25. Ibid., 382.
26. Kurtz, Not-God, 271.
27. Ibid., 266.
28. Roger C., “A History of Secularism in A.A.,” address delivered at Widening the Gateway, a conference for secularists in AA, Olympia, WA, January 16, 2016, William L. White Papers, http://www.williamwhitepapers.com/pr/A%20History%20of%20Secularism%20in%20A.A.pdf.
29. White, Slaying the Dragon, 479.
30. Ibid., 480.
31. Thomas F. McGovern and William L. White, eds., Alcohol Problems in the United States: Twenty Years of Treatment Perspective (New York: Haworth Press, 2002), 92; White, Slaying the Dragon, 461.
32. Milan Korcok, Addiction Treatment in Crisis (Providence, RI: Manisses Communications Group, 1999), 17.
33. White, Slaying the Dragon, 396.
34. Ibid., 397.
35. Ibid.
36. Korcok, Addiction Treatment in Crisis, 4, 9.
37. Wendy Kaminer, I’m Dysfunctional, You’re Dysfunctional: The Recovery Movement and Other Self-Help Fashions (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 10, 21–22, 28.
38. Herbert Fingarette, “Alcoholism: The Mythical Disease,” Public Interest 81 (Spring 1988): 4, 11; Herbert Fingarette, Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 1, 38.
39. Fingarette, Heavy Drinking, 70.
40. Ibid., 73.
41. William Madsen, Defending the Disease: From Facts to Fingarette (Akron, OH: Wilson, Brown & Co., October 1988), 1, 2, 33.
42. George E. Vaillant, The Natural History of Alcoholism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 283–84, 284–85.
43. White, Slaying the Dragon, 341.
44. Ibid.
CHAPTER TEN: WAVES OF SOBRIETY
1. Audrey Kishline to members of Moderation Management, January 20, 2000, http://www.doctordeluca.com/documents/kishlinetoldMM.htm; Sam Howe Verhovek, “Advocate of Moderation for Heavy Drinkers Learns Sobering Lesson,” New York Times, July 9, 2000.
2. Brook Hersey, “The Controlled Drinking Debates: A Review of Four Decades of Acrimony,” 2001, http://www.drbrookhersey.com/uploads/3/1/9/2/31926129/controlled_drinking.pdf, 7.
3. R. G. Bell, “Comment on the Article by D. L. Davies,” Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 24 (1963): 322.
4. David J. Armor, J. Michael Polich, and Harriet B. Braiker, Alcoholism and Treatment (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1976), v; http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R1739.html.
5. Mark B. Sobell and Linda C. Sobell, Behavioral Treatment of Alcohol Problems: Individualized Therapy and Controlled Drinking (New York: Plenum Press, 1978).
6. Hersey, “The Controlled Drinking Debates,” 11.
7. Jane Brody, “Alcohol Council Rejects Rand Report on Drinking,” New York Times Syndicate, published in Wilmington Morning Star, June 11, 1976; Hersey, “The Controlled Drinking Debates,” 12.
8. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, “Statement Re: Vehicular Manslaughter Charges Against Author of Moderation Management,” June 20, 2000, http://www.charitywire.com/charity109/02018.html.
9. Jennifer Steinhauer, “Addiction Center’s Director Quits in Treatment Debate,” New York Times, July 11, 2000.
10. “Statement Re: Audrey Kishline’s Fatal MVA from Addiction Clinicians, Researchers, and Scholars—Circa 8/2000,” copy in possession of author.
11. Fingarette, Heavy Drinking, 1–2.
12. Alan I. Leshner, “Addiction Is a Brain Disease, and It Matters,” Science 278 (October 3, 1997): 45.
13. Wayne Hall, Adrian Carter, and Cynthia Forlini, “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Is It Supported by the Evidence and Has It Delivered on Its Promises?,” Lancet 2 (January 2015): 105–10.
14. Nora D. Volkow and George Koob, “Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Why Is It So Controversial?,” Lancet 2 (August 2015): 677.
15. Ibid., 678.
16. Hall et al., “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction,” 109; Volkow and Koob, “Brain Disease Model of Addiction,” 678.
