Drunks

by Christopher Finan

  10. Ibid., 69, 75.

  11. Ibid., 12.

  12. Ibid., 68–69, 70, 75; Alden T. Vaughan, New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 1620–1675 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), 46.

  13. Vaughan, New England Frontier, 43; Bartlett B. James and J. Franklin Jameson, Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679–1680 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 179–80.

  14. Mancall, Deadly Medicine, 46.

  15. Ibid., 52.

  16. James and Jameson, Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 180; William E. Johnson, The Federal Government and the Liquor Traffic (Westerville, OH: American Issue Publishing, 1911), 176–77; Mancall, Deadly Medicine, 99.

  17. Mancall, Deadly Medicine, 91, 96, 97.

  18. Ibid., 107, 123.

  19. Don L. Coyhis and William L. White, Alcohol Problems in Native America: The Untold Story of Resistance and Recovery—“The Truth About the Lie” (Colorado Springs, CO: White Bison, 2006), 69; Mancall, Deadly Medicine, 120.

  20. Mancall, Deadly Medicine, 52, 91, 120.

  21. Ibid., 93.

  22. Anthony F. C. Wallace, Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 296.

  23. Wallace, Death and Rebirth of the Seneca, 120.

  24. Gregory E. Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 126.

  25. Ibid., 142.

  26. Ibid., 138.

  27. Wallace, Death and Rebirth of the Seneca, 244. Subsequent quotes in this chapter are from pp. 284, 278, 301, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309, 310, 318, and 319–20.

  CHAPTER TWO: OUT OF THE GUTTER

  1. William George Hawkins, The Life of John H. W. Hawkins (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1859), 71.

  2. Rev. O. W. Morris to Rev. William G. Hawkins, October 25, 1858, quoted in ibid., 72.

  3. Hawkins, The Life of John H. W. Hawkins, 73.

  4. David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), 76.

  5. Edwards quoted in Jed Dannenbaum, Drink and Disorder: Temperance Reform in Cincinnati from the Washingtonian Revival to the WCTU (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), 38.

  6. Hawkins, The Life of John H. W. Hawkins, 4, 5–6.

  7. Ibid., 26, 40.

  8. Ibid., 40.

  9. Ibid., 59.

  10. Ibid., 92.

  11. Ibid., 71, 92.

  12. Ibid., 92–93.

  13. David Harrisson Jr., A Voice from the Washingtonian Home (Boston: Redding & Co., 1860), 47.

  14. John Zug to Editor, Journal of the American Temperance Union (December 12, 1840), quoted in Hawkins, The Life of John H. W. Hawkins, footnote, 67–68.

  15. Hawkins, The Life of John H. W. Hawkins, 86.

  16. Ibid., 84–85.

  17. Ibid., 85, 87.

  18. Ibid., 86; Mercantile Journal quoted in ibid., 89.

  19. Ibid., 95–96.

  20. Leonard U. Blumberg and William L. Pittman, Beware the First Drink! The Washington Temperance Movement and Alcoholics Anonymous (Seattle: Glen Abby Books, 1991), 76; Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 307.

  21. Ruth M. Alexander, “’We Are Engaged as a Band of Sisters’: Class and Domesticity in the Washingtonian Temperance Movement, 1840–1850,” Journal of American History 75, no. 3 (December 1988), 771.

  22. Blumberg and Pittman, Beware the First Drink!, 145.

  23. Hawkins, The Life of John H. W. Hawkins, 301.

  24. Ibid., 197.

  25. Ibid., 189.

  26. Abraham Lincoln, “An Address Delivered before the Springfield Washington Temperance Society, on the 22nd of February, 1842,” The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 1, ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 275, 276–77.

  27. Ibid., 273–74, 277, 278.

  28. Ibid., 273, 276.

  29. Abraham Lincoln, Great Speeches (New York: Dover Publications, 1991), 8; Lincoln, “An Address Delivered Before the Springfield Washington Temperance Society,” 279.

  30. John B. Gough, Autobiography and Personal Recollections of John B. Gough, with 26 Years’ Experience as a Public Speaker (Springfield, MA: Bill, Nichols & Co., 1870), 175, 179.

  31. Journal of the American Temperance Union, 6 (October 1842), 154; John Marsh, Temperance Recollections: Labors, Defeats, Triumphs; an Autobiography (New York: Charles Scribner, 1866), 128.

  32. The Crystal Fount and Rechabite Recorder, 2, no. 2 (September 23, 1843), 26–27.

  33. “Temperance Changes,” Journal of the American Temperance Union, 8 (October 1844), 154.

  34. John Marsh quoted in Milton A. Maxwell, “The Washingtonian Movement,” Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 11 (1950): 12.

