by Jill Lepore
Brooks, Preston, 266–67
Brown, H. Rap, 627
Brown, John, 279–80, 280, 281, 282–85, 288
Brown, Linda, 577
Brown, Michael, 767
Brown, Oliver L., 577
Brown, Pat, 626
Brown v. Board of Education, 382, 577–82, 586, 588, 614, 663, 677, 678
Bryan, William Jennings, 345–46, 430, 563, 570, 693
desire to stay out of World War I, 393
in election of 1896, 350–52, 351, 366, 374–75
fundamentalism and, 354, 391, 418
imperialism protested by, 366, 368
income tax supported by, 347–48, 376
made secretary of state, 387–88
Rockefeller boycotted by, 373
in Scopes trial, 414–19
in Spanish-American War, 367
Bryant, Anita, 661
Buchanan, James, 290
and election of 1848, 253
in election of 1856, 267–68
Buchanan, Pat, 654, 685, 691, 740
Buchanan v. Warley, 369
Buchenwald, 511, 512, 513
Buckley, William F., 554–55, 670
buffalo, 333–34
“Building of the Ship, The” (Longfellow), 259–60, 271, 480
Bulgaria, 426
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 539, 587
Bunyan, John, 192
Burdick, Eugene, 598–99, 603
Bureau of Efficiency, 363
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 317, 319–20
Bureaus of Intelligence, 402
Burger, Warren, 679
Burgoyne, John, 101
Burke, Edmund, 110, 555, 735
Burnham, James, 504
Burr, Aaron, 163
in election of 1800, 164
Bush, George H. W., 740
and abortion, 665–66
and contraception, 650
and judiciary, 678
and presidential election (1988), 706
and presidential election (1992), 691, 706
and talk radio, 704
Bush, George W., 739, 741, 743
and judiciary, 678
9/11 attacks and, 721, 722
and presidential election (2000), 716–17
war on terror and, 738–40, 744–45
Bush, Jeb, 716, 772
Bush, Vannevar, 524, 525
business machines, 558–59
busing, 663
Butler, Andrew, 266
Butler, William, 254
Byrne, Ethel, 394
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 194
cable television, 666, 679, 705, 707–8, 710–11
and presidential election (2000), 716
Cabot, John, 25
Caesar (slave), 3, 64, 83, 131
Cahokia, 8
Calhoun, John C., 224, 238
annexation of Cuba desired by, 242
annexation of Texas desired by, 236
in election of 1824, 182
and Indian removal policies, 214, 217
as John Quincy Adams’s pallbearer, 251
on necessity of slavery, 218, 255
nullification pushed by, 217–18, 239
opposed to granting citizenship to Mexico, 244, 245
Calhoun, Patrick, 233
California, 243, 250, 260, 450–51, 494, 532–34, 533, 535, 546, 549, 561
Chinese immigrants in, 324, 325
irrigated land in, 409
universal health care in, 379–80
women’s voting rights in, 386
California Medical Association, 533–37, 546
California State of the State Address (1945), 533
California Street (San Francisco), 406
Callender, James, 162, 174–75
Cambridge Analytica, 728, 780
campaign biographies, Jackson’s introduction of, 181–82
campaign financing, 562
Campaigns, Inc., 448, 449–50, 532–34, 533, 546–48, 560, 572, 625, 633–34, 636, 648
Campus Crusade for Christ, 664
Canada, 69
Loyalists in, 104, 107
canals, 195, 221
Cantril, Hadley, 460
Cape Cod, Mass., 39
capital gains tax, 405
capitalism, 230, 315, 331, 332, 335–36, 343, 427, 535, 555
idea of progress and, 156
Capitalism and Freedom (Friedman), 670
Capitol News Bureau, 449
Caribbean, 108
American Revolution and, 101–2, 103
black mortality rate in, 102
British colonies in, 34
British troops in, 84, 87–88
colonists’ boycott of goods from, 85
Continental Congress’s ban on trade with, 91
mortality rates in, 67
