p. 209.
97. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 385.
98. Dodge, Great Captains, pp. 168–69.
99. Chandler, Art of War, pp. 135, 142.
100. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 378.
101. Atkinson, “Infantry.”
102. Jones, Art of War, p. 308.
103. Alexander, How Wars Are Won, p. 234.
104. Carlyle, History of Frederick, vol. 6, pp. 259–60.
105. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 172.
106. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 342.
107. Dodge, Great Captains, pp. 171–72.
108. Lewis, “Frederick the Great and the Battle of Leuthen.”
109. Treitschke, Confessions of Frederick, p. 91.
110. Fraser, Frederick the Great: King of Prussia, p. 625.
111. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons, p. 148.
112. Ritter, Frederick the Great, p. 148.
113. Showalter, quoted in Kolenda, Leadership, p. 139.
114. Laffin, Links of Leadership, p. 156.
Chapter 14. Napoleon Bonaparte
1. Neillands, Wellington and Napoleon, p. 12.
2. McLynn, Napoleon: A Biography, p. 36.
3. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 10.
4. Dwyer, p. 37.
5. Chandler, “Right Man in the Right Place,” p. 38.
6. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 23.
7. Forczyk, Toulon 1793, p. 57.
8. Paschall, “Napoleon’s First Triumph,” p. 14.
9. Ireland, Fall of Toulon, p. 288.
10. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 28.
11. Ross, “Napoleon and Maneuver Warfare,” p. 3.
12. Liaropolous, “Revolutions in Warfare,” p. 373.
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sp; 13. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 265.
14. Wasson, “Innovator or Imitator,” p. 19.
15. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 264.
16. Wasson, “Innovator or Imitator,” p. 7.
17. McConachy, “Roots of Artillery Doctrine,” p. 620.
18. Burbeck, “Napoleonic Artillery.”
19. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 268.
20. Muir, Tactics, p. 71.
21. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 346.
22. Ibid., p. 350.
23. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons, pp. 156–57.
24. Muir, Tactics, p. 62.
25. Rothenberg, Napoleonic Wars, p. 27.
26. Haythornthwaite, Napoleon’s Line Infantry, p. 3.
27. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons, p. 159.
28. Paret, “Napoleon and the Revolution in War,” p. 125.
29. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 154.
30. Ibid.
31. Seaton, Austro-Hungarian Army, p. 37.
32. McLynn, Biography, p. 109.
33. Chandler, Atlas, p. 90.
34. Britt, Wars of Napoleon, p. 14.
35. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 116.
36. Rothenberg, Napoleonic Wars, p. 46.
37. Shosenberg, “Battle of Austerlitz,” pp. 39–40.
38. Dwyer, Napoleon: Path to Power, p. 271.
39. Esdaile, French Wars, p. 33.
40. Fisher, Napoleonic Wars, p. 13.
41. Ibid., p. 19.
42. Goetz, 1805: Austerlitz, p. 38.
43. Rothenberg, Napoleonic Wars, p. 88.
44. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? p. 79.
45. Harvey, War of Wars, p. 483.
46. Weigley, Age of Battles, pp. 381–82.
47. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? p. 119.
48. Ibid., p. 121.
49. Glover, Napoleonic Wars, p. 110.
50. Ibid., p. 111.
51. McLynn, Biography, p. 342.
52. Britt, Wars of Napoleon, p. 53.
53. Kagan, End of the Old Order, p. 580.
54. Goetz, 1805: Austerlitz, p. 123.
55. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 388.
56. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? pp. 154–55.
57. McLynn, Biography, p. 344.
58. Kagan, End of the Old Order, p. 595.
59. Shosenberg, “Austerlitz,” p. 33.
60. McLynn, Biography, p. 345.
61. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 438.
62. Fisher, Napoleonic Wars, p. 42.
63. Seaton, Austro-Hungarian Army, p. 20.
64. Esdaille, French Wars, p. 41.
65. Haythornthwaite, Austrian Army, vol. 1, p. 8.
66. Seaton, Austro-Hungarian Army, p. 25.
67. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 421.
68. Harvey, War of Wars, p. 662.
69. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? pp. 263–64.
70. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 425.
71. Dodge, Napoleon, pp. 258–59.
72. Rothenberg, Last Victory, pp. 130–31.
73. Weigley, Age of Battles, pp. 429–30.
74. Castle, Aspern and Wagram, p. 57.
75. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? p. 273.
76. Castle, Aspern and Wagram, p. 61.
77. Rothenberg, Last Victory, pp. 173–74.
78. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 724.
79. Ibid., p. 725.
80. Dodge, Napoleon, pp. 312–13.
81. Connelly, Wars of the French Revolution, p. 163.
82. Riley, Napoleon as General, p. 98.
83. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 733.
84. Ibid., p. 732.
85. Rothenberg, Napoleonic Wars, p. 130.
86. Ibid., p. 34.
87. Chandler, On the Napoleonic Wars, p. 244.
88. Riley, Napoleon as General, p. 85.
89. Connelly, Wars of the French Revolution, p. 219.
90. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 141.
