32. Ibid.
33. Ibid., 16, 17.
34. Sarah W. Tracy, Alcoholism in America: From Reconstruction to Prohibition (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 136.
35. Ibid., 134.
36. Ibid., 128.
37. Ibid., 201, 214.
38. Ibid., 207.
39. Ibid., 217.
40. Ibid., 171.
41. Ibid., 185.
42. Ibid., 250, 262.
43. Ibid., 261, 262.
44. Thomas C. Maroukis, The Peyote Road: Religious Freedom and the Native American Church (Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 2010), 33; J. S. Slotkin, The Peyote Religion: A Study in Indian-White Relations (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1956), 140.
45. Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown, John Slocum and the Indian Shaker Church (Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 1996), 6, 26.
46. S. C. Gwynne, Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History (New York: Scribner, 2010), 314.
47. Hazel W. Hertzberg, The Search for an American Indian Identity: Modern Pan-Indian Movements (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1971), 266–67.
48. Ibid., 266, 267, 268.
49. Clarence W. Hall, Out of the Depths: The Life Story of Henry F. Milans (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1930), 134.
50. Ibid., 124.
51. Ibid., 140.
52. Ibid., 153.
53. “The Salvation Army’s ‘Lost Drunks,’” Literary Digest 66, no. 12 (September 18, 1920): 38.
54. “A Salvation Army Report on Prohibition,” Literary Digest 71, no. 2 (October 8, 1921): 32.
55. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers: A Biography, with Recollections of Early A.A. in the Midwest (New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 1980), 30.
56. John C. Burnham, “New Perspectives on the Prohibition ‘Experiment’ of the 1920s,” Journal of Social History 2, no. 1 (Autumn 1968): 60.
57. “A Salvation Army Report on Prohibition.”
58. Deborah Blum, “The Chemist’s War: The Little-Told Story of How the US Government Poisoned Alcohol During Prohibition with Deadly Consequences,” Slate, February 19, 2010, http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2010/02/the_chemists_war.html; “Government to Double Alcohol Poison Content,” New York Times, December 30, 1926, 2.
59. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 32.
CHAPTER SIX: TWO DRUNKS
1. Lois Wilson, Lois Remembers: Memoirs of the Co-Founder of Al-Anon and Wife of the Co-Founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (New York: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, 1987), 39, 72.
2. Ibid., 37, 72.
3. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On”: The Story of Bill Wilson and How the A.A. Message Reached the World (New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 1984), 24.
4. Ibid., 30.
5. Wilson, Lois Remembers, 13–14, 98.
6. Ibid., 72.
7. Ibid., 69.
8. Ibid., 72, 81.
9. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 101, 104–5.
10. Wilson, Lois Remembers, 86; Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 98, 108.
11. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 111.
12. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 3rd ed. (New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 1976), 10.
13. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 115; Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 11–12.
14. William G. Borchert, The Lois Wilson Story: When Love Is Not Enough (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2005), 164.
15. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 120.
16. Ibid., 120, 121.
17. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 14; Wilson, Lois Remembers, 89.
18. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age: A Brief History of A.A. (New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 1957), 64.
19. Ibid.
20. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 131.
21. Borchert, Lois Wilson Story, 170.
22. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 68.
23. Wilson, Lois Remembers, 82.
24. Borchert, Lois Wilson Story, 172.
25. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 65.
26. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 136.
27. Ibid., 137.
28. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 66.
29. Ibid., 12; Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 172.
30. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 18.
31. Ibid., 19.
32. Ibid., 32, 34.
33. Ibid., 50–51.
34. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 69–70.
35. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 180.
36. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 71.
37. Ibid., 72.
38. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 148–149.
39. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 83, 84; Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous, The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 185.
40. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous, The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 185.
41. Ibid., 185, 186, 188.
42. Ibid., 186.
43. Ibid., 186–87.
44. Ibid., 187, 188.
45. Ibid., 189.
46. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 90.
47. Ibid., 91.
48. Ibid., 105–6, 107.
49. Ibid., 117.
50. Ibid., 101.
51. Ibid., 87, 118, 147.
52. Ibid., 98.
53. Ibid., 113.
54. Ibid., 147.
55. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 76.
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE BIRTH OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS
1. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age: A Brief History of A.A. (New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 1957), 144.
2. Ibid., 144–45.
3. Ibid., 145.
4. Ibid.
5. Frank Buchman, Remaking the World: The Speeches of Frank N. D. Buchman, new and rev. ed. (London: Blandford Press, 1961), 29.
6. “Oxford Group,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Group.
7. Garth Lean, Frank Buchman: A Life (London: Constable, 1985), 46, posted on http://www.frankbuchman.info, accessed December 19, 2016.
8. Ibid., 31.
9. Buchman, Remaking the World, 46.
10. The Layman With a Notebook, What Is the Oxford Group? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1933), 9.
11. Susan Cheever, My Name Is Bill; Bill Wilson: His Life and the Creation of Alcoholics Anonymous (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 134.
12. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 55–56.