  35. Mark Edward Lender and James Kirby Martin, Drinking in America: A History, rev. and enl. ed. (New York: Free Press, 1987), 55.

  36. Almost Over, Crystal Fount and Rechabite Recorder 3 (November 2, 1844), 120.

  37. Alexander, “’We Are Engaged as a Band of Sisters,’” 780.

  38. David M. Fahey, Temperance and Racism: John Bull, Johnny Reb, and the Good Templars (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996), 20.

  39. Hawkins, The Life of John H. W. Hawkins, 272.

  40. Ibid., 284, 293.

  41. Ibid., 349.

  42. Ibid., 350–51.

  43. Ibid., 400.

  CHAPTER THREE: DISCOVERY OF THE DISEASE

  1. J. Edward Turner, The History of the First Inebriate Asylum in the World (New York: n.p., 1888), 16.

  2. John W. Crowley and William L. White, Drunkard’s Refuge: The Lessons of the New York State Inebriate Asylum (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004), 29–31.

  3. “Significant Scots: George Cheyne,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/cheyne_george.htm.

  4. George Cheyne, An Essay on Health and Long Life (London: George Strahan, 1724), 43–44, 51–53.

  5. David Freeman Hawke, Benjamin Rush: Revolutionary Gadfly (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1971), 86.

  6. Ibid., 101.

  7. Ibid., 177.

  8. Ibid., 303.

  9. Benjamin Rush, An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Body, and Their Influence upon the Happiness of Society (Philadelphia: Thomas Bradford, 1784), 4.

  10. Ibid., 6, 7.

  11. Ibid., 10, 11.

  12. Benjamin Rush, An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Mind and Body with an Account of the Means of Preventing and of the Remedies for Curing Them, 6th ed. (New York: Cornelius Davis, 1811), 2–3, 7.

  13. Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind, 5th ed. (Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliot, 1835), 264; ibid., 4, 9.

  14. Rush, Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits, 4, 21.

  15. Ibid., 28, 32.

  16. Benjamin Rush, Autobiography of Benjamin Rush; His “Travels Through Life,” Together with His Commonplace Book for 1789–1813 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1970), 354.

  17. Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind, 265–66.

  18. Rush to John Adams, June 28, 1811, Letters of Benjmin Rush, vol. 2 (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951), 1086–87; Rush, Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits, 25–26.

  19. Samuel Bayard Woodward, Essays on Asylums for Inebriates (Worcester, MA: n.p., 1838), 1.

  20. James Parton, Smoking and Drinking (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1868), 119.

  21. Harrisson, A Voice from the Washingtonian Home, 114.

  22. Albert Day, Methomania: A Treatise on Alcoholic Poisoning (Boston: James Campbell, 1867), 32–33.

  23. Ibid., 35, 39.

  24. Parton, Smoking and Drinking, 138–39.

  25. Harrisson, A Voice from the Washin
gtonian Home, 122.

  26. Day, Methomania, 51; Parton, Smoking and Drinking, 145.

  27. Harrisson, A Voice from the Washingtonian Home, 124.

  28. Ibid., 204.

  29. Ibid., 204, 212, 223.

  30. Ibid., 204, 231, 232.

  31. [John W. Palmer], “Our Inebriates, Harbored and Helped,” Atlantic Monthly 24 (July 1869): 109.

  32. T. D. Crothers, “Sketch of the Late Dr. J. Edward Turner, the Founder of Inebriate Asylums,” Quarterly Journal of Inebriety 9, no. 4 (October 1889): 311–12.

  33. Crowley and White, Drunkard’s Refuge, 36–37, 43.

  34. J. Edward Turner, The History of the First Inebriate Asylum in the World (New York: privately published, 1888), 234–35.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Palmer, “Our Inebriates, Harbored and Helped,” 109, 110.

  37. Parton, Smoking and Drinking, 135; Palmer, “Our Inebriates, Harbored and Helped,” 112, 114.

  38. Parton, Smoking and Drinking, 127; Palmer, “Our Inebriates, Harbored and Helped,” 112.

  39. Palmer, “Our Inebriates, Harbored and Helped,” 113.

  40. Ibid., 114–15.

  41. Ibid., 115, 116.

  42. Joseph Parrish, “Historical Sketch of the American Association for the Cure of Inebriety,” Quarterly Journal of Inebriety 10 (1888): 189.

  43. Joseph Parrish, “The Philosophy of Intemperance,” American Association for the Cure of Inebriety, Proceedings of the First Meeting Held in New York, Nov. 29 and 30, 1870 (Philadelphia: Henry B. Ashmead, 1871), 26, 27, 28, 29.

  44. Ibid., 29–30, 30–31, 32.

  45. Ibid., 33, 40.

  46. Parrish, “Historical Sketch,” 190; “Disabilities of Inebriates; a Communication from the Inmates of the Pennsylvania Sanitarium,” Proceedings, 41, 42.

