The Plum in the Golden Vase or, Chin P'ing Mei

by Roy, David Tod

  14. This four-character expression occurs in Chin-chien chi, scene 25, p. 80, l. 4.

  15. This four-character expression occurs in the prose preface to a quatrain by Huang-fu Jan (cs 756), Ch’üan T’ang shih, vol. 4, chüan 250, p. 2820, l. 13; and T’ien-yüan ch’i-yü, chüan 8, p. 7a, l. 4.

  16. This four-character expression occurs in Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 3:898, l. 16; Yung-hsi yüeh-fu, ts’e 17, p. 62a, l. 6; and Ko tai hsiao, scene 4, p. 156, l. 1.

  17. This four-character expression occurs in Yü Chung-chü t’i-shih yü shang-huang, p. 69, l. 16; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 2, ch. 31, p. 478, l. 13; and Hsi-yu chi, vol. 1, ch. 9, p. 92, l. 10.

  18. This four-character expression occurs in Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 1, ch. 18, p. 258, l. 16; Ts’o-jen shih, p. 226, l. 3; and Ch’üan-Han chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 5, p. 9a, l. 10.

  19. The borrowing from the middle-period vernacular story Hsin-ch’iao shih Han Wu mai ch’un-ch’ing ends at this point. See above, chap. 98, n. 14.

  20. This four-character expression occurs in Chuang-tzu yin-te, ch. 2, p. 6, l. 10; Huai-hsiang chi, scene 16, p. 43, l. 12; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 4, ch. 104, p. 1598, l. 12; and San-pao t’ai-chien Hsi-yang chi t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, ch. 41, p. 534, l. 6.

  21. This four-character expression occurs in the commentary to San-kuo chih, by P’ei Sung-chih (372–451). See ibid., vol. 1, chüan 5, p. 160, l. 9. It also occurs in San-kuo chih t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, chüan 7, p. 324, l. 5.

  22. The proximate source of this quatrain, with some textual variation, is Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 2, ch. 36, p. 571, l. 6. The final couplet, with one insignificant textual variant, has already occurred in the novel. See above, chap. 87, n. 11.

  23. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., Huan-men tzu-ti ts’o li-shen, scene 5, p. 231, l. 7; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 2:472, l. 14; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 2:418, l. 20; Shih-wu kuan hsi-yen ch’eng ch’iao-huo, p. 702, l. 15; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 1, ch. 10, p. 150, l. 7; and a host of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  24. Li Kang (1083–1140) is a historical figure. For his biography, see Sung shih, vol. 32, chüan 358–59, pp. 11241–74.

  25. Ch’ung Shih-tao (1051–1126) is a historical figure. For his biography, see ibid., vol. 31, chüan 335, pp. 10750–53.

  26. This formulaic opening for imperial edicts occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., Yu-kuei chi, scene 40, p. 115, l. 2; Shuang-chung chi, chüan 2, scene 23, p. 11a, l. 5; San-yüan chi, scene 34, p. 91, l. 1; Hsiu-ju chi, scene 41, p. 111, l. 1; Tung Yung yü-hsien chuan, p. 239, l. 16; Pao-chien chi, scene 52, p. 95, l. 11; Ming-feng chi, scene 41, p. 177, l. 5; Mu-lien chiu-mu ch’üan-shan hsi-wen, chüan 3, p. 5a, l. 6; Su Ying huang-hou ying-wu chi, chüan 2, scene 31, p. 26b, l. 10; Ts’an-T’ang Wu-tai shih yen-i chuan, ch. 7, p. 20, l. 24; Han-tan meng chi, scene 5, p. 2303, l. 13; Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 1, chüan 1, ch. 2, p. 19a, l. 7; and an abundance of other occurrences, too numerous to list. The first four characters of this formula occur independently in Hsi-yu chi, vol. 1, ch. 29, p. 329, l. 17; San-pao t’ai-chien Hsi-yang chi t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, ch. 10, p. 120, l. 9; and Huang-Ming k’ai-yün ying-wu chuan, chüan 1, p. 1a, l. 12. The last four characters also occur independently in Hsiu-ju chi, scene 34, p. 96, l. 7.

