Germany's Black Holocaust: 1890-1945

by Carr, Firpo

  [21] See Appendix A in present work.

  [22] http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.jsp?ModuleId=10005479.

  [23] Constantine-Simms, Delroy. (1997). Hitler’s forgotten Namibian victim. Electronic Mail&Guardian, Mail&Guardian, September 26, 1997.

  [24] Incomplete. Mueller-Hill, p. 12. See also Appendix B in present work.

  [25] Hitler, Adolf. (1925). Mein Kampf. Page 215.

  [26] Ibid., p. 382.

  [27] Ibid., p. 391.

  [28] Ibid., p. 300.

  [29] Friedman, Ina R. The Other Victims.

  [30] Kindred, Dave. (1999). Joe Louis’ biggest knockout. The Sporting News, February 10, 1999.

  [31] Marks, Sally. (1983). Black watch on the Rhine: a study in propaganda, prejudice and prurience. European Studies Review, 13, 297-334. See also Gisela Lebzelter, ‘Die “Schwarze Schmach.” Vorurteile – Propaganda – Mythos,’ Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 11 (1985), pp. 37-58; K. Nelson, ‘“The Black Horror on the Rhine”: Race as a Factor in Post World War I Diplomacy,’ Journal of Modern History, 42 (1970), pp. 606-27, as quoted in The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 by Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann (1991).

  [32] Burleigh, Michael, & Wippermann, Wolfgang. (1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945, Cambridge University Press, p. 128.

  [33] UNTITLED #1: An untitled and undated document acquired by the author from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The subheading of the anonymous work is entitled, “The History.”

  [34] N’dumbe, Alexandre Kum’a. (1980). Hitler Voulait L’Afrique, Edition l ‘Harmattan,’ p. 153.

  [35] See Appendix A in present work.

  [36] Massaquoi, Hans J. (1999). Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany, William Morrow, p. 142.

  [37] See Appendix B under the subheading, “African Germans and the ‘Rhineland Mulattoes,’” also Chapter Three in the present work.

  [38] Reich Chancellor Hermann Muller speaking in the Reichstag on 12 April 1920, Verhandlungen der verfassungsgebenden Deutschen National-versammlung, Vol. 333: Stenographische Berichte von der 15. Sitzung (Berlin, 1920), p. 5048, as quoted in The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 by Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann (1991).

  [39] Friedrich Ebert in a speech delivered in Darmstadt in February 1923, Friedrich Ebert, Schriften, Aufzeichnungen, Reden (Dresden, 1926), Vol. 2, p. 290, as quoted in The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 by Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann (1991).

  [40] Burleigh, Michael, & Wippermann, Wolfgang. (1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945, Cambridge University Press, p. 128

  [41] http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.jsp?ModuleId=10005479

  [42] Burleigh, Michael and Wippermann, Wolfgang. The Racial State.

  [43] Marks, Sally. (1983). ‘Black Watch on the Rhine: A Study in Propaganda, Prejudice and Prurience’, European Studies Review, 13, pp. 297-334. See also Gisela Lebzelter, ‘Die “Schwarze Schmach.” Vorurteile – Propaganda – Mythos’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 11 (1985), pp. 37-58; K. Nelson, ‘“The Black Horror on the Rhine”: Race as a Factor in Post World War I Diplomacy,’ Journal of Modern History, 42 (1970), pp. 606-27, as quoted in The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 by Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann (1991).

  [44] Heritage Southwest Jewish Press, Friday, June 10, 1994. (Los Angeles).

  [45] See Appendix B in present work.

  [46] Massaquoi, p. 428.

  [47] See Appendix B in present work.

  [48] Ibid.

  [49] Constantine-Simms, Delroy. (n.d.) Uncovering the Black German Holocaust of the University of Essex. A review of the film, Hitler’s Forgotten Victims by David Okuefuna and Moise Shewa.

  [50] Constantine-Simms, Delroy. (1997). Hitler’s forgotten Namibian victim. Electronic Mail&Guardian, Mail&Guardian, September 26, 1997.

  [51] The Los Angeles Times. (1999). Unseen enemy; ex-Tuskegee airman fought racism in ranks during WWII,” November 11, 1999.

  [52] See Appendix B in present work.

  [53] Letter from Grawitz to Himmler, National Archives Record Group 242, National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized, Microfilm Publication T-175, reel 66, frame 25882139. See also Appendix B in present work.

  [54] See Appendix B in present work.

