Click here Damas, D. 1972. “The Copper Eskimo.” In Hunters and Gatherers Today, (ed.) M. G. Biccieri. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press, p. 40.
Click here Isaac, G. L. 1978. “Food Sharing and Human Evolution: Archaeological Evidence from the Plio-Pleistocene of East Africa,” Journal of Anthropological Research, 34: 311–325.
Click here Binford, L. 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. New York: Academic Press.
Click here For a summary of the hunting debate see Cartmill, M. 1993. A View to a Death in the Morning: Hunting and Nature Through History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Click here Bettinger, R. L. 1991. Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological and Evolutionary Theory. New York: Plenum Press, p. 158.
Click here Chagnon, N. 1992. Yanomamö, 4th ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, pp. 80–86.
Click here Dunbar, R. 1996. Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 61–79.
Click here Barkow, J. H., L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby. 1992. The Adapted Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 627–628.
Click here For data on families see Wilson, E. O. 1978. On Human Nature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Click here For discussion of inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism see Alexander, R. D. 1979. Darwinism and Human Affairs. Seattle: University of Washington Press. See also:
Miele, F. 1996. “The (Im)moral Animal,” Skeptic, 4/1: 42–49.
Click here Sober, E., and D. S. Wilson. 1998. Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 27, 92.
PAGE 165. Williams, G. C. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Click here Alexander, R. D. 1987. The Biology of Moral Systems. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
Click here Ghiselin, M. 1974. The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 247.
Click here Hamilton, W. D. 1975. “Innate Social Aptitudes of Man: An Approach from Evolutionary Genetics.” In Biosocial Anthropology, (ed.) R. Fox. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 135–136.
Click here For fuzzy logic see Kosko, B. 1993. Fuzzy Thinking: The New Science of Fuzzy Logic. New York: Harper.
Click here Axelrod, R. 1984. The Evolution of Co-operation. New York: Penguin.
Click here Smith, J. M. 1982. Evolution and the Theory of Games. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 204. See also:
von Neuman, J., and O. Morgenstern. 1944. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Click here Irons, W. 1996. “In Our Own Self Image: The Evolution of Morality, Deception, and Religion,” Skeptic, 4/2: 50–61.
Click here Tylor, E. B. 1871. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom. London: John Murray.
Click here Frazer, J. G. 1924. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. New York: Macmillan.
Click here Freud, S. 1927. The Future of an Illusion, (trans.) J. Strachey. New York: W. W. Norton.
Click here Durkheim, E. 1912. Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, (trans.) J. W. Swain. New York: Collier Books.
Click here Marx, K. 1978 (1869). The Marx-Engels Reader, (ed.) R. C. Tucker. New York: W. W. Norton.
Click here Eliade, M. 1957. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, (trans.) W. R. Trask. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Click here Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1965. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Click here Geertz, C. 1966. “Religion as a Cultural System.” In Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion, (ed.) M. Banton. London: Tavistock Press.
Click here Pals, D. L. 1996. Seven Theories of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 269. See also:
Wulff, D. M. 1991. Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Hood, R. W., B. Spilka, B. Hunsberger, and R. Gorsuch. 1996. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 2nd. ed. New York: Guilford Press.
CHAPTER 8: God and the Ghost Dance: The Eternal Return of the Messiah Myth
Click here Harrison quote in Milligan, E. A. 1976. Dakota Twilight. Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, p. 121.
Click here Mooney, J. 1896. The Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890, (ed.) A. F. C. Wallace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 771–772, 780–781.
Click here Mooney, J. 1896. The Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890, (ed.) A. F. C. Wallace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 798.
Click here Harrison and Miles quote in Utley, R. M. 1963. The Last Days of the Sioux Nation. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, pp. 105, 111, 127.
Click here For more information on Wounded Knee and the Ghost Dance see Miller, D. H. 1959. Ghost Dance. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
See also:
Utley, R. M. 1993. The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull. New York: Macmillan.
Utley, R. M. 1973. Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indians, 1866–1890. New York: Macmillan.