slave rebellions in, 56, 57–58, 63, 84, 99
slavery in, 46, 64, 142
Stamp Act in, 84
sugar plantations in, 45, 46, 47, 82, 102, 142
Carlyle, Thomas, 198, 203
Carmichael, Stokely, 621, 625–27, 629, 630, 651
Carnegie, Andrew, 336, 368
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 540
Carolina colony, Locke as secretary of, 52
Carolina Gazette, 160–61
Carson, Rachel, 680
Carter, Harlon Bronson, 675–76
Carter, Jimmy:
and arms control, 680
and Iranian hostage crisis, 680
and 1970s economic malaise, 656–57
and presidential election (1976), 659, 705
and presidential election (1980), 668, 696
and tax policy, 669
Carter, Rosalynn, 660
Cass, Lewis, 250, 253, 253
Castille, Philando, 767–68
Castro, Fidel, 604
Catholic Church, and abortion, 650, 653–54, 664
Catholicism, 26
Catholics, 50, 263, 410
immigrants, 208–9
Muslim wars with, 36
in riots, 209
rumors of plots by, 208–9
Cato’s Letters (Trenchard and Gordon), 60, 61, 63
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 431
caucuses, opposition to, 182
“Causes and Proposed Remedies of Poverty, The,” 366
Cayton, Horace, 502
CBS, 422, 467, 469–71, 491, 511, 557–59, 563–65, 564, 566
censure, 568
census, 125, 168
of 1790, 157
Census Bureau, U.S., 355, 558
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 538, 574
and Cold War, 639
Challenge to Liberty, The (Hoover), 506
Chamberlain, Neville, 467, 468
Chambers, Julius, 349
Chambers, Whittaker, 509, 540–41, 548–49, 555, 572
Changing Sources of Power (Dutton), 696
Chardon High School, 763
charitable aid societies, 207
Charles I, king of England, 44, 48
divine right of kings claimed by, 43
execution of, 49
Charles II, king of England, 50–51, 51
Charleston, S.C., 86, 102, 104, 105, 203, 204, 287
AME church in, 202, 203 Charleston Courier, 240
Charter of Liberties, English, 40–41
Chase, Salmon, 256–57
Emancipation Proclamation amended by, 298
Chase, Samuel, 115
Chavez, Cesar, 675
Cheever, John, 441
Cheney, Dick, 745
Chennault, Anna, 632
Cherokee Nation, 213–16, 218
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 215
Cherokees, 212–13, 213, 214–16, 337
Chicago, Ill., 287, 333, 334, 371
transcontinental railroad through, 262
Chicago, University of, 354, 763
Chicago Gospel Tabernacle, 460
Chicago Record
-Herald, 453
Chicago Tribune, 349, 488, 542, 563
Chicago World’s Fair, 353–57
Chicano movement, 634, 634, 635, 660, 675
Chickasaw Bayou, 297
Chickasaws, 181, 212–13
child labor, 388
Children in Bondage (Creel), 395
Chile, 260
China, 260, 482, 539, 560
and creation of United Nations, 492
in United Nations, 503
U.S. food sent to, 486
China, ancient, 11, 12
Chinese, 399
Chinese Americans, 326–27
Chinese Exclusion Act, 325, 336, 359, 407, 409
Chinese immigrants, 281, 324–25, 325, 326–27, 342, 409
Knights of Labor’s opposition to, 336
Chisholm, Shirley, 652
Chocktaws, 181, 212–13
Chomsky, Noam, 635
Christensen, Clayton M., 736
Christian Coalition, 685, 712
Christianity, 190–91, 568–69, 584
Christy, David, 281–82
Chrysler, Walter, 383
Churchill, Winston, 468, 477, 478, 479, 480–81, 508, 536
Atlantic Charter negotiated by, 483
and creation of United Nations, 491–92
Hitler’s underestimation of, 485
Lend-Lease praised by, 481
and Pearl Harbor attack, 484
at Tehran Conference, 502–3
at Yalta Conference, 508–10, 509
church membership, 200
Church of England, 43
dissenters from, 38
Cincinnati Enquirer, 453
Cincinnati Gazette, 267