  [55] Report of Investigation and Witness Statements, May 24, 1945; War Crimes Case File, 15-32, box 261; Records of the Deputy Judge Advocate General, United States Forces, European Theater, 7708th War Crimes Group, 1945-1947; Records of United States Army Commands. 1942; Record Group 338; National Archives in Suitland, Maryland

  [56] Report of Investigation and Witness Statements, June 29, 1945; War Crimes Case File, 12-2620, box 213; Records of the Deputy Judge Advocate General, United States Forces, European Theater, 7708th War Crimes Group, 1945-1947; Records of United States Army Commands. 1942; Record Group 338; National Archives in Suitland, Maryland.

  [57] See Appendix B in present work.

  [58] Report of Investigation and Witness Statements, June 5, 1945; War Crimes Case File, 12-2008, box 176; Records of the Deputy Judge Advocate General, United States Forces, European Theater, 7708th War Crimes Group, 1945-1947; Records of United States Army Commands. 1942; Record Group 338; National Archives in Suitland, Maryland

  [59] Source unavailable. Pages missing from bibliography.

  [60] Ibid.

  [61] See Appendix B in present work.

  [62] Ibid.

  [63] Source unavailable. Pages missing from bibliography.

  [64] Friedman, Ina R. (1990). The Other Victims: First-Person Stories of Non-Jews Persecuted by the Nazis. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, p. 91.

  [65] Massaquoi, p. 237.

  [66] Public Opinion in Occupied Germany, The Omgus Surveys, “Mannheim Attitudes Toward Negro Troops,” Report No. 24 (22 October 1946), p. 107.

  [67] King, Christine. (1982). The Nazi State and the New Religions. The Edwin Mellen Press, New York & Toronto, p. 85.

  [68] Massaquoi, pp. 154-5.

  [69] Ibid.

  [70] Ibid.

  [71] Ibid.

  [72] Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf (Volume One), p. 70.

  [73] Ibid., p. 188.

  [74] Ibid., p. 430.

  [75]

  References

  White, Mindy. (1988). Aviation History, January 1998, Vol. 8 Issue 3, p. 66, 2p, 1c.

  [76] Los Angeles Times. (2000). The inspiring and true story of the Tuskegee airmen, Feb 11, 2000.

  [77] Ibid.

  [78] Gelatin, Silver. (1941). Eleanor Roosevelt with ‘Chief’ Charles Alfred Anderson,” Paul R. Jones Collection, Atlanta, GA., http://www. museums.udel.edu/art/past/polk/gif/eleanor.html.

  [79] The Los Angeles Times. (1990). Honors for men with a mission: the Tuskegee airmen’s biggest battle-against racism-was fought on the ground, Jul 19, 1990.

  [80] Ibid.

  [81] White, Mindy, p. 66, 2p, 1c.

  [82] Database: Academic Search Elite. Notes: This title is not held locally

  Section: Art of Flight. “Tuskegee Airman Charles P. Bailey Kept Watch Over His Flock of B-24s On Their Way To Targets in Germany.”

  [83] Ibid.

  [84] Ibid.

  [85] Ibid.

  [86] White, Mindy, p. 66, 2p, 1c.

  [87] Ibid.

  [88] Los Angeles Times, Jul 19, 1990.

  [89] Ibid.

  [90] White, Mindy, p. 66, 2p, 1c.

  [91] Massaquoi, Hans J. (1999). Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany, William Morrow, p. 297.

  [92] Ibid., p. 319.

  [93] Los Angeles Times. (1999). Unseen enemy; ex-Tuskegee airman fought racism in ranks during WWII,” November 11, 1999.

  [94] White, Mindy, p. 66, 2p, 1c.

  [95] Los Angeles Times, November 11, 1999.

  [96] Ibid.

  [97] Los Angeles Times, Jul 19, 1990.

  [98] Ibid.

  [99] Los Angeles Times, November 11, 1999.

  [100] White, Mindy, p. 66, 2p, 1c.

 
[101] Los Angeles Times, Jul 19, 1990.

  [102]

  References

  UNTITLED #1: An untitled and undated document acquired by the author from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The subheading of the anonymous work is entitled, “The History.”

  [103] See Appendix A in present work.

  [104] Ibid.

  [105] Ibid.

  [106] Ibid.

  [107] Massaquoi, Hans J. (1999). Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany. William Morrow, p. xiii.

  [108] Hitler, Adolf. (1925). Mein Kampf (Volume Two), pp. 388-9.

  [109] In a letter dated February 13, 1997, the late Dr. Robert Kesting of the USHMM, an expert on Nazi mistreatment of Blacks, observed that the Nazis “were using the mistreatment of Blacks by Americans as leverage against their mistreatment of European Jewry.” See Appendix C.

  [110] Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, pp. 438-9.

  [111] UNTITLED #2: An untitled and undated document acquired by author from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. It was listed as number one (1) apparently in the “Reference,” “Bibliography,” “Endnotes,” or the like, section of the document.