Marshall, S. L. A. 1972. Crimsoned Prairie: The Indian Wars on the Great Plains. New York: Scribner’s.
Brown, D. 1970. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. New York: Bantam.
Click here Mooney, J. 1896. The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890, (ed.) A. F. C. Wallace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 1.
Click here La Barre, W. 1970. The Ghost Dance: Origins of Religion. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, pp. 233–234, 238–239.
Click here For examples and a discussion of cargo cults see Harris, M. 1974. Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture. New York: Vintage, p. 133.
Click here Worsley, P. 1958. The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of Cargo Cults in Melansia. New York: Shocken, p. 226.
Click here Helms, R. 1988. Gospel Fictions. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, p. 10.
Click here Mack, B. L. 1995. Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth. New York: HarperCollins, pp. 43, 226.
CHAPTER 9: The Fire That Will Cleanse: Millennial Meanings and the End of the World
Click here For analysis of the Bahai’s sect see Balch, R. W., J. Domitrovich, B. L. Mahnke, and V. Morrison. 1997. “Fifteen Years of Failed Prophecy.” In Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem, (eds.) T. Robbins and S. J. Palmer. New York: Routledge.
Click here Reagan quote in Abanes, R. 1998. End Times Visions. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows.
Click here Wojcik, D. 1997. The End of the World as We Know It: Faith, Fatalism, and Apocalypse in America. New York: New York University Press, pp. 209–210.
Click here Lindsey, H. 1984. There’s a New World Coming. Irvine, Calif.: Harvest House.
Click here Augustine. 1952. The City of God. Great Books of the Western World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 22:30.
Click here For a discussion of Columbus’ prophetic beliefs see Watts, P. M. 1985. “Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus’ ‘Enterprise of the Indies,’” American Historical Review, 900(1): 73–102.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1997. Questioning the Millennium. A Rationalist’s Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown. New York: Harmony Books/ Random House.
Click here Michelet, J. 1844. History of France. Whittaker and Co., p. 143.
Click here Mackay, C. 1841. Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. New York: Crown, p. 258.
Click here Schwartz, H. 1990. Century’s End: A Cultural History of the Fin de Siecle from the 990s through the 1990s. New York: Doubleday.
Click here Stearns, P. N. 1996. Millennium III, Century XXI. New York: Westview Press, p. 26.
Click here Landes, R. 1997. “The Apocalyptic Year 1000.” In The Year 2000: Essays on the End, (eds.) C. B. S
trozier and M. Flynn. New York: New York University Press, pp. 15, 17.
Click here O’Leary, S. D. 1994. Arguing the Apocalypse: A Theory of Millennial Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Balch, R. W., J. Domitrovich, B. L. Mahnke, and V. Morrison. 1997. “Fifteen Years of Failed Prophecy.” In Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem, (eds.) T. Robbins and S. J. Palmer. New York: Routledge.
Click here O’Leary, S. D. 1994. Arguing the Apocalypse: A Theory of Millennial Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 93–110.
Click here Penton, M. J. 1997 (1985). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah’s Witnesses, 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 100.
Click here Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. 1966. Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God. Brooklyn, N.Y., p. 29.
Click here Story about God’s Salvation Church in Shermer, M. 1998. “The End of the World … Again,” Skeptic, 6/1: 12–13.
Click here Jones tape transcript in Dwyer, S. 1989. “A Revolutionary Suicide: Jonestown, Guyana.” In Rapid Eye. London: Creation Books, pp. 224–229.
Click here Applewhite quotes in Shermer, M. 1997. “What’s the Harm in Believing in UFOs and Pseudoscience? Heaven’s Gate Cult Mass Suicide Answers the Question,” Skeptic, 5/1: 10–11.
Click here Abanes, R. 1998. End Times Visions. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows.
Click here Sheler, J. L. 1997. “Dark Prophecies,” U.S. News and World Report, December 15: 63.
Click here Leslie, J. 1996. The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction. New York: Routledge.
Click here Thompson, D. 1996. The End of Time: Faith and Fear in the Shadow of the Millennium. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, p. 325.