Citizen Kane (film), 449
citizenship, 311–16, 528, 575
of black people, 314, 317, 321–22
defined by Civil Rights Act, 319
defined by Fourteenth Amendment, 321–22
Douglass on, 327
of women, 314, 315, 321–22
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 760, 763
Civilian Conservation Corps, 504
Civil Rights Act (1866), 319–20
Civil Rights Act (1957), 585–86
Civil Rights Act (1964), 322, 612–13
Civil Rights Commission, U.S., 586
civil rights movement, 530–32, 541, 573, 575–88, 595–97
and Black Power movement, 627
Civil Rights Act (1964), 612–13
FBI surveillance, 626
Freedom Riders, 604–6
and George Wallace, 608, 613–14
Greensboro sit-in (1960), 595–96, 595
and Johnson administration, 611, 612–13, 614, 622
and Kennedy administration, 608–9
King arrest (1960), 600–601
and Malcolm X, 606–7, 613, 621–22
March on Washington (1963), 609–10, 613
and political polarization, 637
and presidential election (1960), 599, 600–601
and presidential election (1964), 613–14
Selma march (1965), 621–22
voter registration, 620–21
and White Power movement, 673–74
Civil War, U.S.:
black men in, 300
casualties of, 272, 293–94, 294, 390
draft riots in, 300
emancipation in, 296–97
federal government expanded by, 301, 316–17, 337–38
Lincoln’s claims to war powers in, 487
photography from, 272, 274, 294, 294, 295
slavery as cause of, 296, 389
start of, 292, 293
Clark, Ramsey, 633
Clark, Tom C., 579
Clark, Victor S., 409
Clarke, George, 63
“classical liberalism,” 555
Clay, Henry, 176, 178, 179, 184, 253
American Colonization Society founded by, 204
annexation of Texas opposed by, 236, 238
Compromise of 1850 of, 260–61
in election of 1824, 182
in election of 1832, 219, 220
in election of 1844, 237–38
in election of 1848, 254
Clean Air Act, 681
Clean Water Act, 681
Cleveland, Ohio, 371
climate change:
and conservatism, 690
and science, 680–81, 682–83
Clinton, Bill, 732, 741
background of, 696–97
and criminal justice policy, 699–700
and Democratic Party, 696
economic policy, 699, 700
ethics investigations, 697–98, 709–13, 714, 718
and health care, 698–99
marriage of, 692–93
and media, 707, 708
and presidential election (1992), 648, 693, 697, 698, 706
and social issues, 648
and welfare, 700
and women’s rights, 691–92
Clinton, Henry, 102
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 601, 725, 728, 753, 754–55, 765, 767
background of, 692–93
and ethics investigations, 710
and health care, 698, 699
and presidential election (1992), 693
and presidential election (2016), 692
right-wing attacks on, 709
and women’s rights, 691–92
Closing of the American Mind, The (Bloom), 703
CNN, 707, 716–17, 719, 721
Coast Guard, 363
Cobb, Thomas R. R., 292
code breaking, 523
Coercive Acts (1774), 89, 89, 90, 91
Cohn, Roy, 567
Coit v. Green, 662–63
Coke, Edward, 34–35
divine right of kings challenged by, 40, 41, 43
Colbert, Stephen, 744
Cold War, 525, 535–38, 553, 568, 570, 573, 578, 581, 584, 586–87
and academia, 635
Bay of Pigs, 604
Cuban Missile Crisis, 604
end of, 683–84, 690, 690
and Kennedy administration, 602
and knowledge workers, 693–94
and Nixon-Khrushchev meeting (1959), 589–91
and political polarization, 639
and Reagan, 627
and school desegregation, 663
and women’s rights, 658
Colfax, Schuyler, 301
collectivism, 555
Collingwood, Charles, 563–64
colonialism, and Vietnam War, 602, 603
Colonial Revival, 407, 411
colonization movement, 176, 177, 178