91. Riley, “How Good Was Napoleon?”
92. Napoleon, quoted in Chandler, Campaigns, p. 145.
93. Riley, Napoleon as General, p. 85.
94. Jomini, quote in Chandler, Military Maxims, p. 64.
95. Napoleon, quoted in Luvaas, Napoleon on the Art of War, p. 133.
96. Alexander, Great Generals, p. 122.
97. Chandler, Maxims, p. 76.
98. Luvaas, Art of War, p. 64.
99. Muir, Tactics, p. 151.
100. Napoleon, quoted in Chandler, Maxims, no. 61, p. 77.
101. Wood, “Forgotten Sword,” p. 81.
102. Riley, Napoleon as General, pp. 119, 120.
103. Ibid., p. 85
104. Van Creveld, Command in War, p. 64.
105. Robert B. Holtman, quoted in Obstfeld and Obstfeld, Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 127.
106. Napoleon, quoted in Chandler, Maxims, p. 126.
107. Elting, Swords, p. 596.
108. Holtman, quoted in Obstfeld and Obstfeld, Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 125
109. Dodge, Great Captains, pp. 216, 219.
Chapter 15. Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington
1. Corrigan, Wellington: A Military Life, p. 2.
2. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 6.
3. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 6.
4. Neillands, Wellington and Napoleon: Clash of Arms, p. 33.
5. Ibid., p. 34.
6. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 8.
7. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 30.
8. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 34.
9. Boot, War Made New, p. 92.
10. Reid, British Redcoat, p. 20.
11. Ibid., p. 21.
12. Glover, Military Commander, p. 30.
13. Reid, British Redcoat, pp. 22–23.
14. Muir, Tactics, p. 75.
15. Ibid., p. 52.
16. Haythornthwaite, British Cavalryman, p. 3.
17. Ibid., p. 26.
18. Henry, British Napoleonic Artillery, p. 3.
19. Ibid., p. 26.
20. Kohli, Iron Duke of Wellington, p. 33.
21. Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 19.
22. Barua, “Military Developments,” p. 604.
23. Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 59.
24. Ibid., p. 21.
25. Ibid., pp. 59–60.
26. Millar, Assaye, p. 21.
27. Barua, “Military Developments,” p. 607.
28. Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 60.
29. P. E. Roberts, History of British India, p. 239.
30. Glover, Military Commander, p. 37.
31. Severn, Architects of Empire, p. 79.
32. Glover, Military Commander, p. 38.
33. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 36.
34. Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 78.
35. Chieftain, quoted in Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 37.
36. Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 81.
37. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 73.
38. Mason, Matter of Honour, p. 256.
39. Severn, Architects of Empire, p. 178.
40. Pitre, Second Anglo-Maratha War, p. 64.
41. Kohli, Iron Duke of Wellington, p. 270.
42. Barua, State at War, p. 100.
43. Barua, “Military Developments,” pp. 608–9.
44. Griffith, “Wellington—Commander,” pp. 27–28.
45. Millar, Assaye, p. 61.
46. Ibid., p. 69.
47. Pitre, Second Anglo-Maratha War, p. 71.
48. Kohli, Iron Duke of Wellington, p. 273.
49. Bennell, Making of Wellesley, pp. 81–82.
50. Mason, Matter of Honour, p. 161.
51. Neillands, Clash of Arms, pp. 37–38.
52. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 203.
53. Ibid., p. 204.
54. Haythornthwaite, British Napoleonic Infantry Tactics, p. 43.
55. Harvey, War of Wars, pp. 696–97.
56. Glover, Peninsular Victories, p. 6.
57. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 211.
58. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 43.
59. Ibid., p. 61.
60. Harvey, War of Wars, p. 618.
61. Hendrick, “Campaign of Ropes,” pp. 28–29.
62. Glover, Peninsular Victories, p. 96.
63. Ibid., p. 100.
64. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 242.
65. Hendrick, “Campaign of Ropes,” p. 23.
66. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 246.
67. Esdaile, Peninsular War, p. 445.
68. Hendrick, “Campaign of Ropes,” p. 39.
69. Gurwood, Dispatches, pp. 450–51.
70. Esdaile, Peninsular War, p. 448.
71. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 173.
72. Gates, Spanish Ulcer, p. 390.
73. Hibbert, Wellington: A Personal History, p. 134.
74. Chandler, “Wellington,” p. 80.
75. Glover, Peninsular Victories, p. 124.
76. Weller, Wellington in the Peninsula, p. 265.
77. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, pp. 224–25.
78. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 144.
79. Nofi, Waterloo Campaign, p. 36.
80. Glover, Wellington as Military Commander, p. 191.
81. Hamilton-Williams, Waterloo: New Perspectives, p. 73.
82. Young, Blücher’s Army, p. 11.
83. Chandler, Campaigns, pp. 1014–15.
84. Nofi, Waterloo Campaign, pp. 35–36.
85. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? p. 365.
86. Ibid., p. 366.
87. Pétiet, quoted in Barbero, The Battle, p. 45.
88. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 149.
89. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 1018.
90. Ibid., p. 1027.
91. See the debate on this in War in History between Peter Hofschröer and John Hussey, various issues starting in vol. 5, no. 2, 1998, and onward through 1999 (e.g., Hofschröer, “Did the Duke,” and Hussey, “Toward a Better Chronology”).
92. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 1028.
93. Hamilton-Williams, New Perspectives, p. 161.
94. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 236.
95. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, pp. 154–55.
96. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 240.
97. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? p. 372.
98. Nofi, Waterloo Campaign, 179.
99. Howarth, “Waterloo: Wellington’s Eye,” p. 94.
100. Glover, Military Commander, p. 199.
101. Hamilton-Williams, New Perspectives, p. 266.
102. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 172.
103. Barbero, The Battle, p. 103.
104. Ibid., p. 105.
105. Nofi, Waterloo Campaign, pp. 210, 211.
106. Alexander, How Wars Are Won, p. 139.
107. Wootten, Waterloo 1815, p. 68.
108. Ibid., p. 74.
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