Click here Prigogine, I., and I. Stengers. 1984. Order Out of Chaos. New York: Bantam, p. 169.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1993. “Fungal Forgery,” Natural History, 9: 12–21.
Click here Wallace, A. R. 1903. Man’s Place in the Universe: A Study of the Results of Scientific Research in Relation to the Unity or Plurality of Worlds. New York: McClure Phillips and Co., p. 73.
Click here Dyson, F. 1988. Infinite in All Directions. New York: Harper & Row.
Click here Tipler, F. 1994. The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead. New York: Doubleday.
Click here Ruse, M. 1996. Monad to Man: The Concept of Progress in Evoluntionary Biology. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 131–132.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1996. Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. New York: Harmony Books, p. 33.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1996. Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. New York: Harmony Books, p. 132.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1996. Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. New York: Harmony Books, pp. 169–172, 173.
Click here Dennett, D. C. 1995. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 300.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 284.
AFTERWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION: God on the Brain
Click here Newberg, A., E. D’Aquili, and V. Rause. 2001. Why God Won’t Go Away. New York: Ballantine Books.
Click here Blanke, O., S. Ortigue, T. Landis, and M. Seeck. 2002, “Neuropsychology: Stimulating Illusory Own-Body Perceptions.” Nature, 419, September 19: 269–270.
For a popular account of the research see Verrengia, J. 2002. “Misfiring Brain May Cause ‘Out-of-Body Experiences’ among patients.” AP wire story. September 19.
For a general discussion of brain-generated psychological states and experiences, see Damasio, A. 2000. The Feeling of What Happens: Body, Emotions and the Making of Consciousness. London: Vintage.
Click here Lommel, P. V., R. V. Wees, V. Meyers, and I. Elfferich. 2001. “Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A Prospective Study in the Netherlands.” Lancet, 358 (9298): 2039.
Click here Brugger, P. 2002. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies in Paris. Reported in New Scientist. July.
Click here Scripps Howard News Service and the E. W. Scripps School of Journalism at Ohio University sponsored the survey. The telephone poll was conducted October 21 through November 1 among 1,127 adults living in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Households were selected randomly by computer. Journalism professor Tom Hodges and survey manager Robert Owen supervised the interviewing at the Scripps Survey Research Center. The survey has a 4 percent margin of error.
Click here Gallup News Service. 2001. “Americans’ Belief in Psychic Paranormal Phenomena is up Over Last Decade.” June 8. For the full report go to www.gallup.com/poll/releases/pr010608.asp
Click here National Science Foundation. 2002 Science Indicators Biennial Report. The section on pseudoscience, “Science Fiction and Pseudoscience,” is in Chapter 7. www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind02/c7/c7h.htm
Click here Walker, W. R., S. J. Hoekstra, and R. J. Vogl. 2002. “Science Education is no Guarantee of Skepticism.” Skeptic, 9/3: 24–27.
Click here Brooks, D. J. 2001. “Substantial Numbers of Americans Continue to Doubt Evolution as Explanation for Origin of Humans.” Gallup News Service. March 5.
Click here Shermer, M. 2002. “The Gradual Illumination of the Mind.” Scientific American, February: 32.
Click here Barrett, D. B., G. T. Kurian, and T. M. Johnson (eds.). 2001. World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World. 2 vols. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Click here Gaustad, E. S., and P. L. Barlow (eds.). 2001. New Historical Atlas of Religion in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Click here Snowdon, D. 2001. Aging with Grace: What the Nun Study Teaches Us about Leading Longer, Healthier, and More Meaningful Lives. New York: Bantam Books.
Click here Pargament. K. 2002. Archives of Internal Medicine. August.
Click here Barnes, M. H. 2000. Stages of Thought: The Co-Evolution of Religious Thought and Science. New York: Oxford University Press.
Click here Smith, H. 2001. Why Religion Matters: The Fate of the Human Spirit in an Age of Disbelief. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
Click here Boyer, P. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books.
Click here Brasher, B. 2001. Give Me That Online Religion. New York: Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
Click here Flanagan, O. 2002. The Problem of the Soul: Two Visions of Mind and How to Reconcile Them. New York: Basic Books.