  27. This four-character expression occurs in Kuan-shih-yin p’u-sa pen-hsing ching, p. 15b, l. 1; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 3, ch. 75, p. 1258, l. 1; and Ch’üan-Han chih-chuan, vol. 3, chüan 6, p. 37a, l. 2.

  28. The Three August Ones and the Five Emperors are legendary rulers from Chinese prehistory, who are variously identified in different sources and are credited with creating the foundations of traditional Chinese society.

  29. This four-character expression occurs in a poem by Shao Yung (1011–77), Ch’üan Sung shih, 7:4652, l. 8.

  30. The proximate source of the above passage, with considerable textual variation, is Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 3, ch. 75, p. 1258, ll. 1–2.

  31. On T’ang, see Roy, The Plum in the Golden Vase, vol. 4, chap. 71, n. 16.

  32. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese literature. See, e.g., a statement made in 500 by Hsiao Yen (464–549), Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty (r. 502–49), Liang shu (History of the Liang dynasty [502–57]), comp. Yao Ch’a (533–606) and Yao Ssu-lien (d. 637), 3 vols. (Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1973), vol. 1, chüan 1, p. 4, l. 8; a statement made in 635 by Emperor T’ai-tsung of the T’ang dynasty (r. 626–49), Chiu T’ang shu, vol. 1, chüan 2, p. 31, l. 2; Wu-wang fa Chou p’ing-hua, p. 13, l. 7; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 2:720, ll. 11–12; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 2:524, l. 21; a song by Chang K’o-chiu (1270–1348), Ch’üan Yüan san-ch’ü, 1:826, l. 7; Yu-kuei chi, scene 4, p. 6, l. 2; Yüeh Fei p’o-lu tung-ch’uang chi, chüan 1, scene 7, p. 9b, l. 10; Huan-tai chi, chüan 2, scene 25, p. 11b, l. 6; Shuang-chu chi, scene 38, p. 133, l. 8; Lieh-kuo chih-chuan, vol. 1, chüan 2, p. 2a, l. 7; Pai-chia kung-an, chüan 2, ch. 13, p. 16b, l. 9; San-pao t’ai-chien Hsi-yang chi t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 2, ch. 63, p. 815, l. 10; Shuang-lieh chi, scene 37, p. 102, ll. 7–8; Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 1, chüan 1, ch. 2, p.16a, l. 8; Sui-T’ang liang-ch’ao shih-chuan, chüan 11, ch. 104, p. 22b, l. 2; and an abundance of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  33. The proximate source of the above four sentences, with minor textual differences, is Yü-huan chi, scene 25, p. 92, l. 12–p. 93, l. 1.

  34. The proximate source of these two sentences, with some textual variation, is ibid., scene 25, p. 93, ll. 4–5.

  35. Virtually synonymous versions of this proverbial couplet occur in Huan-men tzu-ti ts’o li-shen, scene 5, p. 232, l. 11; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 3:932, ll. 13–14; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 3:710, l. 11; Wan Hsiu-niang ch’ou-pao shan-t’ing-erh, p. 561, l. 7; Hsün-ch’in chi, scene 7, p. 23, ll. 5–6; Ta-Sung chung-hsing yen-i, vol. 2, chüan 8, p. 20a, ll. 7–8; Tung-t’ien hsüan-chi, scene 1, p. 3b, ll. 13–14; and Mu-lien chiu-mu ch’üan-shan hsi-wen, chüan 2, p. 23a, l. 1. It occurs in the same form as in the novel in Ching-ch’ai chi, scene 28, p. 87, l. 11; [Hsin-pien] Liu Chih-yüan huan-hsiang Pai-t’u chi, p. 37b, l. 13; Yü-huan chi, scene 28, p. 102, l. 8; Hsiang-nang chi, scene 19, p. 53, l. 1; Huan-tai chi, chüan 1, scene 13, p. 37b, l. 5; Huang hsiao-tzu, chüan 2, scene 26, p. 42a, l. 4; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 1, ch. 16, p. 226, ll. 10–11; Chieh-chih-erh chi, p. 247, l. 3; Tuan-fa chi, chüan 2, scene 36, p. 42b, ll. 2–3; San-pao t’ai-chien Hsi-yang chi t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 2, ch. 70, p. 906, l. 2; and a host of other occurrences, too numerous to list. The second line of the couplet also occurs independently in P’o-yao chi, chüan 1, scene 2, p. 3b, l. 9.

