The Oil Road
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5 Email from BP to Société Générale, subject: ‘RE: BTC: Fightings in Georgia’, 12 August 2008, p. 28 (released under FOIA by ECGD on 26 March 2010).
6 Digest of email from British Embassy Tbilisi meeting with BP, subject: ‘Meeting with BP’, 19 September 2008, p. 26 (released under FOIA by FCO on 12 April 2010).
7 Email from BP to ECGD, subject: ‘RE: News 141108’, ECGD, 17 November 2008, p. 37 (released under FOIA by ECGD on 26 March 2010).
8 Email from BP to Société Générale, subject: ‘RE: BTC Shutdown Lender Update 15th August, 2008’, 15 August 2008, p. 25 (released under FOIA by ECGD on 26 March 2010); ‘Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan Pipeline Project – DSU Update’, p. 36. ‘RE: News 141108’, p. 37.
9 M. Naughton, ‘Teams Unite to Manage Tough Times’, Horizon: The Global Publication for BP People 7 (December 2008), p. 36.
1 S. Blank, ‘From Neglect to Duress’, in Cornell, Guns of August 2008, p. 106.
2 B. Coppieters, ed., Contested Borders in the Caucasus, VUB Press, 1996, p. 9.
3 J. Moore, ‘Republic of Georgia Puts Her Best into Iraq Fight’, United States European Command, 1 September 2005, at eucom.mil.
4 N. P. Walsh, ‘Oil Fuels US Army Role in Georgia’, Observer, 12 May 2002.
5 ‘Press Release: 2009 Budget Adopted’, Government of Georgia, Ministry of Finance, 12 January 2009.
6 ‘BP’s $3.6 Bln Pipeline Runs Into Georgian Strikes, Revolution’, 2 January 2004, at bloomberg.com.
1 See M. Lermontov, transl. A. Liberman, ‘The Debate’, Major Poetical Works, University of Minnesota Press, 1983, pp. 255–9.
2 Ibid.
3 Cornell, Guns of August, p. 21.
4 ‘Extreme Oil: BTC Pipeline Georgia – Technology and Environment’, at pbs.org.
5 M. Katik and G. Kandelaki, Environmental Activists Not Reassured by Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan Pipeline Hearings, 16 September 2003, at eurasianet.org.
6 R. Khatchadourian, ‘The Price of Progress: Oil Execs Muscle US-Backed Pipeline through Environmental Treasure’, 22 April 2003, at villagevoice.com.
7 Browne, Beyond Business, pp. 170–1.
8 Ibid.
9 K. Cooke, ‘Power Games in the Caucasus’, BBC News, 7 May 2006.
10 Ibid.
11 K. Macdonald, The Reality of Rights: Barriers to Accessing Remedies when Business Operates Beyond Borders, Corporate Responsibility Coalition and London School of Economics, 2009.
12 ‘BP’s $3.6 Bln Pipeline Runs Into Georgian Strikes, Revolution’, bloomberg.com.
13 Macdonald, Reality of Rights, p. 33.
14 M. Gillard, The Contract of the Century: A Special Investigation, 29 November 2004, at spinwatch.org.uk.
15 Ibid.
16 M. Gillard, ‘Second Memorandum by Michael Gillard’, in Implementation of ECGD’s Business Principles – Ninth Report of Session 2004–5, Vol. 2, UK Parliament Select Committee on Trade and Industry, 8 March 2005.
17 Gillard, ‘Contract of the Century’.
18 WorleyParsons Energy Services, Appendix 2: Desktop Study Final Report Field Joint Coating Review, UK Parliament Select Committee on Trade and Industry, March 2005.
19 D. Mortimore, Appendix 4: Response from Derek Mortimore to ECGD Submission, UK Parliament Select Committee on Trade and Industry, March 2005.
1 Montefiore, Young Stalin, pp. 91–8.
2 Y. Kemal, Memed, My Hawk, Panther Press, 1998 (1955 in Turkish).
3 Multilateral Development Bank Assistance Proposals Likely to Have Adverse Impacts on the Environment, Natural Resources, Public Health and Indigenous Peoples: September 2002–October 2004, USAID, 2004.
4 Documents released under FOIA indicate that an additional $150 million to $250 million in overseas investment insurance could have been provided by the ECGD, as well as the public credit line of $150 million. N. Hildyard, K. Yildiz, M. Minio-Paluello, N. Rau and M. Kochladze, ‘Regional Conflict and BTC Pipeline: Concerns over ECGD’s Due Diligence’, Corner House, 26 August 2008, at baku.org.uk.
