Work Won't Love You Back
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6. Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 3494–3496, 3932–3933, 3939–3940, 5091–5100; Miya Tokumitsu, Do What You Love: And Other Lies About Success and Happiness (New York: Regan Arts, 2015), 87.
7. Perlin, Intern Nation, 45, 46; Alexandre Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship: The Social and Legal Antecedents of the Intern Economy,” TripleC 13, no 2 (2015): https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v13i2.625; Olivia B. Waxman, “How Internships Replaced the Entry-Level Job,” Time, July 25, 2018, https://time.com/5342599/history-of-interns-internships.
8. Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship”; Perlin, Intern Nation, 46–48; Waxman, “How Internships Replaced the Entry-Level Job.”
9. Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship”; Perlin, Intern Nation, 47–51.
10. Perlin, Intern Nation, 51–53.
11. Perlin, Intern Nation, 53–56.
12. Lydia Dishman, “How I Made Ends Meet as an Unpaid Intern (and Why It Was Worth It),” Fast Company, January 16, 2019, www.fastcompany.com/90289973/how-i-made-ends-meet-as-an-unpaid-intern-and-why-it-was-worth-it.
13. Waxman, “How Internships Replaced the Entry-Level Job”; Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship”; Perlin, Intern Nation, 30–31; Helen B. Holmes, “How the Unpaid Internship Became America’s Favorite Corporate Scam,” Mel Magazine, 2018, https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/how-the-unpaid-internship-became-americas-favorite-corporate-scam; Sanburn, “Beginning of the End.”
14. Perlin, Intern Nation, 31; Ryan Park, “Why So Many Young Doctors Work Such Awful Hours,” The Atlantic, February 21, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/02/doctors-long-hours-schedules/516639; Sarah Jaffe, “16-Hour Shifts, But Not a Real Worker?,” In These Times, October 23, 2013, http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/15785/16_hour_shifts_but_not_a_real_worker.
15. Perlin, Intern Nation, 32–33; Sanburn, “Beginning of the End”; Karl E. Stromsem, “The Work of the National Institute of Public Affairs, 1934–1949: A Summary” (Washington, DC: National Institute of Public Affairs, 1949).
16. Perlin, Intern Nation, 32–33; Sanburn, “Beginning of the End.”
17. Holmes, “The Unpaid Internship”; Perlin, Intern Nation, 65–72; Natalie Bacon, “Unpaid Internships: The History, Policy, and Future Implications of ‘Fact Sheet #71,’” Ohio State Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal 6, no. 1 (2011): 67–96; Walling v. Portland Terminal Co., 330 U.S. 148 (1947).
18. Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship”; Perlin, Intern Nation, 34–36, 90; Waxman, “How Internships Replaced the Entry-Level Job.”
19. Perlin, Intern Nation, 68, 212.
20. Perlin, Intern Nation, 2–3, 14, 28, 36–39, 45, 96; Sanburn, “The Beginning of the End”; Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship.”
21. Guy Standing, The Precariat (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011), loc. 589, 3026, 2900, Kindle.
22. Perlin, Intern Nation, 26–27, 134; Malcolm Harris, Kids These Days: The Making of Millennials (New York: Back Bay Books, 2018), 91–94.
23. Tokumitsu, Do What You Love, 96; Harris, Kids These Days, 91; Madeleine Schwartz, “Opportunity Costs: The True Price of Internships,” Dissent, Winter 2013, www.dissentmagazine.org/article/opportunity-costs-the-true-price-of-internships.
24. Kathi Weeks, “‘Hours for What We Will’: Work, Family, and the Movement for Shorter Hours,” Feminist Studies 35, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 101–127; Schwartz, “Opportunity Costs.”
25. Perlin, Intern Nation, loc. 203, pp. 85, 86, 89–90.
26. Perlin, Intern Nation, 80–82; Bacon, “Unpaid Internships”; Blair Hickman and Christie Thompson, “How Unpaid Interns Aren’t Protected Against Sexual Harassment,” ProPublica, August 9, 2013, www.propublica.org/article/how-unpaid-interns-arent-protected-against-sexual-harassment.
27. Perlin, Intern Nation, 100–106; Laurel Wamsley, “New Congresswoman Will Pay Her Interns $15 an Hour. Is That a Big Deal?,” NPR, December 6, 2018, www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674378315/new-congresswoman-will-pay-her-interns-15-an-hour-is-that-a-big-deal; William Cummings, “Ocasio-Cortez Decries Congressional Pay, Vows to Give Interns ‘at Least’ $15 an Hour,” USA Today, December 14, 2019, https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/12/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-interns/2224892002; Sanjana Karanth, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Explains Why Interns Should Be Paid with More Than Experience,” HuffPost, July 25, 2019, www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-paid-interns_n_5d3a061fe4b004b6adbd0edd.