  36. A synonymous variant of this line occurs in Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 2:814, l. 10. It occurs in the same form as in the novel in [Hsin-pien] Liu Chih-yüan huan-hsiang Pai-t’u chi, p. 30b, l. 6.

  37. Variants of this expression occur in Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 4:1392, l. 6; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 2:635, l. 20; Chi Ya-fan chin-man ch’an-huo, p. 280, ll. 12–13; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 1, ch. 8, p. 130, l. 15; and San Sui p’ing-yao chuan, chüan 2, ch. 8, p. 24a, l. 6. The wording of the variant from San Sui p’ing-yao chuan is the closest to that in the novel.

  38. Orthographic variants of this four-character phrase occur in Ts’ui Ya-nei pai-yao chao-yao, p. 268, ll. 12–13; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 1, ch. 3, p. 52, l. 1; Huan-sha chi, scene 17, p. 58, l. 10; Hsi-yu chi, vol. 2, ch. 67, p. 769, l. 4; and San-pao t’ai-chien Hsi-yang chi t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 2, ch. 69, p. 888, l. 15.

  39. This four-character expression occurs in I-chien chih, vol. 1, ping-chi (third collection), chüan 3, p. 388, l. 13.

  40. A variant of this proverbial couplet occurs in Shih Hung-chao lung-hu chün-ch’en hui, p. 227, l. 4.

  41. A line of one less character, but otherwise identical wording, occurs in Hsi-yu chi, vol. 1, ch. 7, p. 69, l. 2.

  4
2. This line, which has become proverbial, is attributed to Hsü Hsüan (917–92) in Yeh-k’o ts’ung-shu (Collected writings of a rustic sojourner), by Wang Mao (1151–1213) (Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1987), chüan 29, p. 335, ll. 6–7. It occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., Chang Hsieh chuang-yüan, scene 20, p. 107, l. 10; Hsiao Sun-t’u, scene 10, p. 296, l. 5; a song by Kao K’o-li (14th century), Ch’üan Yüan san-ch’ü, 2:1083, ll. 5–6; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 3:977, l. 8; Chao-shih ku-erh chi, chüan 2, scene 37, p. 28b, l. 2; Sha-kou chi, scene 26, p. 99, l. 4; P’i-p’a chi, scene 26, p. 152, l. 13; Pai-t’u chi, scene 3, p. 7, l. 12; P’o-yao chi, chüan 2, scene 18, p. 6a, l. 7; Yü-huan chi, scene 11, p. 39, l. 3; Yüeh Fei p’o-lu tung-ch’uang chi, chüan 1, scene 18, p. 29b, l. 10; Huang hsiao-tzu, chüan 2, scene 14, p. 3b, l. 10; San-yüan chi, scene 5, p. 13, l. 4; Shang Lu san-yüan chi, chüan 1, scene 12, p. 17a, ll. 2–3; Huan-sha chi, scene 43, p. 153, l. 9; Mu-lien chiu-mu ch’üan-shan hsi-wen, chüan 2, p. 9b, l. 7; Pa-i chi, scene 37, p. 80, l. 3; Pai-chia kung-an, chüan 3, ch. 21, p. 3a, l. 3; and a host of other occurrences, too numerous to list. Synonymous variants of this line also occur in Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 1:288, l. 8; [Hsin-pien] Liu Chih-yüan huan-hsiang Pai-t’u chi, p. 9a, l. 12; and Pao-chien chi, scene 48, p. 86, l. 24.