  [112] Ibid.

  [113] Low, Augustus, & Clift, Virgil. (1981). Encyclopedia of Black America, A DA Capo Paperback, p. 727.

  [114] UNTITLED #1: An untitled and undated document acquired by the author from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The subheading of the anonymous work is entitled, “The History.”

  [115] Low, Augustus, & Clift, Virgil, p. 728.

  [116] Channel 4. (n.d.) Hitler’s Forgotten Victims.

  [117] See Appendix B in present work.

  [118] Hitler’s Forgotten Victims.

  [119] Ibid.

  [120] Original Buchenwald Register for Male Inmate, 44,001 to 45,000, ca. 1942-1945, National Archives Record Group 238, National Archives Collection of War Crimes Records, book 45, p. 14,197. Witness Statements of Abrham Stahl, Erhard Richar Brauny, Josef Fischer, Icek Halicwicz, and miscellaneous correspondence to include but not limited to the following lists of Dora-Mittelbau inmates by nationalities, photograph of an unidentified black victim taken by the U.S. Army Signal Corps at Gardelegen, lists of unknown victims buried at Gardelegen, SHAEF Court of Inquiry Report on the Gardelegen Massacre, National Archives Record Group 153, JAG, War Department, War Crimes Division, series 143, file 12-480 and National Archives Record Group 338, JAG, ETOUSA, War Crimes Branch, file 000-50-037.

  [121] “How Nazis, Rockets, and Disney Gave Birth to Seattle’s Pointiest Landmark,” Blast Off! by Charles Mudede. Vol. 10, No. 49. August 23-29, 2001. http://www.thestranger.com/2001-08-23/feature.html.

  [122] Lemire, Christy. (2002). The Associated Press. [Review of the movie Catch Me If You Can movie], December 27, 2002.

  [123]

  References

  Friedman, Ina R. (1990). The Other Victims: First-Person Stories of Non-Jews Persecuted by the Nazis. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, p. 91.

  [124] Carr, Firpo. (1997). Wicked Words: Poisoned Minds—Racism in the Dictionary, STIR Inc., p. 10.

  [125] Massaquoi, Hans J. (1999). Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany, William Morrow, p. 113.

  [126] Ibid., pp. 112-3.

  [127] http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.jsp?ModuleId=10005479.

  [128] World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 6 (1988), p. 387.

  [129] See Appendix B in present work.

  [130] Ibid.

  [131] Cocks, Geoffrey. (December, 1994). The international eugenics community. Reviews in American History 22.4: 674-678. See also, Kühl, Stefan. (1994). The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. New York: Oxford University Press.

  [132] Larson, Edward J. Sex, Race and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

  [133] “The Troubling Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study,” http://hsc.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/apology/.

  [134] An untitled and undated document acquired by author from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The subheading of the anonymous work is entitled, “The History.”

  [135] Ibid.

  [136] Massaquoi, pp. 112-3.

  [137] Carr, p. 112-3.

  [138] Friedman, p. 91.

  [139] UNTITLED #1: An untitled and undated document acquired by author from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The subheading of the anonymous work is entitled, “The Survivors.”

  [140] Massaquoi, pp. 112-3.

  [141] Ibid., p. 112.

  [142] Ibid., p. 113.

  [143] Ibid.

  [144] Ibid., p. 325.

  [145] Massaquoi, Hans J. Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany, William Morrow (1999), pp. xiii-xiv.

  [146] Carr, pp. 29, 30.

  [147] Massaquoi, p. 13.

  [148] Ibid., p. 25.

  [149] Bradford, Phillips Verner, & Blume, Harvey. (1992). One Man’s Degradation in Turn-of-the-Century America: Ota Benga—The Pygmy in the Zoo, St. Martins Press, New York, back cover.

  [150] http://www.africanews.org/south/namibia/stories/19970926_feat1. html.

  [151] Friedman, p. 91.

  [152] Massaquoi, p. 113.

  [153] Constantine-Simms, Delroy. (n.d.) Uncovering the Black German Holocaust of the University of Essex. A review of the film, Hitler’s Forgotten Victims by David Okuefuna and Moise Shewa.

  [154] Massaquoi, p. xiii.

  [155] Ibid., p. 433.

  [156] Ibid., p. 435.

  [157] Ibid., p. 436.

  [158] Kim, Lucian. (1999). Grappling with being black … and German. The Christian Science Monitor, Thursday, February 4, 1999.

  [159] Ibid.

  [160]

  References

  Wave Newspapers. (2002). Ties between blacks and Jehovah’s Witnesses explored (“Word & Worship” section), Wednesday, July 17, 2002, p. A13.