  47. “Disabilities of Inebriates,” 43, 44.

  48. Parrish, “Historical Sketch,” 190.

  49. Parrish, “Philosophy of Intemperance,” 33; Nathan Crosby, Inebriate Asylums: Remarks in Opposition to Them Before the Committee on Charitable Institutions (Boston: Nation Press, 1871), 3, 4.

  50. Crosby, Inebriate Asylums, 5, 10.

  51. Parrish, “Historical Sketch,” 189; Joseph Parrish, “Opening Address,” American Association for the Cure of Inebriety, Proceedings of the Second Meeting Held in New York, Nov. 14 and 15, 1871 (Philadelphia: Henry B. Ashmead, 1872), 4, 5, 6, 7.

  52. Parrish, “Opening Address,” 7.

  53. Parrish, “Historical Sketch,” 189.

  CHAPTER FOUR: SEARCH FOR HIGHER POWER

  1. Robert M. Offord, Jerry McAuley: An Apostle to the Lost, 2nd ed. (New York: George H. Dorran Co., 1907), 64.

  2. Arthur Bonner, Jerry McAuley and His Mission, rev. ed. (Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1990), 15.

  3. Offord, Jerry McAuley, 13.

  4. Bonner, Jerry McAuley and His Mission, 19.

  5. Offord, Jerry McAuley, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19.

  6. Ibid., 22.

  7. Ibid., 23.

  8. Ibid., 28, 29.

  9. Bonner, Jerry McAuley and His Mission, 38.

  10. Ibid., 46.

  11. Ibid., 60.

  12. Ibid., 54, 60, 63.

  13. Carroll Smith Rosenberg, Religion and the Rise of the American City: The New York City Mission Movement, 1812–1870 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971), 182; Bonner, Jerry McAuley and His Mission, 66.

  14. Bonner, Jerry McAuley and His Mission, 64.

  15. Ibid., 10.

  16. Annie Wittenmyer, History of the Woman’s Temperance Crusade (Philadelphia: Office of the Christian Woman, 1878), 724, 725.

  17. Ibid., 728–29.

  18. Ibid., 729.

  19. W. H. Daniels, The Temperance Reform and Its Great Reformers (New York: Nelson & Phillips, 1878), 378–79.

  20. Ibid., 377–78, 392.

  21. Ibid., 389.

  22. Ibid., 382, 384, 402.

  23. Ibid., 378, 387.

  24. Ibid., 402–3.

  25. Ibid., 467.

  26. Ibid., 468.

  27. Ibid., 470–71.

  28. Frederick B. Hargreaves, Gold as a Cure for Drunkenness, Being an Account of the Double Chloride of Gold Discovery Recently Made by L. E. Keeley of Dwight, Illinois, 3d ed., rev. and enl. (Dwight, IL: n.p., July 1880), 2.

  29. “Inside History of the Keeley Cure,” Journal of the American Medical Association 49 (1907): 1862. Seventy years after Keeley and Hargreaves began their experiments, two Danish researchers discovered a chemical, disulfiram, that could produce the same effect as nauseants without being added to alcohol. Marketed as Antabuse, it is still used in the treatment of some alcoholics.

  30. Ibid.

  31. Ibid., 1863.

  32. Ibid.

  33. Ibid.

  34. R. H. Harris, “Hope for Drunkards,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 18, 1891, 7; John Hudspeth, “A Disease and Not a Crime,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 20, 1891, 9.

  35. F. M. Havens to Henry Coleman, March 12, 1891, quoted in Alfred R. Calhoun, Is It “A Modern Miracle?”: A Careful Investigation of “The Keeley Gold Cure” for Drunkenness and the Opium Habit (New York: People’s Publishing, 1892), 130, 131.

  36. Hudspeth, “A Disease and Not a Crime.”

  37. “Editor Medill Honored,” Banner of Gold 23, no. 26 (December 29, 1894): 823.

  38. “Many Cures Effected,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 10, 1891, 1; “He Has Cured 5,000 Drunkards,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 14, 1891, 1; “Dr. Keeley’s Dipsomania Cure,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 18, 1891, 4.

  39. C. S. Clark, The Perfect Keeley Cure: Incidents at Dwight, and “Through the Valley of the Shadow” into Perfect Light (Milwaukee: Armitage & Allen, 1892), 48, 54. Drug addiction was a growing problem at the time. Keeley advertised the double chloride of gold as a cure for opium and other addictive drugs, including tobacco, “cocaine, chloral, hasheesh, atropia, strychnia, and such others as are formed by humanity.” William L. White, Slaying the Dragon: The History of Addiction Treatment and Recovery in America, 2nd ed. (Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems, 2014), 74.