  43. A nearly verbatim version of this quatrain occurs in Ts’o-jen shih, p. 219, ll. 14–15, which is probably its proximate source.

  44. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., [Hsin-pien] Wu-tai shih p’ing-hua, p. 188, l. 12; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 2, ch. 29, p. 452, l. 5; Pei Sung chih-chuan, vol. 3, chüan 10, p. 4b, l. 7; Lieh-kuo chih-chuan, vol. 1, chüan 1, p. 49b, l. 3; Huang-Ming k’ai-yün ying-wu chuan, chüan 1, p. 11a, l. 10; Ch’eng-yün chuan, chüan 3, p. 6a, l. 8; Ch’üan-Han chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 2, p. 15a, l. 4; San-pao t’ai-chien Hsi-yang chi t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, ch. 23, p. 303, l. 2; Shuang-lieh chi, scene 23, p. 67, ll. 11–12; Tung-yu chi: shang-tung pa-hsien chuan, chüan 2, p. 46a, l. 8; Yang-chia fu shih-tai chung-yung yen-i chih-chuan, vol. 1, chüan 4, p. 34b, l. 10; Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 1, chüan 1, ch. 2, p. 23b, l. 10; and Sui-T’ang liang-ch’ao shih-chuan, chüan 2, ch. 16, p. 29b, l. 3.

  45. This four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese literature. See, e.g., an admonitory memorial submitted upon his death in 1101 by Fan Ch’un-jen (1027–1101), as quoted in Huang-ch’ao pien-nien kang-mu pei-yao, vol. 2, chüan 26, p. 2a, l. 1; Chin-yen chi (Candid memorials collection), by Liu An-shih (1048–1125) (Shanghai: Shang-wu yin-shu kuan, 1934), chüan 12, p. 15a, l. 9; a memorial submitted in 1196 by a contemporary of Chu Hsi (1130–1200), as quoted in Hui-an hsien-sheng Chu Wen-kung wen-chi, chüan 72, p. 13b, l. 3; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 3:1073, l. 2; Li Yün-ch’ing te-wu sheng-chen, scene 1, p. 1b, l. 14; Hsiao-p’in chi, p. 115, l. 7; San-kuo chih t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 2, chüan 21, p. 1008, l. 12; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 3, ch. 61, p. 1028, l. 3; a lyric by Ku Lin (1476–1545), Ch’üan Ming tz’u, 2:590, upper register, l. 11; and Yang-chia fu shih-tai chung-yung yen-i chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 5, p. 47b, l. 5.

  46. This four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese literature. See, e.g., a speech attributed to Yen Chih-i (523–91) in his biography in Chou shu (History of the Chou dynasty [557–81]), comp. Ling-hu Te-fen (583–666), 3 vols. (Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1971), vol. 3, chüan 40, p. 720, l. 9; Huang-ch’ao pien-nien kang-mu pei-yao, vol. 2, chüan 29, p. 26b, l. 2; the biography of Yüeh Fei (1104–42), in Sung shih, vol. 33, chüan 365, p. 11393, l. 10; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 1:42, l. 9; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 1:173, l. 15; Shou-t’ing hou nu chan Kuan P’ing, scene 1, p. 3b, l. 12; the anonymous Yüan-Ming tsa-chü drama Wei Cheng kai-chao (Wei Cheng alters the rescript), in Ku-pen Yüan Ming tsa-chü, vol. 3, scene 1, p. 2a, l. 7; Yüeh Fei p’o-lu tung-ch’uang chi, chüan 1, scene 2, p. 2a, l. 10; San-kuo chih t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, chüan 12, p. 540, l. 19; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 2, ch. 58, p. 974, l. 15; Ta-Sung chung-hsing yen-i, vol. 1, chüan 1, p. 40b, l. 9; Pei Sung chih-chuan, vol. 3, chüan 7, p. 2a, l. 9; Lieh-kuo chih-chuan, vol. 3, chüan 8, p. 23b, l. 8; Ssu-hsi chi, scene 10, p. 24, l. 11; Huang-Ming k’ai-yün ying-wu chuan, chüan 2, p. 22a, l. 6; Sui-T’ang liang-ch’ao shih-chuan, chüan 6, ch. 55, p. 29a, ll. 4–5; and a host of other occurrences, too numerous to list.

