Eisenhower
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Martin, William McChesney, 179
Matsu, 201
McCarthy, Joseph, 168, 178–179, 202
McFarland, Earl, 59
McNair, Lesley J., 90, 101, 238n21
McNarney, Joseph T., 94
Mexican Revolution, 32
Middle East: as important to western economies, 199; and the Suez crisis, 199–200
military, American: as Eisenhower’s career choice, 31–32; and the “New Look” strategy, 194–195, 197, 203, 206, 207; as a profession, x–xi, 223n1. See also D-Day invasion; Eisenhower, Dwight D.; national security, under Eisenhower; United States Army; World War II
military casualties, Eisenhower’s concerns regarding, 111, 123
military-industrial complex, 207–208
Moaney, John A., 248n32
Montgomery, Bernard Law “Monty,” 94, 111, 120, 123, 140; in the final campaign, 145–146; as leader of attack on German-held France, 127–128, 129–130, 135–136, 142; in the North African campaign, 100, 103, 105; in the Sicily campaign, 105; and tensions with Eisenhower, 127–128, 135–136, 138, 142–143, 215–216
Moseley, George Van Horn, 59, 65, 231–232n34
Murphy, Robert, 97
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 199–200
National Aeronautics and Space Agency, 264–265n39
National Defense Education Act (1958), 265n39
National Institutes of Health, 181
National Science Foundation, 181, 265n39
national security, under Eisenhower: alliances as important to, 200; and American intelligence capabilities, 206–207; covert aspects of, 194; goals and strategy relating to, 191–195, 216; and the Middle East, 199–200; revolutionary movements as threat to, 197–199; and socialist-nationalist regimes, 192, 198, 205; and the Soviet Union, 193, 201–204; and the Suez crisis, 199–200; team of advisors for, 193–194; threats to, 192; unity as important for, 192
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Nazis. See German army; Hitler, Adolf
New Deal, political transformation under, 68–69
Nichols, David A., 269n32
19th Infantry Regiment, 32–33
Ninth Army, 146
IX Corps, Eisenhower’s appointment to, 87
Nixon, Pat, 168
Nixon, Richard, 168, 179
Norman, Ruby, 27–28
Normandy. See D-Day invasion
North African campaign, 96–105, 240n45, 243n76; Churchill as advocate of, 92–93; and concerns about French resistance, 97–99; Eisenhower’s role in, 96–105
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 161; and competing interests among member nations, 163–164; Eisenhower as supporter of, 202–203; and Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, 162–164; during Eisenhower’s presidency, 193
North Korea: and armistice with South Korea, 196–197; and attack on South Korea, 161, 195; Eisenhower’s policy toward, 196–197
nuclear weapons: as factor in foreign policy, 194–195, 196, 197, 203, 204, 205; as worldwide threat, 193
Omaha Beach, 123. See also D-Day invasion
101st Airborn Division, 122, 141–142, 187
Ord, James B. “Jimmie”: death of, 76; as Eisenhower’s assistant in the Philippines, 70, 71, 72, 73–76, 79
Overlord. See D-Day invasion
Panama, Eisenhower posted in, 48–49, 50
path dependency, 225n16
Patton, George S., 123, 251n72; as advocate of tank warfare, 5–6, 37, 41, 45–46; and Eisenhower, 37, 40, 41–42, 86, 106–107, 134–136, 215; in the final campaign, 145, 146; and Fox Conner, 45–46; as leader in attack on German-held France and Belgium, 134–136, 137–138, 140, 141–142; as military leader, 40–42; and the North African campaign, 97, 102, 103–104; photograph of, 132; and the Sicily campaign, 105–106; during World War II, 88, 95, 128, 129
Pearl Harbor, Japanese bombing of, 90
Pershing, John J. “Black Jack,” 37, 40–41, 64, 67; and Eisenhower, 57–58; memoir by, 58, 231n30
Persons, Wilton B. “Jerry,” 194
Pétain, Philippe, 96–97
Philippines: Eisenhower as assistant to MacArthur in, 69–81; US policy toward, in the 1930s, 72–76
Pocock, John G. A., 223n1
Pogue, Forrest C., 238n23
Powers, Gary, 206
Price, Xenophen H., 57
Pritchard, Vernon, 53
Project Solarium, as policy framework for Eisenhower, 194, 196, 198, 200, 201, 202, 204
Puryear, Edgar F., Jr., 238n23
Quebec Conference, 139
Quemoy, 201
Quezon, Manuel, as president of the Philippines, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80
Ramsay, Bertram, 119, 120
Republic of Korea (ROK). See South Korea
revolutionary movements: in China, 200–201; Eisenhower’s response to, 197–199, 205
Rhee, Syngman, 196
Robinson, Willialm E., 175
Rommel, Erwin, 99, 101, 102, 103, 118, 124–126, 243n76, 244n89, 250n59
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 67, 68, 70; and the lead-up to World War II, 85–86, 89, 92; and strategy discussions during World War II, 93, 95, 100, 103, 113, 122
Rotmistrov, P. A., 109–110
Rundstedt, Gerd von, 115, 118, 124–126, 250n59
Russia. See Soviet Union