5 Private communication between authors and Nick Hildyard.
1 ‘İstanbul House of Detention’, 1939, from N. Hikmet, transl. R. Blasing and M. Konuk, Poems of Nazim Hikmet, Persea Books, 1994.
2 ‘The Optimist’, 1958, from Hikmet, Poems of Nazim Hikmet.
3 ‘Last Letter to my Son’, 1955, from Hikmet, Poems of Nazim Hikmet.
4 ‘Earth First!’, Action Update 88 (June 2003).
5 M. Polo, trans. William Marsden, 1818, The Travels of Marco Polo, Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, 1997, pp. 15–16.
6 D. Adams, ‘Memorandum Submitted by Dennis Adams’, in ‘Implementation of ECGD’s Business Principles’, House of Commons Trade and Industry Committee, 2005.
7 P. Thornton, ‘Exposed: BP, Its Pipeline, and an Environmental Timebomb’, Independent, 26 June 2004.
8 Ibid.
9 Red Baron, ‘Anonymised Statement of Subcontractor Manager from 23 June 2004’, in ‘Submission to the House of Commons Trade & Industry Select Committee’, Baku Ceyhan Campaign, 14 July 2004.
10 Ibid.
11 Adams, ‘Memorandum’.
12 Thornton, ‘Exposed’.
13 ‘Implementation of ECGD’s Business Principles’, House of Commons Trade and Industry Committee.
14 Red Baron, ‘Anonymised Statement’.
15 M. Mansley, Building Tomorrow’s Crisis: The BTC Pipeline and BP, Platform, 2003; W. Dam and S. Ho, ‘Unusual Design Considerations Drive Selection of Sakhalin LNG Plant Facilities’, Oil and Gas, 10 January 2001; S. Blagov, ‘Russia’s Sakhalin II Project Remains Under Pressure’, Eurasia Daily Monitor 3: 232, (15 December 2006).
16 ‘Appendix II to Turkey HGA: Turnkey Agreement between BOTAŞ and BP etc.’, BP, 19 October 2000.
17 Red Baron, ‘Anonymised Statement’.
18 US Embassy in Turkey, ‘Cable 08Ankara1983: Turkey Takes BP to Court’, 14 November 2008, released via cablegatesearch.net.
19 ‘Seeking Arbitration, BOTAS Warns BTC Pipeline Could Lose $2 Bln’, 12 April 2011, at dunya.com.
20 Hurriyet (6 August 2008) and Today’s Zaman (8 August 2008), quoted in G. Jenkins, ‘Explosion Raises Questions About the Security of the BTC Pipeline’, Eurasia Daily Monitor 5: 152 (8 August 2008).
21 Ibid.
22 G. Winrow, ‘Protection of Energy Infrastructure’, in Combating International Terrorism: Turkey’s Added Value, RUSI, October 2009.
23 ‘Letter from BTC Co. to Société Générale with subject “Force Majeure Event on BTC Pipeline”,’ 6 August 2008, p. 31 (released under FOIA by ECGD on 26 March 2010).
24 Email from BP to Société Générale with subject, ‘RE: BTC: Fightings in Georgia’, 12 August 2008, p. 28 (released under FOIA by ECGD on 26 March 2010).
25 BTC Project Environmental and Social Annual Report (Operations Phase) 2008, BTC Co., 2009.
26 Ibid.
27 M. Naughton, ‘Teams Unite to Manage Tough Times’, Horizon 7, December 2008, p. 35.
28 I. Altunsoy, ‘PKK Claims Responsibility for BTC Pipeline Explosion’, 8 August 2008, at todayszaman.com.
29 Email from BP to Société Générale.
30 ‘Risky Repair was Successfully Completed (KP 611)’, June 2008, at botasint.com.
31 ‘Additional challenges for the BTC Pipeline’, 18 September 2008, at bicusa.org.
32 E. Uslu, ‘Is the PKK Sabotaging Strategic Energy Infrastructure in a Search for a Superpower Partner?’, Terrorism Focus (Jamestown Foundation) 5: 42 (12 December 2008).
33 See Y. Navaro-Yashin, Faces of the State: Secularism and Public Life in Turkey, Princeton University Press, 2002.
34 The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), the Export–Import Bank (Exim Bank), and the US Trade and Development Agency (USTDA). J. Joseph, Pipeline Diplomacy: The Clinton Administration’s Fight for Baku–Ceyhan, Princeton, p. 20.