13. Ibid., 58.
14. Mitchell K., The Story of Clarence H. Snyder and the Early Days of Alcoholics Anonymous in Cleveland, Ohio (Washingtonville, NY: A.A. Big Book Study Group, 1999), 25.
15. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 101; Ernest Kurtz, Not-God: A History of Alcoholics Anonymous (Center City, MN: Hazelden Educational Services, 1979), 54.
16. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 130–31; Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 100–101.
17. Kurtz, Not-God, 45.
18. Mitchell K., The Story of Clarenc
e H. Snyder, 34.
19. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 159.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., 160, 161.
22. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 198–99. A disclaimer from AA: “The Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions are reprinted with permission of Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (‘A.A.W.S.’) Permission to reprint the Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions does not mean that A.A.W.S. has reviewed or approved the contents of this publication, or that A.A. necessarily agrees with the views expressed herein. A.A. is a program of recovery from alcoholism only—use of the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions in connection with programs and activities which are patterned after A.A., but which address other problems, or in any other non-A.A., does not imply otherwise.”
23. Ibid., 161, 162; Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 198.
24. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 162.
25. Ibid.
26. Mitchell K., The Story of Clarence H. Snyder, 39; Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 163.
27. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 167.
28. Ibid.
29. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 163, 167.
30. Ibid., 164.
31. Ibid., 218.
32. Ibid., 200; Salvation Nell was a 1931 film in which a young woman joins the Salvation Army and tries to convert her father on his release from prison.
33. Elrick B. Davis, “Alcoholics Anonymous Makes Its Stand Here, Part 1,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 21, 1939, http://www.silkworth.net/ebd/plndlr1.html.
34. Elrick B. Davis, “Alcoholics Anonymous Makes Its Stand Here, Part 2,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 23, 1939, http://www.silkworth.net/ebd/plndlr12.html; “Alcoholics Anonymous Makes Its Stand Here, Part 4,” October 25, 1939, http://www.silkworth.net/ebd/plndlr4.html.
35. Alcoholics Anonymous, Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, 206, 207.
36. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 21.
37. Ibid., 25.
38. Ibid., 183.
39. Ibid., 186.
40. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 245, 246.
41. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 190, 191.
42. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 3rd ed. (New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 1976), xiii–xiv.
43. Alcoholics Anonymous, Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions (New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 1953), 173–74.
44. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous, 62.
45. Mitchell K., The Story of Clarence H. Snyder, 54, 63.
46. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, xiv; Alcoholics Anonymous, Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, 139–40.
47. Alcoholics Anonymous, Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, 147, 149, 156.
48. Ibid., 129, 130.
49. Alcoholics Anonymous, Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, 160.
50. William Wilson, “Our A.A. Experience Has Taught Us That,” AA Grapevine 2, no. 11 (April 1946): 2–3.
51. “The Twelve Traditions of Alcoholics Anonymous” (short form), Alcoholics Anonymous, rev. October 2014, http://www.aa.org/assets/en_US/smf-122_en.pdf. See reference in note 22.
52. Alcoholics Anonymous, “Pass It On,” 339, 342.
53. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 214.
54. Ibid., 218.
55. Ibid., 214.
CHAPTER EIGHT: RISE OF THE SOBER DRUNK
1. Blake Bailey, Farther and Wilder: The Lost Weekends and Literary Dreams of Charles Jackson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013), 4.
2. Ibid., 202.
3. Jeffrey Meyers, ed., The Lost Weekend: Screenplay by Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 15; Bailey, Farther and Wilder, 202.
4. Bailey, Farther and Wilder, 202, 204.
5. Charles Jackson, The Lost Weekend, Time Reading Program Edition (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1963), xv.
6. National Committee for Education on Alcoholism (NCEA), “New Public Health Movement Started to Educate Public on Alcoholism,” October 3, 1944, Papers of Marty Mann, Syracuse University Libraries, Syracuse, NY, 1, 2.
7. Ibid.
8. NCEA, “New Public Health Movement Started to Educate Public on Alcoholism,” 1.
9. Sally Brown and David R. Brown, A Biography of Mrs. Marty Mann: The First Lady of Alcoholics Anonymous (Center City, MN: Hazelden Information and Educational Services, 2001), 3–4.
10. Ibid., 26.
11. Anderson and Cooper, The Other Side of the Bottle, 214.
12. Ibid., 214–15.
13. Harold H. Moore, “Activities of the Research Council on Problems of Alcohol,” Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1, no. 1 (June 1940): 105–6.
14. Anderson and Cooper, The Other Side of the Bottle, 12, 20.
15. Dwight Anderson, “Alcohol and Public Opinion,” Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 3, no. 3 (December 1942): 388.
16. Ibid., 377, 378, 390.
17. Brown and Brown, A Biography of Mrs. Marty Mann, 162.
18. NCEA, “New Public Health Movement Started to Educate Public on Alcoholism,” 1.
19. Marty Mann, undated memo, Papers of Marty Mann.
20. Marty Mann, “The National Committee for Education on Alcoholism, Inc., a Division of the Yale Plan on Alcoholism,” September 1949, Papers of Marty Mann, 5–6.