Click here Larson, E. J., and L. Witham. 1997. “Scientists Are Still Keeping the Faith.” Nature, 386: 435.
Click here Sherrill, M. 2000. The Buddha from Brooklyn. New York: Random House.
APPENDIX I: What Does It Mean to Study Religion Scientifically? Or, How Social Scientists “Do” Science
Click here Sulloway, F. 1996. Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives. New York: Pantheon.
Click here For correlation data on twins and religiousity see Waller, N. G., B. Kojetin, T. Bouchard, D. Lykken, and A. Tellegen. 1990. “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Religious Attitudes and Values: A Study of Twins Reared Apart and Together,” Psychological Science, 1(2): 140.
Click here Jensen, A. R. 1971. “Note on Why Genetic Correlations Are Not Squared,” Psychological Bulletin, 75(3): 223.
Click here Sulloway, F. 1996. Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives. New York: Pantheon, pp. 371–372.
Click here Pargament, K. 1997. The Psychology of Religion and Coping. New York: Guilford.
Click here For more on the power and importance of correlations see Rosenthal, R., and R. L. Rosnow. 1984. Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Click here For a general survey of the field see Wulff, D. M. 1991. Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views. New York: John Wiley and Sons. See also:
Hood, R. W., B. Spilka, B. Hunsberger, and R. Gorsuch. 1996. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
Pals, D. L. 1996. Seven Theories of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
A Bibliographic Essay on Theism, Atheism, and Why People Believe in God
Click here Smith, G. H. 1989. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, pp. 3, 7.
Click here Taylor, A. E. 1947. Does God Exist? New York: Macmillan, p. 158.
Click here Martin, M. 1990. Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, pp. 4, 5, 24, 464–465.
Click here Wulff, D. M. 1991. Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Click here Hood, R. W., B. Spilka, B. Hunsberger, and R. Gorsuch. 1996. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
Click here Pals, D. L. 1996. Seven Theories of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Morris, B. 1987. Anthropological Studies of Religion. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Click here Lehmann, A. C., and J. E. Myers (eds.). 1993. Magic, Witchcraft, and Religion: An Anthropological Study of the Supernatural, 3rd ed. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield.
Click here Larue. G. 1975. Ancient Myth and Modern Man. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Click here Jensen, A. E. 1963. Myth and Cult Among Primitive Peoples, (trans.) M. T. Choldin and W. Weissleder. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Click here Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1965. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford: Clarend
on Press.
Click here Eliade, M. 1957. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, (trans.) W. R. Trask. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Click here Eliade, M. 1967. Myths, Dreams, and Mysteries: The Encounter Between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
Click here Weber, M. 1924. The Sociology of Religion, (trans.) E. Fischoff. Boston: Beacon Press.
Click here Mitchell, B. (ed.). 1971. The Philosophy of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Peterson, M., W. Hasker, B. Reichenbach, and D. Basinger (eds.). 1991. Reasons and Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Hick, J. 1964. The Existence of God: From Plato to A. J. Ayer on the Question “Does God Exist?” New York: Collier Books.
Click here Angeles, P. A. 1976. Critiques of God: A Major Statement of the Case against Belief in God. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
Click here Angeles, P. A. 1980. The Problem of God: A Short Introduction. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
Click here Stein, G. (ed.). 1980. An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
Click here Parsons, K. M. 1989. God and the Burden of Proof; Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytic Defense of Theism. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
Click here Lewis. C. S. 1943. Mere Christianity. New York: Macmillan.
Click here Lewis, C. S. 1947. Miracles. New York: Macmillan.
Click here Lewis, C. S. 1962. The Problem of Pain. New York: Macmillan.
Click here Aquinas, T. 1952 (1273). Summo Theologica. Great Books of the Western World. R. M. Hutchins (ed. in chief). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Click here Kushner, H. 1981. When Bad Things Happen to Good People. New York: Avon Books.
Click here Kushner, H. 1989. Who Needs God? New York: Pocket Books/Simon and Schuster, pp. 194, 201.
Click here Friedman, R. E. 1987. Who Wrote the Bible? New York: Simon and Schuster.