Click here Buttrick, G. A., and N. B. Harmon (eds.). 1994. The Interpreter’s Bible: A Commentary in Twelve Volumes. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, Vol. 5, p. 755.
Click here Taussig, M. T. 1980. The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Click here Fukuyama, F. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
Click here Rand, A. 1957. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Random House, p. 1159.
Click here Eisler, R. 1987. The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future. San Francisco: Harper & Row, pp. xvi, 201.
Click here For pre-biblical ethical/law codes see Cohn, N. 1993. Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
For data on belief in the Second Coming see Sheler, J. L. 1997. “Park Prophecies.” U.S. News and World Report, December 15: 63–71.
CHAPTER 10: Glorious Contingency: Gould’s Dangerous Idea and the Search for Meaning in an Age of Science
Click here Weinberg, S. 1977. The First Three Minutes. New York: Basic Books.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton.
Click here Fontana, W., and L. Buss. 1994. “What Would Be Conserved If ‘The Tape Were Played Twice’?” In Complexity, (eds.) G. Cowan, D. Pines, and D. Meltzer. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley.
Click here Lorenz, E. 1979. “Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly’s Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?” Address at the AAAS annual meeting, Washington, D.C., December 29.
Click here Kauffman quote in: Kauffman, S. A. 1993. The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. See also:
Kauffman, S. A. 1995. At Home in the Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 13.
Click here Cohen, J., and I. Stewart. 1991. “Chaos, Contingency, and Convergence,” Nonlinear Science Today, 1(2): 9–13.
Click here Kelly, K. 1994. Out of Control. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley, p. 410.
Click here McRae, M. W. 1993. “Stephen Jay Gould and the Contingent Nature of History,” Clio, 22(3): 239–250.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 283.
Click here Dennett, D. C. 1995. Daruin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 306, 307.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 289.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1978. “The Panda’s Thumb.” Reprinted in The Panda’s Thumb. 1980. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 19–26.
Click here Gould. S. J. 1987. “The Panda’s Thumb of Technology,” Natural History, 1: 22.
Click here For the history of the typewriter and the Qwerty keyboards see Dvorak. A. 1936. Typewriting Behavior. New York: American Book Company. See also:
Masi, F. T. (ed.). 1985. The Typewriter Legend. Secaucus, N.J.
Cassingham, R. C. 1986. The Dvorak Keyboard. Arcata, Calif.: Freelance Communications.
David, P. 1986. “Understanding the Economics of QWERTY: The Necessity of History.” In Economic History and The Modern Economist, (ed.) W. N. Parker. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Romano, F. J. 1986. Machine Writing and Typesetting. Salem, NH: Gama.
Hoke, D. R. 1990. Ingenious Yankees: The Rise of the American System of Manufacturers in the Private Sector. New York: Columbia University Press.
Click here McRae, M. W. 1993. “Stephen Jay Gould and the Contingent Nature of History,” Clio, 22(3): 244.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1987. “The Panda’s Thumb of Technology.” Natural History, 1: 22.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 289.
Click here Dennett, D. C. 1995. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 308.
Click here Shermer, M. 1996. “An Urchin in a Haystack: An Interview with Stephen Jay Gould,” Skeptic, 4/1: 88.
Click here Dennett, D. C. 1995. Dorwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 75, 76.
Click here Marx, K. 1852. “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.” In The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed., (ed.) R. C. Tucker. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 594.
Click here Hempel, C. G. 1942. “The Function of General Laws in History.” In Theories of History, (ed.) P. Gardiner. New York: Free Press, p. 346.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. “The Horn of Triton,” Natural History, 12: 18–24.
Click here For numerous historical examples of the model of Contingent-Necessity see Shermer, M. 1995. “Cycles and Curves” Skeptic, 3/3: 58–61.
Shermer, M. 1993. “The Chaos of History: On a Chaotic Model That Represents the Role of Contingency and Necessity in Historical Sequences,” Nonlinear Science Today, 2(4): 1–13.
Shermer, M. 1997. “The Crooked Timber of History,” Complexity, 2(6): 23–29.
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