Age of Anger

by Pankaj Mishra

  intolerable burden of

  and Kierkegaard

  and Nietzsche

  podvig in Russian literature

  and Rousseau

  and Schopenhauer

  and Tocqueville

  twentieth-century diminishing of

  see also individual, liberal universalist ideal of; will, individual

  Freeman, E. A.

  French Revolution

  Catherine of Russia on

  cult of ‘Supreme Being’

  de Tocqueville on

  Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)

  and equality

  executions of king and queen

  and German thinkers

  global spread of ideas of

  influence of Rousseau

  intellectual prehistory

  and terror

  and women

  Freud, Sigmund

  Fukuyama, Francis

  Fuller, Margaret

  Futurism

  Galileo

  Gandhi, Mohandas

  assassination of (1948)

  eulogies to Mazzini

  and Savarkar

  Hind Swaraj (1909)

  Gandhi, Rajiv, assassination of (1991)

  Garibaldi, Giuseppe

  Gay, Peter

  gender

  and French Revolution

  and German nationalism

  and Hindu nationalism

  inequality

  misogyny

  and Napoleon

  and Nietzsche

  and Rousseau

  Suzanne Voilquin’s travels

  women in Iran

  see also masculinity

  Gentz, Friedrich

  German Idealism

  German Romantics

  developmentalist ideology

  Herder’s cultural identity concept

  Kultur

  and Macpherson’s Ossian fraud

  and Marxism

  notion of self-cultivation/bildung

  organic national community (Volk)

  ressentiment of France

  and Rousseau

  and the spirit of history

  and Wagner

  Germany

  anti-Semitism in

  ‘catch-up’ with Atlantic West

  classical past

  far-right resurgence in

  fragmented pre-1815 political structure

  and French Revolution

  and imperialism

  industrialization

  literature

  Munich murders (2016)

  Napoleon’s invasion/occupation

  nationalism

  pan-Germanism

  philosophy

  post-1815 Confederation

  post-WW2 period

  radical student movement

  religious revival in nineteenth century

  search for ancestral myths

  Sorel’s influence in

  unification

  Wagnerian myth-making

  Wartburg castle ceremony (1817)

  Ghadar Party

  Ghotbzadeh, Sadegh

  Gifford, Gabrielle

  Girard, René

  globalization

  characteristics of

  as conjoined with international radicalism

  Keynes on

  nineteenth-century surge of mimetic desire

  and older forms of authority

  present-day clamour against

  and privatization of war

  Tocqueville’s warnings on

  de Gobineau, Arthur, Essay on the Inequality of Races (1853–5)

  Godse, Nathuram

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von

  Gogol, Nikolai

  Goldman, Emma

  Golwalkar, Madhav Sadashiv

  Gorky, Maxim

  Görres, Johann Joseph von

  Gothic style

  Gramsci, Antonio

  Gray, John

  Greek war of independence (1820s)

  Greene, Graham, The Quiet American (1955)

  Grimm, Frédéric-Melchior

  Grossman, David

  growth, economic

  as end-all of political life

  as enriching small minority

  Guantanamo

  Gurgaon, India

  Hardayal, Lala

  Hasan, Nidal

  Havel, Václav

  Hayek, Friedrich

  Hedayat, Sadegh, The Blind Owl (1937)

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

  Heidegger, Martin

  Heine, Heinrich

  Helvétius, Claude Adrien

  Henry, Émile

  Herder, Johann Gottfried

  Herzen, Alexander

  and 1848 revolution

  and the Decembrists

  and Nechaev affair

  on philosophes

  and Western materialist culture

  Herzl, Theodor

  notion of ‘Darwinian mimicry’

  Der Judenstaat (1895)

  Hindu nationalism

  and admiration for Nazi Germany

  anti-Muslim pogroms/massacres (2002)

  and appropriative mimicry

  Bharat Mata (Mother India) cult

  and Christian eschatology

  destruction of Babri mosque (1992)

  Hindu Mahasabha party

  Hindu supremacist terrorism (1909)

  Hindutva concept

  and Islam

  Mazzini’s influence

  Modi’s revolutionary futurism

  and popular culture

  Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

  and reconfiguring of Hinduism

  and social class

  Swami Vivekananda’s revivalism

  and violence

  Hitler, Adolf

  and Atatürk

  and D’Annunzio

  and Wagner’s opera

  Hobson, J. A.