35 B. Humphrey, ‘Washington Splashes Out on Caspian Dreams’, 15 June 1999, at themoscowtimes.com.
36 ‘Th
e US Role in the Caucasus and Central Asia: Hearing Before the Committee on International Relations’, US House of Representatives, 30 April 1998.
37 H. Kazaz, ‘Caspian Pipeline Conference Explores Options Besides Baku–Ceyhan’, 12 October 1998, huriyetdailynews.com.
38 Joseph, Pipeline Diplomacy, p. 21.
39 R. Morningstar, ‘Address to CERA Conference’, Washington, DC, 7 December 1998.
40 ‘Peter Ballinger at Overseas Private Investment Corporation’, at in.linkedin.com.
41 ‘How To Communicate Your Corporate Values to Consumers’, Ethical Corporation, at ethicalcorp.com.
1 E. Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History, I. B. Taurus, 2010, p. 197.
2 S. Bozdogan, Modernism and Nation Building: Turkish Architectural Culture in the Early Republic, University of Washington Press, 2001, p. 124.
3 These and all following details regarding this incident are sourced from the following documents obtained from the ECGD through the FOIA: J. Wingate, ‘BTC Notice to Société Générale and Lenders’, BTC Co., 12 July 2004; ‘BTC Safety Communication’, BTC Co.; ‘Investigation Report: BTC Pipeline Project – Botas EPC Contractor (Punj Lloyd/Limak JV – Lot C) – 3rd Party Fatality Incident – Turkey’, BTC Co. Investigation Team; ‘Lessons Learned – Non BU Reportable Fatal Incident’, BTC Co.
4 ‘BTC Pipeline Project’.
5 Wingate, ‘BTC Notice’.
6 See equator-principles.com.
7 G. Muttitt, Evaluation of Compliance of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) Pipeline with the Equator Principles, Platform, 2003.
8 Y. Kemal, transl. M. Platon, They Burn the Thistles, William Morrow & Co., 1977.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Public quotes include BP Georgia Director Ed Johnson’s complaint that ‘Every single day there is a disruption that has something to do with getting more from the government or from us.’ BP’s $3.6 Bln Pipeline Runs Into Georgian Strikes, Revolution, 2 January 2004, at bloomberg.com.
1 Y. Kemal, They Burn the Thistles.
2 Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History, p. 227.
3 M. Sukru Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 91.
4 Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History, pp. 228, 307.
5 N. Stone, Turkey: A Short History, Thames & Hudson, 2011, p. 160.
6 Polo, Travels of Marco Polo, pp. 15–16.
7 S. Levine, The Oil and the Glory: The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea, Random House, 2007, p. 380.
8 Browne, Beyond Business, pp. 174–5.
1 Combating Somali Piracy: The EU’s Naval Operation Atalanta, House of Lords Select Committee on European Union, April 2010.
2 T. Jeory and M. Giannangeli, ‘Piracy Will Lead to Power Cuts’, 7 November 2010, at express.co.uk.
3 D. Nincic, ‘Maritime Piracy: Implications for Maritime Energy Security’, Journal of Energy Security, 19 February 2009.
4 ‘The Maritime Security Centre: Horn of Africa’, at www.eunavfor.eu.
5 ‘New EU Force Commander of EUNAVFOR Somalia – Operation Atalanta’, 16 August 2010, at eu-un.europa.eu; ‘EU Naval Operation Against Piracy’, EU Council Secretariat, November 2010, at consilium.europa.eu.
6 N. Turse, ‘America’s Secret Empire of Drone Bases’, 17 October 2011, at huffingtonpost.com.
7 ‘Chamber of Shipping: Merchant Navy Seafearers Awarded Piracy Medal by Royal Navy’, 4 November 2010, at politics.co.uk.
8 See S. Howarth, Sea Shell: Story of Shell’s British Tanker Fleets 1892–1992, Thomas Reed Publications, 1992.
9 See P. French and S. Chambers, Oil on Water: Tankers, Pirates and the Rise of China, Zed Books, 2010.
10 A conservatively low estimate, based on one barrel of crude being refined into various fuels that when burned emit 317 kg of carbon dioxide. J. Bliss, ‘Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Barrel of Crude’, 20 March 2008, at numero57.net.
11 J. Browne, ‘Speech: Addressing Global Climate Change’, 19 May 1997, at bp.com.
12 Browne, Beyond Business.
13 ‘Vivienne Cox, Formerly of BP Alternative Energy, Joins Climate Change Capital’, 24 November 2009, at greenenergyreporter.com.