17. Parton, Smoking and Drinking, 138–39; Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 31–32.
18. Vaillant, The Natural History of Alcoholism, 314.
19. Ibid., 293, 294, 315.
20. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Alcohol Alert 36 (April 1997), http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa36.htm.
21. Charles P. O’Brien and A. Thomas McLellan, “Myths About the Treatment of Addiction,” Lancet 347 (January 27, 1996): 240.
22. A. Thomas McLellan et al., “Drug Dependence, a Chronic Medical Illness: Implications for Treatment, Insurance, and Outcomes Evaluation,” JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 284, no. 13 (October 4, 2000): 1694.
23. William L. White and A. Thomas McLellan, “Addiction as a Chronic Disorder: Key Messages for Clients, Families and Referral Sources,” Counselor 9, no. 3 (2008): 2, 4, 14.
24. Ibid., 10.
25. Ibid., 10, 12, 14.
26. D. A. Dawson et al., “Recovery from DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence: United States, 2001–2002,” Addiction 1 (2005): 281–92.
27. Alliance Project, Proceedings, Faces & Voices of Recovery Summit, October 5–7, 2001, St. Paul, MN, 14, http://www.facesandvoicesofrecovery.org/sites/default/files/2001_summit_report.pdf.
28. Ibid., 13.
29. Josie Feliz, “Survey: Ten Percent of American Adults Report Being in Recovery from Substance Abuse or Addiction,” news release, Partnership for Drug-Free Kids, March 6, 2012, http://www.drugfree.org/newsroom/survey-ten-percent-of-american-adults-report-being-in-recovery-from-substance-abuse-or-addiction/; William L. White, Recovery/Remission from Substance Use Disorders: An Analysis of Reported Outcomes in 415 Scientific Reports, 1868–2011 (Philadelphia: Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center, Philadelphia Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual Disability Services, March 2012), http://www.naadac.org/assets/1959/whitewl2012_recoveryremission_from_substance_abuse_disorders.pdf.
30. Alcoholics Anonymous, Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, 11, 12.
31. Faces & Voices of Recovery, Advocacy with Anonymity, brochure, http://www.facesandvoicesofrecovery.org/sites/default/files/resources/Advocacy_with_Anonymity_brochure.pdf, 1, 2.
32. William Cope Moyers, speech, Unite to Face Addiction Rally, October 4, 2015, Washington, DC, http://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/articles/gardner/unite-to-face-addiction.
INDEX
Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
AA. See Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
AACI. See American Association for the Cure of Inebriety (AACI)
AA Grapevine (newsletter), 198, 199, 214, 227
abstinence: and AA, 273; and alcohol bans, 118; and Catholics, 38; as goal of alcoholics, 9, 26, 34, 47, 48, 50, 64, 66 –67, 118, 125, 126, 141, 255, 266, 270, 278; and “hard” vs. “soft” liquor, 27, 117; vs. limiting consumption (“controlled” or “safe” drinking), 117, 267–70, 278; pledges of, 2, 3, 24 –25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35–41, 45–48, 51, 77, 88, 93–96, 98–99, 117–18, 154; vs. resuming drinking (“normal” drinking), 266, 267, 278; as treatment, 264, 267–69, 273, 278. See also Moderation Management
ACA. See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)
Adams, Abigail, 1
Adams, Charles, 1, 3
Adams, John, 1, 3, 62
Adams, Thomas, 2
Addams, Jane, 77
addiction, 48, 56, 59, 216, 240, 252, 272–73; broadening definition of, 256–57; criminalization of, 265; fight against, 3, 97, 232, 252; theories of, 270–71, 274–75, 277–78, 284; within medical profession, 275–76; as moral problem, 264; to multiple substances, 252, 253; neurobiological treatment of, 250–51, 271–73; “phases of,” 227–28; physiology of, 270–71, 278; among prisoners, 258; punishment of, 3, 260; recovery from (see recovery); relapse, 275, 277; shame of, 239; as social problem, 27