28. Perlin, Intern Nation, 83–84, 118, 122, 132, 137–138; Kuehn and Corrigan, “Hope Labor”; Harris, Kids These Days, 22.
29. Lauren Lumpkin, “Coronavirus Blew Up Summer Internships, Forcing Students and Employers to Get Creative,” Washington Post, May 3, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/coronavirus-blew-up-summer-internships-forcing-students-and-employers-to-get-creative/2020/05/03/7f2708ae-83dd-11ea-a3eb-e9fc93160703_story.html; Perlin, Intern Nation, 45.
30. Perlin, Intern Nation, 61, 167–169; Christy Romer, “Almost 90% of Arts Internships Are Unpaid,” Arts Professional, November 23, 2018, www.artsprofessional.co.uk/news/almost-90-arts-internships-are-unpaid; Hakim Bishara, “The Association of Art Museum Directors Calls on Museums to Provide Paid Internships,” Hyperallergic, June 20, 2019, https://hyperallergic.com/506184/the-association-of-art-museum-directors-calls-on-museums-to-provide-paid-internships.
31. Perlin, Intern Nation, 152–155, 146–148; Standing, The Precariat, loc. 1877.
32. Perlin, Intern Nation, 163, 181–183; Trevor Smith, “How Unpaid Internships Reinforce the Racial Wealth Gap,” American Prospect, February 4, 2019, https://prospect.org/education/unpaid-internships-reinforce-racial-wealth-gap. See also Nathalie Olah, Steal as Much as You Can: How to Win the Culture Wars in an Age of Austerity (London: Repeater, 2019).
33. Perlin, Intern Nation, 186, 194–196; Schwartz, “Opportunity Costs”; Standing, The Precariat, loc. 1856; Amalia Illgner, “Why I’m Suing over My Dream Internship,” The Guardian, March 27, 2018, www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/27/why-im-suing-over-my-dream-internship; Yuki Noguchi, “An Intern at 40-Something, and ‘Paid in Hugs,’” NPR, April 1, 2014, www.npr.org/2014/04/01/293882686/an-intern-at-40-something-and-paid-in-hugs; Dishman, “How I Made Ends Meet.”
34. Susannah Cullinane, Deanna Hackney, and Kaylee Hartung, “Intern Killed by Lion Died ‘Following Her Passion,’” CNN, January 1, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/31/us/lion-escapes-intern-family/index.html; Illgner “Why I’m Suing”; Sanburn, “Beginning of the End.”
35. Sanburn, “Beginning of the End”; Waxman, “How the Internship Replaced the Entry-Level Job.”
36. Perlin, Intern Nation, 185, 199–200; Standing, The Precariat, 183–187; Rebecca Greenfield, “Unpaid Internships Are Back, with the Labor Department’s Blessing,” Bloomberg, January 13, 2019, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-10/unpaid-internships-are-back-with-the-labor-department-s-blessing.
37. James Cairns, The Myth of the Age of Entitlement: Millennials, Austerity and Hope (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017), 84–87.
38. Eleni Schirmer, “Pay Your Interns Now,” Jacobin, March 21, 2019, https://jacobinmag.com/2019/03/quebec-unpaid-internships-strike-university.
39. Ingrid Peritz, “Quebec Students Stage Walkout over Unpaid Internships,” Globe and Mail, November 21, 2018, www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-quebec-students-stage-walkout-over-unpaid-internships; Caroline St-Pierre, “More Than 50,000 Quebec Students to Strike over Unpaid Internships,” CTV News, November 19, 2018, www.ctvnews.ca/canada/more-than-50-000-quebec-students-to-strike-over-unpaid-internships-1.4183316.
40. St-Pierre, “Students to Strike.”
CHAPTER 8: PROLETARIAN PROFESSIONALS
1. Stanley Aronowitz, The Last Good Job in America: Work and Education in the New Global Technoculture (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001); Philip G. Altbach, “The Deterioration of the Academic Estate: International Patterns of Academic Work,” in The Changing A
cademic Workplace: Comparative Perspectives, ed. Philip G. Altbach (Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for International Higher Education, Lynch School of Education, Boston College, September 2000), 11–33.
2. H. Perkin, “History of Universities,” in International Handbook of Higher Education, ed. J. J. F. Forest and P. G. Altbach, Springer International Handbooks of Education, vol. 18 (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007).