  47. This four-character expression occurs in a poem by Chu Shu-chen (fl. 1078–1138), Ch’üan Sung shih, 28:17990, l. 17; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 2:422, l. 20; and P’o-yao chi, chüan 1, scene 12, p. 35b, l. 3.

  48. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 2:752, l. 3; Kuan Yün-ch’ang i-yung tz’u-chin, scene 3, p. 156, l. 8; San-kuo chih t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, chüan 3, p. 117, l. 15; Chiang Shih yüeh-li chi, chüan 1, scene 11, p. 19b, l. 2; T’ang-shu chih-chuan t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, chüan 4, p. 23a, l. 8; Hsi-yu chi, vol. 1, ch. 13, p. 150, l. 12; Ch’üan-Han chih-chuan, vol. 3, chüan 5, p. 8a, ll. 2–3; Yang-chia fu shih-tai chung-yung yen-i chih-chuan, vol. 2, chüan 7, p. 6b, l. 6; and Ta-T’ang Ch’in-wang tz’u-hua, vol. 1, chüan 3, ch. 24, p. 80a, l. 6.

  49. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese vernacular literature. See, e.g., Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 2:690, l. 8; Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 1:48, l. 3; Wu Lun-ch’üan Pei, chüan 3, scene 18, p. 15a, l. 4; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 2, ch. 34, p. 534, l. 2; Wang Chao-chün ch’u-sai ho-jung chi, chüan 2, scene 25, p. 14a, l. 9; and San-pao t’ai-chien Hsi-yang chi t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 1, ch. 35, p. 452, l. 4.

  50. This four-character expression occurs in Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 1:188, l. 18.

  51. An orthographic variant of this four-character expression occurs in Yüan-ch’ü hsüan wai-pien, 3:1021, l. 18; and Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 3, ch. 55, p. 919, l. 3.

  52. The proximate source of this set piece of descriptive parallel prose, with minor textual variation, is Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 2, ch. 52, p. 862, l. 16–p. 863, l. 1. The final couplet, with one insignificant variant, recurs four times in ibid., vol. 3, ch. 59, p. 985, l. 11; ch. 68, p. 1154, l. 8; ch. 76, p. 1265, l. 6; and ch. 77, p. 1281, l. 1.

  53. This couplet occurs in Yüan-ch’ü hsüan, 4:1420, l. 19.

  54. Variants of this expression occur in Chang Hsieh chuang-yüan, scene 29, p. 145, l. 17; and Chin-t’ung Yü-nü Chiao Hung chi, p. 43, l. 10. It occurs in the same form as in the novel in a lyric by a Yüan dynasty woman surnamed Wu, Ch’üan Chin Yüan tz’u, 2:860, lower register, l. 6; and a fragment of a lost Ming dynasty ch’uan-ch’i drama preserved in Feng-yüeh chin-nang [chien-chiao], p. 320, l. 7.

  55. This formulaic four-character expression occurs in Yüeh Fei p’o-lu tung-ch’uang chi, chüan 1, scene 18, p. 30a, l. 8; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 2, ch. 41, p. 662, l. 4; Han Hsiang-tzu chiu-tu Wen-kung sheng-hsien chi, chüan 1, scene 6, p. 12b, l. 8; Hsi-yu chi, vol. 2, ch. 84, p. 954, l. 7; and Chieh-hsia chi, scene 28, p. 68, l. 9.