  [161] Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. (1975). 1974 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, pp. 108-9.

  [162] Ibid., pp. 117-8.

  [163] Ibid., pp. 138-9.

  [164] Author interview with retired Lt. Colonel Emmett Simmons on January 21, 2003.

  [165] Ibid., pp. 208-9.

  [166] Ibid.

  [167] Ibid.

  [168] Ibid., 146-8.

  [169] See http://www.solami.com/UBSac.htm.

  [170] See http://www.fpp.co.uk/HNet/Finkelstein2.html.

  [171] Author interview with Joseph Kempler. (n.d.)

  [172] Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. (1994). Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom, p. 439.

  [173] Compare information in the book, Jehovah’s Witnesses: The African American Enigma—A Contemporary Study (Vol. 1) (2002), p. 14.

  [174] Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. (2004). 2003 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, published by Jehovah’s Witnesses, pp. 21, 23.

  [175] This is partial information from the USHMM archival sources.

  [176] http://www.littlestangels.net/Stories112.html; See also The Detroit News. Friday 3 March 1995, 8A and the Chicago News Sun. 29 October 1990, 1 and 30 October 1990.

  [177] “Nazi Gang Called Key Player in Drug Trade,” Los Angeles Times, August 10, 1999.

  [178]

  References

  Baldwin, James. (1963). The Fire Next Time. Dell Publishing, p. 112.

  [179] Pittsburgh Courier, April 12, 1930.

  [180] Marcus Garvey. (September, 1923). Negro World.

  [181] Haley, Alex. (1964). The Autobiography of Malcolm X, p. 282.

  [182] Ibid., p. 283.

  [183] Baldwin, James, pp. 111-2.

  [184] Ibid., p. 112.

  [185] Magida, Arthur, J. (1996). J. Prophet of Rage: A Life of Louis Farrakhan and His Nation, pp. 153, 154.

  [186] Haley, p. 458.

  [187] Ibid.

  [188] Magida, pp. 155, 156.

  [189] Haley, p. 308.

 
; [190] Magida, pp.153, 154.

  [191] Ibid.

  [192] Ibid.

  [193] Author interview with “Kay,” the Black female Holocaust survivor who was in Dachau. The interview was conducted on Monday, January 20, 2003, the observance of the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

  [194] Massaquoi, Hans J. (1999). Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany, William Morrow, p. 154.

  [195] Ibid.

  [196] Author interview with “Kay.”

  [197] Mueller-Hill, p. 12. See also Appendix B in present work.

  [198] See articles.latimes.com/2002/dec/12/nation/na-supremacist12

  [199] World Book Encyclopedia. (1988). Volume 2p. 546.

  [200] Lindquist, Sven. (1992). “Exterminate All the Brutes. The New Press, New York, p. 54.

  [201] Tordoff, William. (1965). Ashanti Under the Prempehs, 1888-1935, London. Freeman, Richard Austin. Travels and Life in Ashanti and Jaman, Westminister, 1898, as quote in “Exterminate All the Brutes” by Sven Lindquist, p. 54.

  [202] Lindquist, p. 54.

  [203] Fleishman, Jeffrey. (2003). East, west radicals find unsettling bond. Los Angeles Times, January 3, 2003.

  [204] Burleigh, Michael, & Wippermann, Wolfgang. (1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945, Cambridge University Press, p. 128.

  [205] Ibid., p. 10.

  [206] www.wiesenthal.com.

  [207] Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary—Tenth Edition (2000).

  [208] “Leader’s Militancy Led to Denunciation as a Fanatic; Supporters saw Rubin as a courageous if unpolished leader while mainstream Jews criticized him as being on the fringe.” The Los Angeles Times, November 5, 2002.

  [209] Fleishman, Jeffrey. (2003). East, west radicals find unsettling bond. Los Angeles Times, January 3, 2003.

  [210] Ibid.

  [211] Ibid.

  [212] Ibid.

  [213] Ibid.

  [214] Ibid.

  [215]

  References

  [Note: Unless otherwise indicated, all of the quotes below are taken directly from material which may be incomplete in some cases provided by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.]

  At the outbreak of the Nama uprising v. Trotha gave immediate orders to disarm the small Witbooi contingent serving the German “Schutztruppe.” The remaining Nama were deported to Togo. In November 119 Nama were shipped to Togo aboard a steamship. Six months later the Lome office reported the death of half of the Namas, because of intestinal diseases. “High death rates among the Hottentot owing to intestinal diseases, 54 have died so far. It is absolutely necessary that the remainder leave Togo at once”; Imp. Off. File appendix 5 photo of captured Nama POW, in Patemann … 121.