Ryder, Charles, 97
satellites, as used for surveillance, 204, 206–207
II Corps: at the Kasserine Pass, 101–102, 244n89; under Patton, 103–104
Semtech, 13
Seventh Army, 136
VII Corps, 123
Sicily campaign, 105–106
Siegfried Line, 137–138
Slater, Ellis D., 175
Sloan, George A., 167, 175–176
Smith, Walter Bedell, 95, 97, 241n64
Solarium. See Project Solarium
Sommers, Herbert, 20, 226n18
South Korea: as American ally, 197; and armistice with North Korea, 196–197; attacked by North Korea, 161, 195; Eisenhower’s policy toward, 196–197
Soviet Union, 240n33; American surveillance of, 204; Cold War issues relating to, 155–156; collapse of, 204; Eisenhower’s distrust of, 146, 156; and expansion into eastern Europe, 201–203; German invasion of, 92, 109–110; and the global balance of power, xi, 110, 121; on offensive against the German army, 110, 121, 139–140, 143–147; postwar concerns regarding, 152–153, 154–156; as threat to American interests, 193, 201–204
Spaatz, Carl, 117, 242n74
Sputnik, 182
Stalin, Joseph, 113, 121, 139–140, 202; Eisenhower in communication with, 143, 146; postwar concerns regarding intentions of, 153. See also Soviet Union
Stevenson, Adlai, 168
Stewart, Walter W., 261n17
Stimson, Henry L., 89–90, 115
St. Lawrence Seaway, 262–263n26
Suez crisis, 199–200, 269n32
Summersby, Kay, 114, 248n32
Sutherland, Richard K., 76, 79
Taft, Robert, 167
Taft, William Howard, 167
tank warfare: Eisenhower as advocate of, 4–5; Patton as advocate of, 5–6, 45–46; in World War II, 89
Tedder, Arthur, 118, 120, 127, 242n74
Teheran Conference, Stalin’s demands at, 113, 250n65
Terry, Thomas A., 86
Thermo Electron, 183
Third Army: Eisenhower as chief of staff for, 87–89; Patton as commander of, 125, 128, 136, 141
Thorpe, Jim, 228n10
301st Tank Battalion, 37
304th Brigade, 41
transistor, as factor in technological innovation, 181–182
Trident Conference, 246n8
Truman, Harry S., 160, 161, 165, 186, 196
Truman doctrine, 156
12th Army Group, 142
21st Army Group, 142
Tyco International, 183
Ultra (code machine), 251n71
United Nations, 172
United States: during the Cold War, xi; as leading indu
strial power, 31; as member of NATO, 161; small-town life in, 11–12; transformations occurring in, during Eisenhower’s lifetime, ix–x. See also World War II
United States Army: and budget cuts during the depression, 66, 68, 88; and the Civilian Conservation Corps, 69; Eisenhower’s criticism of, 3–6; Marshall’s revamping of, 89–91; “modernization” of, 30–31; overseas bases after World War II, 157; shrinking size of, 4. See also Conner, Fox; Eisenhower, Dwight D.; MacArthur, Douglas; Marshall, George C.; Patton, George S.
United States Military Academy. See West Point
United States Naval Academy, Eisenhower’s interest in, 22, 23
Utah Beach, 123. See also D-Day invasion
U-2 surveillance flights, 204, 206, 271n47
Vandiver, Frank E., 231n30
Van Ee, Daun, 223n5
Versailles, Treaty of, 4, 46
Vichy forces, 96–98
Vietnam, insurrections in, 198–199
Villa, Pancho, 32
Watson, Tom, 158
Wehrmacht. See German army
Weidner, William, 253n11
Welborn, Ira C., 38–39
West Point (US Military Academy): Eisenhower accepted at, 24–25; Eisenhower as student at, 28–31, 212, 228n4
Whiting, Lawrence, 165
Whitney, George, 165
Wilson, Charles, 170, 181, 194
Wilson, Woodrow, 4, 32
Wood, Leonard, 64
World Bank, 172
World War I: aftermath of, 4; Eisenhower’s service during, 35–38; MacArthur’s service during, 64–65; Marshall’s service during, 91
World War II: African American soldiers during, 143; aftermath of, 147–148; air support as applied during, 116–118, 137, 138–139, 242n74; and Allied attack on German-held France and Belgium, 126–130, 134–138, 141–142; Allies’ command structure during, 112–113, 136–137; and challenges following the D-Day invasion, 126–130; diverse strategies proposed during, 92–93, 103, 134–136; Eisenhower’s anticipation of, 86; Eisenhower’s combat leaders in, 105–106; Eisenhower’s leadership during, 93–96, 107, 114–130, 133–148; and Eisenhower’s role in the War Plans Division, 90–91; the French role in, 96–99, 135; lead-up to American involvement in, 85–96; Mediterranean strategy during, 111; tank warfare in, 89; and tensions between Eisenhower and de Gaulle, 126–127, 135; and tensions between Eisenhower and Montgomery, 127–128, 135–136, 138, 142–143, 215–216, 240n40; and uncertainty following the D-Day invasion, 133–136; unified military as essential during, 89–90, 93, 107, 116–118; US-British tensions during, 93–96, 102–103, 104–105, 107, 112, 253n11. See also Bradley, Omar; D-Day invasion; Eisenhower, Dwight D.; German army; Italian campaign; North African campaign; Patton, George S.; Sicily campaign; Soviet Union
Zhukov, Georgy, 140, 144, 152, 154