21. “Marty Interviewed on Committee,” AA Grapevine 1, no. 5 (October 1944).
22. Ralph M. Henderson to John C. Myers, October 31, 1947, Papers of Marty Mann, 2.
23. Quoted in Anderson, “Alcohol and Public Opinion,” 385–86.
24. Marty Mann, “Alcoholism, America’s Fourth Greatest Public Health Problem: An Address Given Before the Joint Session of the Legislature of the State of South Carolina,” March 6, 1946, Papers of Marty Mann, 6; Anderson, “Alcohol and Public Opinion,” 387.
25. Marty Mann, “The Alcoholic in the General Hospital,” manuscript of article for Southern Hospitals, October 1948, Papers of Marty Mann, 2.
26. Ibid.; Marty Mann, “What Shall We Do About Alcoholism,” Vital Speeches of the Day 13 (1947): 254.
27. Mitchell K., The Story of Clarence H. Snyder, 55.
28. Mary C. Darrah, Sister Ignatia: Angel of Alcoholics Anonymous, 2nd ed. (Center City, MN: Hazelden Pittman Archives Press, 2001), 11.
29. Ibid., 303.
30. Mann, “The Alcoholic in the General Hospital,” 6.
31. NCEA, “How to Set Up a Clinic or Information Center in Your Community,” Papers of Marty Mann, n.d.
32. Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 141, 146.
33. Harrison M. Trice and Mona Schonbrunn, “A History of Job-Based Alcoholism Programs, 1900–1955,” in Employee Assistance Programs: Wellness/Enhancement Programming, 4th ed., ed. Michael A. Richard, William G. Emener, and William S. Hutchison Jr. (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 2009), 13.
34. Ibid., 15.
35. Ibid., 16.
36. Ibid., 14.
37. Sgt. Bill S. with Glenn F. Chestnut, On the Military Firing Line in the Alcoholism Treatment Program: The Air Force Sergeant Who Beat Alcoholism and Taught Others to Do the Same (Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2003), 85, 214.
38. Ibid., 214.
39. Marty Mann, “Memo to the Executive Committee,” November 10, 1954, Papers of Marty Mann, 1.
40. Ibid.
41. Quoted in White, Slaying the Dragon, 260.
42. “A.A.s to Be Asked for Information,” AA Grapevine 3, no. 3 (August 1946).
43. E. M. Jellinek, “Phases of Alcohol Addiction,” Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 13 (195
2): 674.
44. Ibid.; E. M. Jellinek, The Disease Concept of Alcoholism (New Haven, CT: College and University Press, 1960), 12.
45. Harold E. Hughes and Dick Schneider, The Man from Ida Grove: A Senator’s Personal Story (Lincoln, VA: Chosen Books, 1979), 103.
46. Quoted in “Harold Hughes, Iowa Trucker Turned Politician, Dies at 74,” New York Times, October 15, 1996.
47. Hughes and Schneider, The Man from Ida Grove, 277.
48. Lyndon B. Johnson, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, 1966 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1967), 1: 243; Nancy Olson, With a Lot of Help from Our Friends: The Politics of Alcoholism (New York: Writers Club Press, 2003), 72.
49. Olson, With a Lot of Help from Our Friends, 40.
50. Ibid., 53, 54.
51. Ibid., 79.
52. Ibid., 83.
53. Ibid., 103.
CHAPTER NINE: BOOM AND BUST
1. Betty Ford and Chris Chase, Betty: A Glad Awakening (New York: Doubleday, 1987), 18, 22, 41.
2. Ibid., 20.
3. Ibid., 9, 11.
4. Ibid., 60.
5. Ibid., 53–54, 55.
6. Ibid., 54, 55, 58.
7. Ibid., 60, 61.
8. Damian McElrath, Hazelden: A Spiritual Odyssey (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 1987), 30–31.
9. Ibid., 31.
10. Ibid., 71.
11. Ibid., 75–76.
12. Ibid., 76
13. Ibid., 69, 77.
14. Ibid., 77.
15. Ibid., 102.
16. Ibid., 108.
17. Alcoholics Anonymous, Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, 23.
18. Jerry Spicer, The Minnesota Model: The Evolution of the Multidisciplinary Approach to Addiction Recovery (Center City, MN: Hazelden Educational Materials, 1993), 39; Daniel J. Anderson, “The Psychopathology of Denial,” paper presented at Alcoholism: A Major Challenge for the ‘80s seminar, Eisenhower Medical Center, Rancho Mirage, CA, February 16, 1981; reprinted in Damian McElrath, Dan Anderson: A Biography (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 1999), 116.
19. McElrath, Hazelden, 128.
20. Anderson, “The Psychopathology of Denial,” 120–21.
21. Vernon E. Johnson, I’ll Quit Tomorrow (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), 3.
22. Ibid., 4.
23. Ibid., 3–4, 59.
24. White, Slaying the Dragon, 381.
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