———. The Scene Changes. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1937.
Tibawi, Abdul Latif. Anglo-Arab Relations and the Question of Palestine, 1914–1921. London: Luzac, 1978.
Townshend, Charles. When God Made Hell: The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq. New York: Faber & Faber, 2010.
Toynbee, Arnold. Acquaintances. London: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Trumpener, Ulrich. Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1918. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968.
Tuchman, Barbara. The Guns of August. New York: Ballantine, 2004.
Tuohy, Ferdinand. The Secret Corps: A Tale of “Intelligence” on All Fronts. New York: Seltzer, 1920.
Turfan, M. Naim. Rise of the Young Turks: Politics, the Military and the Ottoman Collapse. New York: Tauris, 2000.
Urofsky, Melvin. Louis D. Brandeis. New York: Pantheon, 2009.
Verrier, Anthony, ed. Agents of Empire: Brigadier Walter Gribbon, Aaron Aaronsohn and the NILI Ring. Washington: Brassey’s, 1995.
Vester, Bertha Spafford. Our Jerusalem: An American Family in the Holy City, 1881–1949. New York: Doubleday, 1950.
Wavell, Archibald. Allenby: A Study in Greatness. London: Harrap & Co., 1941.
———. The Palestine Campaigns. London: Constable, 1968.
Weber, Frank. Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970.
Weintraub, Stanley, and Rodelle Weintraub. Private Shaw and Public Shaw. London: Jonathan Cape, 1963.
Weizmann, Chaim. Trial and Error: The Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann. New York: Harper, 1949.
Weldon, Lewen. Hard Lying. London: Jenkins, 1925.
Westrate, Bruce. The Arab Bureau: British Policy in the Middle East, 1916–1920. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992.
Wilson, Arnold. Loyalties: Mesopotamia, 1914–1917. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930.
———. Loyalties: Mesopotamia 1917–1920. London: Humphrey Milford, 1931.
Wilson, Jeremy. Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence. New York: Atheneum, 1990.
Wilson, Mary C. King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Winstone, H. V. F. The Illicit Adventure: The Story of Political and Military Intelligence in the Middle East from 1898 to 1926. London: Jonathan Cape, 1982.
———. Woolley of Ur: The Life of Sir Leonard Woolley. London: Secker & Warburg, 1990.
Woolley, C. Leonard. Dead Towns and Living Men. London: Lutterworth Press, 1954.
Woolley, C. Leonard, and T. E. Lawrence. The Wilderness of Zin. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936.
Wrench, Evelyn. Struggle, 1914–1920. London: Nicholson & Watson, 1935.
Yale, William. The Near East: A Modern History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1958.
———. It Takes So Long. Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University, Box 7, Folder 7.
———. The Reminiscences of William Yale. New York: Oral History Research Office, Columbia University.
———. “T. E. Lawrence: Scholar, Soldier, Statesman, Diplomat.” Undated article, probably 1935. Boston: Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University, Box 6, Folder 1.
Yapp, M. E. The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923. New York: Longman, 1987.
Yardley, Herbert D. The American Black Chamber. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press, 1931.
Yardley, Michael. T. E. Lawrence: A Biography. New York: Stein & Day, 1987.
Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power. New York: Free Press, 2008.
Zeine, Zeine N. The Emergence of Arab Nationalism. Delmar, NY: Caravan, 1973.
Archives and Collections
Aaron Aaronsohn Papers. NILI Museum and Archives, Zichron Ya’aqov, Israel.
Gilbert Clayton & Reginald Wingate Papers. Sudan Archives, University of Durham, Durham, England.
T. E. Lawrence Collection. Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin.
T. E. Lawrence Papers. Bodleian Library, Oxford, England.
George Lloyd Papers. Churchill College, Cambridge, England.
National Archives (UK, formerly Public Records Office), Kew, England.
National Archives (U.S.), Washington, DC.
Oral History Research Office. Columbia University, New York, NY.
Political Archives of the German Foreign Ministry, Berlin, Germany.
Curt Max Prüfer Papers. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
Mark Sykes Papers. Middle East Centre. St. Antony’s College, Oxford, England.
William Yale Collection. Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University.
William Yale Collection. Milne Special Collections, University of New Hampshire, Durham.