3. Paula Young Lee, “The Musaeum of Alexandria and the Formation of the Muséum in Eighteenth-Century France,” Art Bulletin 79, no. 3 (September 1997): 385–412, https://doi.org/10.2307/3046259; Sujit Choudhary, “Higher Education in India: A Socio-Historical Journey from Ancient Period to 2006–07,” Journal of Educational Enquiry 8, no. 1 (2009); Lili Yang, “The Public Role of Higher Learning in Imperial China,” Centre for Global Higher Education, Working Paper no. 28, October 2017; Raquel Lopez, “Did Sons and Daughters Get the Same Education in Ancient Greece?,” National Geographic, August 28, 2019, www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2019/07-08/education-in-ancient-greece.
4. Perkin, “History of Universities”; Altbach, “The Deterioriation of the Academic Estate”; Roberto Moscati, “Italian University Professors in Transition,” in Altbach, The Changing Academic Workplace, 144–174.
5. Perkin, “History of Universities”; Moscati, “Italian University Professors in Transition,” 144–174; Philip G. Altbach, “Academic Freedom: International Realities and Challenges,” in Altbach, The Changing Academic Workplace, 261–277.
6. Perkin, “History of Universities”; University of Oxford, “Introduction and History,” www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history?wssl=1.
7. R. R. Palmer, “How Five Centuries of Educational Philanthropy Disappeared in the French Revolution,” History of Education Quarterly 26, no. 2 (1986): 181–197; Heike Mund, “Knowledge Is Power: Humboldt’s Educational Vision Resonates on 250th Birthday,” DW, June 22, 2017, www.dw.com/en/knowledge-is-power-humboldts-educational-vision-resonates-on-250th-birthday/a-39363583; David Sorkin, “Wilhelm Von Humboldt: The Theory and Practice of Self-Formation (Bildung), 1791–1810,” Journal of the History of Ideas 44, no. 1 (January–March 1983): 55–73, https://doi.org/10.2307/2709304; Altbach, “Academic Freedom,” 261–277.
8. Perkin, “History of Universities”; Altbach, “Academic Freedom,” 261–277; Jürgen Enders, “A Chair System in Transition: Appointments, Promotions, and Gate-Keeping in German Higher Education,” Higher Education 41, no. 1 (2001): 3–25; Barbara Ehrenreich and John Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream: The Rise and Fall of the Professional-Managerial Class (New York: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, February 2013), www.rosalux-nyc.org/wp-content/files_mf/ehrenreich_death_of_a_yuppie_dream90.pdf.
9. Perkin, “History of Universities,” 568–592, 609–611, 595–597, 597–606; Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Robert Lee and Tristan Ahtone, “Land-Grab Universities,” High Country News, March 30, 2020, www.hcn.org/issues/52.4/indigenous-affairs-education-land-grab-universities; Library of Congress, Primary Documents in American History: Morrill Act, www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/morrill.html; Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 93.
10. Perkin, “History of Universities”; Joseph Thompson, “The GI Bill Should’ve Been Race Neutral, Politicos Made Sure It Wasn’t,” Military Times, November 9, 2019, www.militarytimes.com/military-honor/salute-veterans/2019/11/10/the-gi-bill-shouldve-been-race-neutral-politicos-made-sure-it-wasnt; Brandon Weber, “How African American WWII Veterans Were Scorned by the G.I. Bill,” The Progressive, November 10, 2017, https://progressive.org/dispatches/how-african-american-wwii-veterans-were-scorned-by-the-g-i-b.
11. Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 93–94; Ellen Schrecker, “Academic Freedom in the Age of Casualization,” in The University Against Itself: The NYU Strike and the Future of the Academic Workplace, ed. Monika Krause, Mary Nolan, Michael Palm, and Andrew Ross (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008), loc. 452–454, Kindle.
12. Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Verso, 2018), loc. 1269–1273, Kindle.
13. Enders, “A Chair System,” 36–60; Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 34–36.
14. Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 423–426, 429–444; Altbach, “Academic Freedom,” 261–277.
15. Ashley Dawson and Penny Lewis, “New York: Academic Labor Town?,” in Krause et al., The University Against Itself, loc. 238–251; Aaron Bady and Mike Konczal, “From Master Plan to No Plan: The Slow Death of Public Higher Education,” Dissent, Fall 2012, www.dissentmagazine.org/article/from-master-plan-to-no-plan-the-slow-death-of-public-higher-education.