14 S. Goldenberg, ‘Tea Party Climate Change Deniers Funded by BP and Other Major Polluters’, 24 October 2010, at guardian.co.uk.
15 French and Chambers, Oil on Water.
16 B. Cunliffe, Europe Between the Oceans: 9000 BC to AD 1000, Yale University Press, 2008, Chapter 9.
17 Ibid., p. 238.
18 ‘Italy-Bound Migrant Boat Sinks off Libya, 21 Dead’, 30 March 2009, at reuters.com.
19 Now under the National Transitional Council.
20 S. Brom and A. Kurz, eds, Strategic Survey for Israel 2010, Institute for National Security Studies, 2010; ‘Libya: End Live Fire Against Suspected Boat Migrants, 16 December 2010, at hrw.org.
21 B. Frelick, Pushed Back, Pushed Around: Italy’s Forced Return of Boat Migrants and Asylum Seekers, Libya’s Mistreatment of Migrants and Asylum Seekers, Human Rights Watch, 2009.
22 K. Warner, C. Ehrhart and A. de Sherbinin, In Search of Shelter: Mapping the Effects of Climate Change on Human Migration and Displacement, United Nations University, May 2009; T. Afifi, Niger: Case Study Report – Environmental Change and Forced Migration Scenarios, EACH-FOR, 2009.
23 A. Wiel, Venice, Kessinger Publishing, 1894.
24 T. Madden, Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice, JHU Press, 2003, p. 150.
25 Stone, Turkey: A Short History, Thames & Hudson, 2011, p. 22.
26 J. Morris, The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage, Penguin, 1990.
27 L. Bergreen, Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu, Knopf, 2007, p. 37.
28 P. R. Magocsi, Historical Atlas of Central Europe, Thames & Hudson, 2002, p. 58.
29 D. Ignatius, ‘From Venice, a Lesson on Empire’, 20 September 2006, at washingtonpost.com.
30 V. Dekić, Crude Oil Processing in Rijeka: 1882–2004, INA Industrija nafte, 2004.
31 M. A. Ledeen, D’Annunzio: The First Duce, Transaction Publishers, 2009, p. 109.
32 V. Dekić, ‘The Oil Refinery in Rijeka: A Story of Survival’ in The Rothschild Archive: Review of the Year 2004–2005, Rothschild Archive, 2005.
33 Dekić, Crude Oil Processing.
34 J. H. Bamberg, The History of the British Petroleum Company, Vol. 2: The Anglo-Iranian Years 1928–1954, CUP, 1994, p. 124.
1 M. A. Kishlansky, Sources of World History, Harper Collins, 1995, pp. 298–302.
2 P. R. Magocsi, Historical Atlas of Central Europe, Thames & Hudson, 2002, pp. 159–61.
3 OMV (25 per cent), Royal Dutch Shell (24 per cent), ExxonMobil (16 per cent), Ruhr Oel (11 per cent), Eni (10 per cent), BP (9 per cent), ConocoPhillips (3 per cent), Total SA (2 per cent).
4 BP owns 14.5 per cent – 9 per cent directly as BP, and a further 5.5 per cent as 11 per cent of TAL is held by Ruhr Oel, which BP jointly owns with Rosneft (tal-oil.com).
5 H. Guliyeva, ‘The Incredible Journey’, BP Magazine 2 (2006), p. 26.
6 The same paperwork as required by the Murex and Dugi Otok.
7 F. Marinetti, Manifesto of Futurism, 1909 – reproduced in U. Apollonio, ed., Futurist Manifestos, Thames & Hudson, 1973, pp. 21–2.
8 J. Morris, Trieste and the Meaning of Nowhere, Faber & Faber, 2001, pp. 55–6.
9 See C. Tisdall and A. Bozzolla, Futurism, Thames & Hudson, 1977, p. 92.
10 Tisdall and Bozzolla, Futurism, p. 180.
11 C. McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Modern History, Penguin, 1972, p. 58.
12 N. Ferguson, The World’s Banker, Widenfeld & Nicholson, 1998, pp. 597–99.
13 S. Quill, Ruskin’s Venice: The Stones Revisited, Ashgate, 2000, p. 31.
14 Browne, Beyond Business, p. 226.
15 There was intensive media speculation around Browne’s final pay package, with some estimates as high as $143 million. P. Olson, ‘BP: Estimates Of CEO Pay Are Pure Speculation’, 13 April 2007, at forbes.com.