William Yale Papers. House Collection (M658), Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
Index
Aaronsohn, Aaron, 1.1, 12.1, 15.1, 17.1
as agronomist, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 9.1, 9.2, 17.1, 17.2
at Arab Bureau, 10.1, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2, 17.1
“arrest” of
background and role of, 1.1, 3.1
and Balfour Declaration
British inertia as frustrating to, 9.1, 10.1
character and personality of
death of
Djemal Pasha and, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, nts.1n
on expulsions from Jaffa
family of
Lawrence and, 14.1, 14.2
locust plague and, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2
NILI spy network of, 14.1, 14.2
pariah status with Zionist Commission
at Paris Peace Conference, 18.1, epi.1
and ruination caused by Ottoman entry into the war
spy network of, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 17.1, nts.1n
Sykes and, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 15.1
U.S. missions of, 3.1, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1, 18.2
Weizmann and, 16.1, 16.2, 18.1
Yale and, 14.1, 15.1
Aaronsohn, Alex, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 9.1, 10.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 17.1
Aaronsohn, Ephraim, 4.1, 15.1, 16.1, nts.1n
Aaronsohn, Rivka, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 9.1, 12.1
Aaronsohn, Sam, 16.1, 17.1
Aaronsohn, Sarah, 7.1, 12.1
character and personality of
death of, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, nts.1n, 536n
as head of NILI spy network, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1, 15.1
Aaronsohn, Zvi
Aaronsohn family
Aba el Lissan, massacre of Turkish battalion at, 13.1 Aba el Naam, 11.1, 12.1
attack on Turkish garrison at
Abbas Hilmi II, khedive of Egypt, 2.1, 3.1, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, epi.1
Abd el Kader, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1, 18.1
Abd el Karim
Abdullah ibn-Hussein, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, epi.1, nts.1n
attempt to reach accommodation with Israel by
British waffling criticized by
character and personality of
Jordan ruled by, epi.1, epi.2
Lawrence’s mission to camp of, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2
aerial reconnaissance, 5.1, 10.1
Afghanistan, 4.1, epi.1
Africa
European imperialism in, 2.1, 4.1
Afuleh
Ageyl tribe, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1
Agriculture Department, U.S.
Aigues-Mortes
Ain el Essad, Lawrence’s refuge in,461–63
airplanes, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 11.1, 18.1
al-Ahd (the Awakening), 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n
Aleppo, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 18.1, nts.1n
Alexandretta, 4.1, 5.1, 10.1, 18.1
Doris incident and, 5.1, 5.2
Faroki’s support of British
landing at
French scuttling of attack against, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1
Lawrence’s advocacy of landing at, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
as vulnerable to British attack, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Alexandretta, Gulf of, 4.1, 5.1, 10.1, 11.1
Alexandretta Basin, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1
Alexandria, Egypt, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1, 17.1, 17.2
al-Fatat, 5.1, 6.1, nts.1n
Algeria, 8.1, 8.2, 15.1, 18.1
Ali ibn-Hussein, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1
character and personality of
panicking troops of
Allenby, Edmund, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, epi.1, epi.2
at Damascus Victoria Hotel meeting, 18.1, 18.2
entry into Jerusalem of, 16.1, 17.1
Jerusalem occupied by, 16.1, 16.2
Palestine offensive of, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1
Syrian offensive of, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 18.5
transfer to EEF of
war record of
Yale and
Zionists and, 17.1, 17.2
Allies:
in World War I, see Triple Entente
in World War II
al-Mokattam, 451
Amanus Mountains, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 13.1
Amateurs:
Lloyd as
Ormsby-Gore as
Sykes as, 7.1, 7.2
American Colony in Jerusalem
American Committee to Negotiate Peace
American Expeditionary Force, 17.1, 17.2
American Red Cross Commission
American University of Beirut
Amman, 13.1, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 18.1, 18.2, epi.1, epi.2
Anatolia, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 8.1, 11.1, 13.1, 16.1, 18.1, epi.1
Armenians massacred in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 12.1
anti-Semitism, 14.1, 14.2
British
Aqaba, 3.1, 3.2, 11.1, 14.1, 15.1
Arab rebel base in, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 18.1
Brémond’s proposal for landing at, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, nts.1n
British military buildup in
Lawrence opposed to Allied strategy for, 11.1, 12.1, nts.1n
Lawrence’s scheme to capture, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1
Aqaba, Gulf of, 3.1, 3.2
Arab Bulletin, 238, 10.1, 14.1, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2
Arab Bureau, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2, nts.1n
Aaronsohn and, 10.1, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2, 17.1
Hogarth at, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2
propaganda department of
Yale and
Arabia, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2, epi.1, nts.1n
British-brokered division between Hussein and ibn-Saud
British military presence in
deserts of
ibn-Saud’s rule of interior
potential British military intervention in, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2
Arabian Peninsula, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2
India’s sphere of influence and
Arabic
Lawrence’s fluency in, 2.1, 9.1, 17.1
Prüfer’s fluency in, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Arab Legion, 16.1, 16.2
Arab nationalism, Arab nationalists, 5.1, 9.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 17.1, 17.2, epi.1, epi.2, nts.1n