  Hofmannsthal, Hugo von

  Hölderlin, Friedrich

  ‘Holy Alliance’

  Holy Roman Empire

  homosexuality

  Hong Kong

  Hoveida, Amir Abbas

  human rights

  Hume, David

  Hungary

  Huntington, Samuel

  Hussein, Saddam

  Huysmans, J. K., A Rebours (1884)

  ideology, theory of

  Ignatieff, Michael

  immigrants

  anarchists in USA

  fin de siècle as great age of migration

  hate-mongering against

  Polish émigrés in Turkey

  racism towards after Brexit vote

  imperialism, Western

  backlashes in name of traditional society

  creation of ‘long-term losers’ by

  decolonization

  exporting of modernity

  French

  German

  institutionalization of racism by

  Italian

  justifications for violence

  legacy for nation states

  of Napoleon

  neo-imperialism

  nineteenth-century expansion of

  Rhodes on

  Spanish American colonies

  and Tocqueville

  see also British Empire; post-colonial states

  India

  author’s upbringing in

  caste system

  and European mystical doctrines

  gods and goddesses

  independence (1947)

  Indian Mutiny (1857)

  and individualism

  inequality in

  Kashmiri and Naga insurgencies

  Maoist guerrillas in

  Marx on

  modernization

  nuclear tests (1998)

  post-independence writers and artists

  and Herbert Spencer

  universal suffrage in

  Young India

  see also Hindu nationalism

  individual, liberal universalist
ideal of

  attempts to impose by force

  and capitalist modernization

  Enlightenment inception of

  failed universalization of

  fin de siècle rejections of

  and French Revolution

  German counter-tradition

  and Mill

  Napoleon’s politicization of

  and new post-war ‘Western Model’

  notion of self-expansion

  and the philosophes

  promoted by privileged minority

  rational choice-making capacity

  Rousseau as critic

  and Sorel

  worldwide spread of

  individualism

  and Bakunin

  and creeping despotism

  culture of competition and mimicry

  and digital media

  dominance of since 1990s

  and Dostoyevsky’s writings

  and globalization

  and ISIS

  and Mazzini

  neo-liberal fantasy of

  nineteenth-century rise of

  Ayn Randian clichés

  rational egoism notion

  rhetoric of self-empowerment

  and rise of ressentiment

  in USA

  war of all against all

  Indonesia

  industrial revolution

  inequality

  as abetted by intellectual classes

  in India

  in nineteenth/early twentieth century

  present-day

  intellectual and artist class

  ‘comprador intelligentsia’

  fin de siècle

  as first apostles of nationalism

  and French Revolution

  in India

  in Muslim countries

  support of despotic modernizers

  and Voltaire-Rousseau battle

  see also German Romantics; philosophes

  Iqbal, Muhammad

  IRA

  Iran

  Khomeini’s rule

  Khomeini’s velayat-e faqih (guardianship by jurist)

  revolution (1978)

  Shah of

  Shah’s repressive security apparatus

  US and UK backed coup (1953)

  Iran-Iraq war (1981–8)

  Iraq

  First Gulf War (1990)

  invasion of (2003)

  Ireland

  ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)

  appeal of

  birth of

  destruction as a creative passion

  and individualism

  intellectual forefathers

  and ‘narcissism of small difference’

  use of internet

  Western bafflement at

  Islam

  Jalal Al-e-Ahmad writings

  and Atatürk

  cartoons lampooning Prophet Mohammed

  clash of civilizations thesis

  and Erdogan

  and European fin de siècle

  ‘experts’ on

  first generation of Islamists

  and Hindu nationalism

  intellectual and artist class

  Iranian revolution (1978)

  Italian invasion of Libya (1911)

  Naipaul on

  pan-Islamism

  in post-colonial states

  and Rashid Rida

  Shiite tradition

  Sunni tradition

  and Voltaire

  Western campaign to ‘reform’

  Islamism, Radical

  9/11 terrorist attacks

  al-Suri’s jihad strategy

  appeal of

  and Christian eschatology

  as disconnected from Islamic faith

  historical continuity explanations

  ideological eclecticism

  intellectual forefathers

  and ‘jihad’

  and local defences of autonomy

  mimetic violence

  as product of modern era

  and pseudo-explanations

  and struggle against sensuousness

  and urbanization

  World Trade Centre attack (1993)

  see also ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)

  Israel

  Italy

  assassination of Umberto I (1878)

  Bakunin’s influence

  Carboneria

  city states

  constitutionalist revolt (1820–21)

  failings of unified state

  far-right resurgence in

  Fascism

  fin de siècle migration

  and First World War

  and ‘Free State of Fiume’

  imperial ambitions

  industrialization

  Lazzaretti in Tuscany

  literature

  Marx on

  militarism in late nineteenth century

  Northern League

  post-WW2 period

  Risorgimento

  Sorel’s influence in

  unification

  Young Italy

  see also Mazzini, Giuseppe

  Jabotinsky, Vladimir Ze’ev

  Jacobi, Friedrich

  Jacobins

  Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig

  James, Henry

  Japan

  Jena-Auerstädt, battle of (1806)

  Jews

  see also anti-Semitism

  Jihadi John

  jingoism

  Johnson, Samuel

  Joyce, James, Ulysses (1922)