Click here Friedman, R. E. 1995. The Disappearance of God. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Click here Friedman. R. E. 1998. The Hidden Book in the Bible. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
Click here Mack, B. L. 1993. The Lost Gospel: The Book of Q and Christian Origins. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
Click here Mack, B. L. 1995. Who Wrote the New Testament? The Making of the Christian Myth. New York: HarperCollins.
Click here Helms, R. 1988. Gospel Fictions. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
Click here Helms, R. 1997. Who Wrote the Gospels? Altadena, Calif.: Millennium Press.
Click here Callahan, T. 1997. Bible Prophecy: Failure or Fulfillment? Altadena, Calif.: Millennium Press.
Click here Callahan, T. 2000. The Secret Origins of the Bible. Altadena, Calif.: Millennium Press.
Click here Buttrick, G. A., and N. B. Harmon (eds.). 1994. The Interpreter’s Bible: A Commentary in Twelve Volumes. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press.
Click here Freedman, D. L. led.). 1992. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday.
Click here Laynon, C. (ed.), 1971. The Interpreter’s One-Volume Commentary on the Bible. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press.
Click here Metzger, B., and R. Murphy. 1991. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Metzger, B., and M. Coogan (eds.). 1993. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Alter, R., and F. Kermode (eds.). 1987. The Literary Guide to the Bible. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Click here Brown, R., J. Fitzmyer, and R. Murphy (eds.). 1968. The Jerome Biblical Commentary. New York: Prentice Hall.
CREDITS
Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reproduce the following:
Click here Time Magazine Cover, April 8, 1966: Is God Dead? Courtesy of Time/Life.
Click here Excerpt from “The Hollow Men” in Collected Poems 1909–1962 by T.S. Eliot, copyright 1936 by Harcourt, Inc. Copyright 1964, 1963 by T. S. Eliot, reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Click here The Virgin Mary appears in Clearwater, Florida. Courtesy of Gary Posner, Tampa Bay Skeptics.
Click here Earliest Evidence of Hominid Magical Thinking. Courtesy of Ralph Solecki.
Click here Enhanced Magical Thinking by the Yanomamö. Courtesy of Napoleon Chagnon.
Click here Ambulocetus natans, a Transitional Fossil Between Land and Marine Mammals. Courtesy of Science.
Click here The Scopes Trial. Photograph by the author.
Click here The Institute for Creation Research. Photograph by the author.
Click here Martin Luther King Jr.’s Ebenezer Baptist Church and Monument to His Moral Courage and Nobility of Spirit. Photograph by the author.
Click here Bio-Cultural Pyramid. Designed by author. Rendered by Pat Linse.
Click here W. B. Yeats poem excerpt from Collected Poems. Courtesy of Simon and Schuster.
Click here The Opening of the Fifth and Sixth Seals, the Distribution of White Garments Among the Martyrs and the Fall of Stars (1498) by Albrecht Dürer. Woodcut from The Revelation of Saint John (Rev. VI, 9–15). Courtesy of Giraudon/Art Resource, New York.
Click here The Last Judgment (1558) by Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Pen and ink. Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Russia. Courtesy of Foto Marburg/Art Resource, New York.
Click here Detail from The Last Judgment (1536–1541) by Michelangelo Buonarroti. Sistine Chapel, Vatican Place, Vatican State. Courtesy of Alinari/Art Resource, New York.
Click here Machu Picchu and Chartres Cathedral. Photographs by the author. Data from Chapter 4, rendered into graphs by Pat Linse from Frank Sulloway’s original graphs, and presented in Appendix II:
Click here Three-Dimensional Surface Reconstruction of the Right Hemisphere of the Brain from Magnetic-Resonance Imaging. Courtesy of Nature.
Click here Changing Belief in Paranormal Phenomena. Courtesy of Gallup News Service.
Click here Why People Do Not Accept Evolution.
Click here Scientists Belief in God and Immortality, 1916 v. 1996.
Click here Skeptics Belief in God.
Click here General Belief in God.
Click here Religious Upbringing and Belief in God.
Click here Religious Upbringing and Religiosity.
Click here Education and Religiosity.
Click here Age and Belief in God.
Click here Age and Religiosity.
Click here Parental Conflict and Belief in God.
Click here Parental Conflict and Religiosity.
INDEX
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How We Believe, 2nd Ed. Page 41