  40. Ibid., 53.

  41. Ibid., 42.

  42. Ibid., 102.

  43. John Flavel Mines, “Drunkenness Is Curable,” North American Review 153, no. 419 (October 1891): 447.

  44. H. Wayne Morgan, Drugs in America: A Social History, 1800–1980 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981), 80.

  45. Ibid.; Ben Scott, “Keeleyism: A History of Dr. Keeley’s Gold Cure for Alcoholism,” master’s thesis, Illinois State University, 1974, 80.

  46. George A. Barclay, “The Keeley League,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 57 (Winter 1964): 349–50, 352.

  47. Ibid., 354.

  48. Ibid., 356.

  49. “Dr. Leslie Keeley Dead,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 22, 1900.

  50. “Doings at Dwight,” Banner of Gold 15, no. 9 (September 1900): 141.

  51. “Reunion and Celebration of the Anniversary of Mr. Hegner’s Graduation,” Banner of Gold 15, no. 5 (May 1900): 71; Banner of Gold 15, no. 6 (June 1900): 93; “Doings at Dwight,” Banner of Gold 15, no. 7 (July 1900): 107.

  CHAPTER FIVE: FALSE DAWN

  1. Kansas City Star, January 31, 1901, quoted in Kansas Museum of History, “Carry A. Nation,” online exhibit, http://kshs.org/p/carry-a-nation-1901-story/10601.

  2. Dorothy Caldwell, “Carry Nation, a Missouri Woman, Won Fame in Kansas,” Missouri Historical Review LXIII, no. 4 (1969): 474.

  3. “Hurrah for Carrie,” Emporia Gazette, February 11, 1901.

  4. Mark Lender and James Martin, Drinking in America: A History, ed., rev. and enl. (New York and London: Free Press, 1987), 69.

  5. Leonard U. Blumberg and William L. Pittman, Beware the First Drink! The Washington Temperance Movement and Alcoholics Anonymous (Seattle: Glen Abby Books, 1991), 62.

  6. Lender and Martin, Drinking in America, 73; Charles T. Woodman, Narrat
ive of the Life of Charles T. Woodman: A Reformed Inebriate, Written by Himself (Boston: Theodore Abbot, 1843), 12.

  7. John Allen Kraut, The Origins of Prohibition (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1925), 205.

  8. Hawkins, The Life of John H. W. Hawkins, 348.

  9. Ibid., 375.

  10. Caldwell, “Carry Nation, a Missouri Woman,” 464.

  11. Jack London, John Barleycorn, introduction by Pete Hamill (New York: Modern Library, 2001), xv, 4.

  12. John Gardner Greene, “The Emmanuel Movement, 1906–1929,” New England Quarterly 7, no. 3 (September 1934): 502.

  13. Elwood Worcester, Samuel McComb, and Isador H. Coriat, Religion and Medicine: The Moral Control of Nervous Disorders (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1908), 134.

  14. Horatio W. Dresser, ed., The Quimby Manuscripts, 2nd ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1921), 194.

  15. Eric Caplan, Mind Games: American Culture and the Birth of Psychotherapy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 68.

  16. Henry Wood, “Does Bi-Chloride of Gold Cure Inebriety?,” Arena 7 (January 1893): 147.

  17. Ibid., 148, 149, 150.

  18. Ibid., 151.

  19. Caplan, Mind Games, 123; Elwood Worcester, “The Results of the Emmanuel Movement,” Ladies’ Home Journal 25 (February 1909): 16.

  20. Elwood Worcester and Samuel McComb, Body, Mind and Spirit (Boston: Marshall Jones, 1931), 235.

  21. Worcester quoted in Richard M. Dubiel, The Road to Fellowship: The Role of the Emmanuel Movement and the Jacoby Club in the Development of Alcoholics Anonymous (Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2004), 82; “Men Help Themselves by Helping Others,” Boston Daily Globe, July 27, 1913.

  22. Worcester, “The Results of the Emmanuel Movement,” 16; Dubiel, The Road to Fellowship, 87.

  23. Dubiel, The Road to Fellowship, 88.

  24. Dwight Anderson and Page Cooper, The Other Side of the Bottle (New York: A. A. Wyn, 1950), 152, 154.

  25. Courtenay Baylor, Remaking a Man: One Successful Method of Mental Refitting (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1919), 2.

  26. Ibid., 8, 10, 11, 12.

  27. Ibid., 7, 21, 51.

  28. Ibid., 22, 61.

  29. Ibid., 85.

  30. Nathan G. Hale Jr., Freud and the Americans: The Beginning of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876–1917 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 227.

  31. “Is This Why You Drink?,” McClure’s Magazine 49, no. 5 (September 1917): 16.