  56. This four-character expression occurs in Yü-huan chi, scene 29, p. 106, l. 11.

  57. This four-character expression occurs in Ching-ch’ai chi, scene 33, p. 103, l. 10.

  58. The proximate source of this quatrain is Yü-huan chi, scene 2, p. 4, ll. 4–5; where it occurs verbatim.

  Chapter 100

  1. In A.D. 225 Chu-ko Liang (181–234), the most famous statesman of the Three Kingdoms period (220–80), is said to have captured and released seven times in a row the rebellious head of an ethnic minority in Szechwan province named Meng Huo, who finally submitted and promised not to rebel again.

  2. Lü Meng (178–219), a leading general of the state of Wu, twice defeated Kuan Yü (160–219), the most famous general of the state of Shu, and was responsible for his death on the second occasion.

  3. The proximate source of this poem, with some textual variation, is Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 3, ch. 57, p. 953, ll. 3–4.

  4. A synonymous variant of t
his four-character expression occurs in Pai-she chi, chüan 1, scene 10, p. 20a, l. 6. It occurs in the same form as in the novel in Hsiao fu-jen chin-ch’ien tseng nien-shao, p. 227, l. 1.

  5. This four-character expression occurs in Hsi-yu chi, vol. 1, ch. 4, p. 46, l. 3.

  6. This four-character expression occurs in Ming-chu chi, scene 37, p. 117, l. 1.

  7. This formulaic four-character expression occurs ubiquitously in Chinese literature. See, e.g., a gatha by the Buddhist monk Tao-ning (1053–1113), Ch’üan Sung shih, 19:12899, l. 11; a poem by the Buddhist monk Huai-shen (1077–1132), ibid., 24:16150, l. 4; Hsiao fu-jen chin-ch’ien tseng nien-shao, p. 227, l. 1; Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 2, ch. 30, p. 461, ll. 9–10; an anonymous set of songs in Yung-hsi yüeh-fu, ts’e 18, p. 51a, l. 2; Tung-t’ien hsüan-chi, scene 2, p. 8a, l. 4; San-pao t’ai-chien Hsi-yang chi t’ung-su yen-i, vol. 2, ch. 93, p. 1202, ll. 14–15; and a song suite by Hu Wen-huan (fl. 1592–1617), Ch’üan Ming san-ch’ü, 3:2939, l. 2.

  8. The above episode about Li An and his mother is derived from Hsiao fu-jen chin-ch’ien tseng nien-shao, pp. 226, l. 2–227, l. 1.

  9. The proximate source of these four quatrains, with only minor textual variations, is a passage in Yü-huan chi, scene 21, p. 78, ll. 1–4.

  10. This four-character expression occurs in Ming-chu chi, scene 12, p. 36, l. 5; Hsün-ch’in chi, scene 15, p. 49, l. 7; Pao-chien chi, scene 23, p. 43, ll. 13–14; Hsi-yu chi, vol. 1, ch. 43, p. 497, l. 1; and Ts’an-T’ang Wu-tai shih yen-i chuan, ch. 6, p. 15, l. 15.

  11. This four-character expression occurs in a memorial submitted in 1061 by Ssu-ma Kuang (1019–86), Ssu-ma Kuang tsou-i, chüan 4, p. 36, l. 10; Hsüan-ho i-shih, p. 59, l. 1; and a letter by Li Chih (1527–1602) in his Fen-shu (A book to be burned) (Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1961), chüan 2, p. 47, l. 10.

  12. This four-character expression occurs in Shui-hu ch’üan-chuan, vol. 1, ch. 5, p. 90, l. 6; and Hsi-yu chi, vol. 2, ch. 58, p. 672, ll. 8–9.