  Jünger, Ernst

  Kalimantan, Indonesia

  Kang Youwei

  Kant, Immanuel

  Kashmir

  Kasravi, Ahmad

  Keats, John

  Kepler, Johannes

  Keynes, John Maynard

  Khamenei, Ali

  Khan, Ayub

  Khomeini, Ayatollah

  post-revolutionary reign of terror

  Kierkegaard, Soren

  Kipling, Rudyard

  Kitaro, Nishida

  Kleist, Heinrich von

  Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb

  Kölcsey, Ferenc

  Korner, Theodor

  Kotkin, Stephen

  Kropotkin, Peter

  Kuliscioff, Anna

  Kyle, Chris, American Sniper

  Kyoto School of philosophy

  de Lafayette, Marquis

  de Lagarde, Paul

  de Lamartine, Alphonse

  de Lamennais, Abbé Félicité

  Words of a Believer (1834)

  Lang Lang (pianist)

  Le Pen, Marine

  Lebanon

  Lees, Edith

  Lenin

  Leroux, Pierre

  Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim

  Lewis, Bernard

  Li Shizeng

  Liang Qichao

  liberalism, classical

  Adam Smith’s theory

  ideal of pursuit of individual interests

  see also free market ideology; neo-liberalism

  Libya

  Lichtheim, George

  Locke, John

  Lohia, Rammanohar

  Loughner, Jared

  Louis Vuitton

  Louis XIV, King of France

  Lu Xun

  Luce, Henry

  Luther, Martin

  Macpherson, James, Ossian fraud

  de Maistre, Joseph

  Malatesta, Errico

  Mali

  mandarin culture

  Mandela, Nelson

  Mandelstam, Osip, ‘My Age, My Beast’ (1918)

  Mann, Heinrich

  Mann, Thomas

  Mannheim, Karl

  Manzoni, Alessandro

  Mao Zedong

  al-Maqdisi, Abu Mohammed

  Marat, Jean-Paul

  Marinetti, Filippo

  The Futurist Manifesto (1909)

  Marx, Karl

  The Communist Manifesto (1848)

  view of history
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  Marxism

  dialectic

  dream of universal utopia

  see also Communism

  masculinity

  crisis of in nineteenth century

  fixation with manliness

  and Hindu nationalism

  machismo of Napoleon

  New Man in fin de siècle

  Mateen, Omar

  Maududi, Abu Al-Ala

  May, Theresa

  Mazzini, Giuseppe

  non-European disciples

  religion of humanity

  ‘Third Rome’ plan

  McEwan, Ian, Amsterdam (1998)

  McKinley, William, assassination of (1901)

  McLuhan, Marshall

  McVeigh, Timothy

  media

  see also digital communications

  Meinecke, Friedrich

  messianism, revolutionary

  metric system

  Metternich, Prince

  Mexico

  Meyerbeer, Giacomo

  Michelet, Jules

  Michels, Robert

  Mickiewicz, Adam

  Micklethwait, John

  Middle Ages

  Middle East

  division into mandates

  Israeli assault on Lebanon (2006)

  see also individual countries

  Miglio, Gianfranco

  Mill, John Stuart

  mimesis

  and Adam Smith’s theories

  appropriative mimicry

  and commercial society

  Herzl’s’Darwinian mimicry’

  mimetic desire

  national emulation

  and ressentiment

  and Rousseau

  and violence

  and Westernizing dictators

  Mishima, Yukio

  modernity

  Anglo-America as maker of modern world

  Enlightenment inauguration of

  and European imperialism

  fin de siècle rejections of

  German counter-tradition

  and Khomeini

  latecomers to

  Marshall Berman’s definition

  and mimetic desire

  modernization from above

  and Naipaul’s ‘mimic men’

  and post-colonial nations

  reappearance of mythic volk

  violent history of

  and Voltaire-Rousseau battle

  West vs Islam binary

  see also Enlightenment; individual, liberal universalist ideal of; progress, Enlightenment/modern notions of; Western society (the West)

  modernization theory

  Modi, Narendra

  Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh

  Montaigne

  Montesquieu

  Persian Letters (1721)

  The Spirit of the Laws (1748)

  Mosaddeq, Mohammad

  Mosca, Gaetano

  Most, Johann

  Muenzer, Thomas

  Mukerjee, Radhakamal

  Mumbai

  Munif, Abd al-Rahman, Cities of Salt (1984)

  Mussolini, Benito

  Myanmar

  Naipaul, V. S.

  Napoleon

  imperialism

  invasion/occupation of Germany

  nostalgia for era of

  secular universalist project

  ‘narcissism of small difference’

  nation states

  implosions of in Africa/Middle East

  legacy of imperialism

  nineteenth-century rise of

  postcolonial nation-building ideologies

  rise of in Africa and Asia

  social democracy in post-WW2 era

  nationalism

  Arab

  Chinese