16. Dawson and Lewis, “New York,” loc. 251–274. Historian Kim Phillips-Fein explains the crisis thus: “As is the case today, in the 1970s the city’s economic problems were not solely of its own making: they had their roots in federal policies that favored suburbia and made it easy for manufacturers to relocate. The funding structure of Great Society programs such as Medicaid placed a heavy burden on New York’s government. And as the financial sector was deregulated in the 1970s, banks became less inclined to hold municipal bonds. These were the background conditions that spurred the 1975 fiscal crisis, but the reason it became so charged was that under the pressures of default, the city had to reverse longstanding commitments the city had made to poor and working-class New Yorkers.” Kim Phillips-Fein, “Rethinking the Solution to New York’s Fiscal Crisis,” New York Review of Books, NYR Daily, July 16, 2020, www.nybooks.com/daily/2020/07/16/rethinking-the-solution-to-new-yorks-fiscal-crisis. See also Kim Phillips-Fein, Fear City: New York’s Fiscal Crisis and the Rise of Austerity Politics (New York: Metropolitan, 2017).
17. Angela Y. Davis, “Speech Delivered at the Embassy Auditorium,” Los Angeles, California, June 9, 1972, http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/blackspeech/adavis.html; Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 4421–4423; Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 460–466; Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class (New York: Harper Perennial, 1990), 64; Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 91; Bady and Konczal, “From Master Plan to No Plan.”
18. Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 11–33; Michael Shattock, “The Academic Profession in Britain: A Study in the Failure to Adapt to Change,” Higher Education 41, no. 1/2 (2001): 27–47; Anne Applebaum, “Thatcher’s Elimination of Tenure Leaves Professors in Outrage,” Associated Press, July 11, 1988, https://apnews.com/940a913d0a84b91ff72512c4af09386a.
19. Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling, 145, 152–153, 199; Gabriel Winant, “Professional-Managerial Chasm,” n+1, October 10, 2019, https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/professional-managerial-chasm.
20. Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling, 12, 15, 200, 246; Winant, “Professional-Managerial Chasm”; Perkin, “History of Universities.”
21. William Davies, The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being (London: Verso, 2015), loc. 1765–1837, Kindle. Stanley Aronowitz noted in 2000 that the coming of the “knowledge economy” has been hailed many times: “Anticipating by nearly forty years the current mania over the ‘new’ economy in the wake of the broad application of automation and cybernation to the industrial and service workplaces, Andre Gorz and Serge Mallet similarly announced the birth of a new working class of qualified knowledge producers.… Unlike the assembly-line worker, the knowledge worker was fully qualified to run every aspect of the production process, from design to execution. What prevented this was simply the arbitrary authority of management and the power of capital.” Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 16; Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream.
22. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 17, 39–40, 101; Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Perkin, “History of Universities”; Henry A. Giroux, Neoliberalism’s War on Higher Education, (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014), loc. 2166–2167, Kindle; Altbach,
“Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 11–33.
23. Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 477–489; Abigail Hess, “The Cost of College Increased by More Than 25% in the Last 10 Years—Here’s Why,” CNBC, December 13, 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/12/13/cost-of-college-increased-by-more-than-25percent-in-the-last-10-years.html; Robert Anderson, “University Fees in Historical Perspective,” History and Policy, February 8, 2016, www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/university-fees-in-historical-perspective; Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 12–13.
24. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 30–33.
25. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 42; Sarah Jaffe, “‘Injury to All’ at Rutgers University,” Dissent, June 22, 2020, www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/injury-to-all-at-rutgers-university.
26. Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 496–497; Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 11–33.
27. Monika Krause, Mary Nolan, Michael Palm, and Andrew Ross, “Introduction,” in Krause et al., The University Against Itself, loc. 58–59; Dawson and Lewis, “New York,” loc. 216–217, 220–221; Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 532–534; Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 40; Philip G. Altbach, “Introduction,” in Altbach, The Changing Academic Workplace, ix–x; Altbach, “Academic Freedom,” 273–274; Erin Hatton, Coerced: Work Under Threat of Punishment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020), loc. 168–169, 737–739, 750–753, Kindle; Adam Kotsko, “Not Persuasion, but Power: Against ‘Making the Case,’” Boston Review, May 6, 2020, http://bostonreview.net/forum/higher-education-age-coronavirus/adam-kotsko-not-persuasion-power-against-%E2%80%9Cmaking-case%E2%80%9D.
28. Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 29.
29. Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 13–14, 27–28; “Faculty in the Global Network,” New York University, www.nyu.edu/faculty/faculty-in-the-global-network.html.