Colonization Society, 201
Colorado, 325
women’s voting rights in, 386
Colored Farmers’ Alliance, 336
Colored Orphan Asylum, 300
Colored People’s Day, 356
Columbian Almanack, xviii
Columbian Exposition, 353–57
Columbian Orator, 276
Columbia University, 348, 562
Columbus, Christopher, xviii, 17, 18, 337
diary of, 3–4, 12, 23–24
in 1492 arrival at Haiti, 3–4
second voyage of, 5, 18
sketch map of Haiti by, 4
Spanish sponsorship of, 12
western voyage proposed by, 12
Columbus, Ferdinand, 5, 16
Comey, James, 761
Commission on National Goals, 594–95, 597
Commission on the Status of Women, 647
Committee for Constitutional Government, 504–5
Committee on Political Parties, 545–46
Committee on Social Insurance, 379
Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP), 641
common schools, 209–10
Common Sense (Paine), xvii, 95–96, 130
communism, 482, 527, 534–41, 548–57, 565–68, 571, 581
Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 254
Commu
nist Party USA (CPUSA), 552
Company of Royal Adventures of England Trading with Africa, 46
compassionate conservatism, 716
Compromise of 1850, 260–61
computers, 193–94, 521, 523–27, 524, 544, 557–59, 563–65, 573, 574–75, 587, 667, 694–95
Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, 404
Comrie, L. J., 523
Comstock, Anthony, 652–53
concealed weapons, 446
Confederate States of America:
draft in, 300–301
formation of, 289–90
Hitler’s admiration for, 476
pardoning of leaders of, 318
taxes in, 300, 301
welfare in, 302–3
women in, 301–3, 302
Congregationalists, 201
Congress, U.S., 525, 529, 531, 535, 538, 541, 542, 546, 547, 548, 549, 566, 568, 569, 569, 572, 579, 582, 584, 585–86
Dickens’s criticism of, 243–44
inventory of manufacturing instituted by, 172
national bank charter renewed by, 234
slave trade abolished by, 172
war declared on Spain by, 366–67
Congress, U.S., First, 131–34
antislavery petitions and, 135, 136–37
Bill of Rights and, 134
debt assumption plan passed by, 140
and founding of Washington, DC, 139–40
Hamilton’s bank plan passed by, 138–39
Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), 699
Congressional Government (Wilson), 373, 388
Congressional Record, 132, 408
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 537
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 604–5, 606, 607
Conkling, Roscoe, 329, 338
Connecticut, 654
suffrage sold in, 342
Connecticut Bee, 145
Connecticut colony, 44
Connecticut compromise, 125
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 605
Conscience of a Conservative, The (Goldwater), 614
conscription of thought, 395–96
conservatism, 332, 364, 529, 552–57, 556, 560–63, 568, 570, 573, 579–80, 581
and Constitution, 677–79
and George W. Bush administration, 716
and gun control debate, 672–74, 675–78, 679
and health care, 698–99
and inflation, 629
New Deal vs., 444–45, 446–47
and 1960s political consensus, 592
and Nixon administration, 638
and political polarization, 711
and polling industry, 667
and presidential election (1964), 613–15
and race, 662–63
and race riots (1960s), 623
and Reagan, 624–25, 627
Republican Party takeover of, 658–59, 664–68
and science, 682–83
and technology, 666
Weyrich on failure of, 712
see also culture wars; political polarization
Conservative Mind, The (Kirk), 555
Constitution, Confederate, 290
Constitution, U.S., xi, 52, 287, 543, 552, 573, 575, 579, 582, 583, 728
Article I of, 139, 157