in Beirut
Lawrence’s peacetime advocacy for
Lebanon show trial of, 7.1, 10.1, 16.1
in Syria
Arab National Party
Arab Northern Army
Arab Revolt, itr.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5
Allenby won to idea of
Aqaba as new headquarters of
Arab tribal forces in
Brémond on, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 15.1
British and French distrusted by leaders of, 17.1, 17.2
British invasion of Palestine and
British support of, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, nts.1n
difficulty of recruitment for
economics of
French advisors in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 16.1
Gallipoli and missed opportunity for, 5.1, 6.1
guerrilla warfare tactics of, 10.1, 11.1, 15.1
Hussein’s signaling of
Lawrence and, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 13.1, 14.1
loss of soldiers in
mythology of
northern tribes in
Ottoman rapprochement efforts with
Palestinian Jews and
passion as animating force of
senior leadership of
Storrs and, 8.1, 8.2
Syria and, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
tribal squabbling as impediment to
Turkish counteroffensive against
Zionists and, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
Arab Spring
Arab warriors
at Aba el Lissan
in Allenby’s Palestine plan
fighting abilities of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 13.1, 18.1
morale of
notions of war as held by
in Tafas
Arabs, 3.1, 6.1, 16.1, epi.1
Britain’s promises to
Christian minority of, 2.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 17.1
gulf between Allies and, 13.1, 17.1
independent territory claimed by, 7.1, 7.2
Iraqi
Jews and, 6.1, 12.1, epi.1
Lawrence’s relationship with, 2.1, 2.2, 13.1
and locust plague, 6.1, 6.2
Muslim, 2.1, 7.1
in Ottoman empire, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 5.1
in Palestine, 4.1, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6, 17.7, epi.1, epi.2, epi.3
political gamesmanship by
pro-German
self-determination denied to
Syrian, 2.1, 9.1, 17.1
tension between Turks and, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
wars between Israelis and
archaeologists:
German
Oppenheim as, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Arethusa, SS, 17.1
Armenia, Armenians, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1
Djemal’s efforts to protect, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1, 12.2, 16.1
in Jerusalem
in Ottoman Empire, 2.1, 4.1, 12.1
Ottoman persecution of, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, epi.1, nts.1n
Armistice of Mudros
Armstrong, H. C.
Army, British, 9.1, 14.1, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
in Arabian theater, 8.1, 11.1, 14.1
Palestine campaigns of, 9.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
and 1918 Syrian offensive, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Army, French, 9.1, 14.1, 15.1
and 1918 Syrian offensive
Army, German
in Syria
Army, U.S., Intelligence Department of
artillery bombardment, 7.1, 9.1
Arab and Turkish fear of
long-range shells in
Ashmolean Museum, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 14.1
Asquith, Herbert, 3.1, 6.1, 10.1, 12.1
Atatir, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 5.1, 16.1, 18.1, epi.1, nts.1n
Athlit, 1.1, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1
Atlantic Monthly, 360, epi.1
Auda Abu Tayi, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 18.1, 18.2
plunder as focus of, 13.1, 13.2
secret negotiations with Turks by
Austr
alia, Australians, 4.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Territorial troops from, 3.1, 4.1
Austria-Hungary, 4.1, 9.1, 17.1, 17.2
Bosnia-Herzegovina annexed by
in Central Powers, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
on Eastern Front
fall of
Franz Ferdinand’s assassination and
Jewish emigres with passports from
on Southern Front, 15.1, 18.1
Aylmer, Fenton, 1.1th Baronet of Donadea, 7.1, 7.2
Ayoub, Selim
Ayyubid empire
Azraq, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1
citadel at, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2
Baghdad, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2, epi.1
British Indian army at gates of, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1
British occupation of
Baghdad Convention
Baghdad Railway, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
Bair
Bakri, Fawzi al-
Bakri family, 5.1, 7.1
Baku, 3.1, 17.1
Balfour, Arthur, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 16.1
Balfour Declaration, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 18.1, 18.2, epi.1, epi.2
Balkans, 3.1, 7.1, 10.1, 18.1
Balkan Wars of 1912–13, 2.1, 12.1
Ballobar, Antonio de la Cierva, Conde de, 5.1, 7.1
Bar Giora
Barrow, George
Bartholomew, William
Basra, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 13.1
Beach, Edward, 7.1, 7.2
Bedouins, 7.1, 14.1, 14.2, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
in Arab strike force
British garrisons attacked by
hospitality of
in Iraq
with Lawrence in Tafileh, 16.1, 16.2
as Prüfer’s spies
raids into Sinai by, 3.1, 3.2
raids on roadbuilding crews by
in Suez invasion
as trackers
traditions of
and Zin Desert
Beersheva, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1, nts.1n
Allenby’s attack on, 15.1, 16.1
meeting between Lawrence and Yale at, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 17.1, nts.1n
Turkish forces in
Beha-ed-din, n
Beidawi tribe
Beirut, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 9.1, 16.1, 16.2, nts.1n
French consulate in
Belgium, 4.1, 4.2, 12.1
Belkind, Namaan, 15.1, 16.1, nts.1n, 536n
Below, Richard von, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Bemis, William, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1
Berlin, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 14.1, epi.1
Berlin, University of
Berlin-Baghdad Express, The (McMeekin), 2.1
Bernhardt, Olga
Bernstorff, German ambassador, n
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