5; women and, 252. See also alcoholism: as disease; delirium tremens (DTs); drugs/drug abuse; treatment
Adult Children of Alcoholics (support group), 257
Adult Children of Alcoholics (Woititz), 256
Advocacy with Anonymity (pamphlet), 283–84
African Americans, 39, 49, 253, 258
“Against Spirituous Liquors” (Rush), 58
Al-Anon, 256, 283
Alateen, 256
alcohol: as addictive drug, 227; as barter, 12–13; consumption of, 2; as “slavery,” 24, 35; as escape, 10–12, 56–57, 151; fear of, 8–9, 14; health risks of, 58–60; to impair judgment, 10; to induce euphoria, 10; as “medicine,” 8; positive view of, 2; prohibitions against, 11. See also distilled liquor; prohibitionism
“Alcohol and Public Opinion” (Anderson), 209–10
Alcoholic Foundation, 194–96, 199, 201, 202
alcoholics/drunks: confinement of, 62, 79, 154, 230; families of, 1–2, 13, 35, 39, 40, 217, 250; “hitting bottom,” 144, 156, 159, 230–31, 246–47; medical treatment of, 2, 3, 174, 189, 204, 210, 213, 215–18, 220–21, 226; as morally weak, 60–61, 92; prejudice/discrimination against, 174, 204, 206, 209, 212, 234, 280; in prison, 51, 86, 217, 249; punishment of, 2, 17, 34, 50–51, 62–63, 80, 116, 135, 217, 249; recognizing one’s alcoholism, 246–48, 273; recovery of, 69, 126, 266, 273, 277; reeducation of, 129, 137–38; reform of, 24, 26, 32–33, 35–40, 43, 45; relapsing, 66, 251–52, 272–73, 277; and religion, 3, 39, 44, 48, 68, 85–86, 130, 157, 182, 185–86, 232; and shame of, 29–30, 32, 61, 76, 96, 125, 178, 181, 213, 285; “sober drunks,” 24, 46, 48–50, 76, 145, 168, 171, 181, 205, 209, 219, 223; sober alcoholics as counselors, 171, 219, 222, 240, 243–44, 246, 251–52, 265, 276; as threat to society, 135; women, 77, 144, 182, 194, 206, 219, 252, 254. See also Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); alcoholism; recovery; recovery movement
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 2, 3, 51, 174–202; African Americans in, 253; anonymous nature of, 199, 279, 283; among armed forces members, 223–24; conflict within organization, 200–202; criticism of, 269; diversity of, 252–53, 254; and drug addicts, 252–54, 256, 287; fund-raising for, 194, 199; generational disputes within, 253–54; Grapevine newsletter, 197–98, 214; growth of, 191–92, 194, 196, 197, 199, 214, 225; ; and Hazelden, 242; helping illiterate alcoholics, 254; hospitalization campaign, 217–19; LGBT people in, 254; and “mass production of sobriety,” 191; in Minneapolis, 241; Native Americans in, 253; and nonbelievers, 255; organization of, 194–96, 199; origin of, 168; vs. Oxford Group, 188–89; press coverage of, 190, 192, 193–94, 195, 197; problems with expansion of, 253–54; relationship with NCEA, 215; and religion, 176, 185–86, 190, 197; search for institutional base in Cleveland, 189; success rate, 263; support of Hughes bill, 235; threats to, 196–97; twelve-step program of (see twelve-step program); “twelve traditions,” 198–99; welcoming to non–Protestant faiths, 188–89, 190; women in, 252. See also Alcoholic Foundation; twelve-step program
Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism (Wilson), 176, 195, 215, 240, 256, 257, 273; as the “Big Book,” 187; creation of, 182–87; popularity of, 194–95, 197; promotion of peer counseling, 220; religion in, 184–86; sales of, 252; the twelve steps in, 184–85, 186–87; criticism of, 185–86
Alcoholics Anonymous for Atheists and Agnostics (Quad A), 255
“An Alcoholics Anonymous Tradition of Relations—Twelve Points to Assure Our Future” (Wilson), 198
alcoholism/drunkenness: among African Americans, 253; Colonial views of, 10–12, 50; curing, 54, 61, 65, 99, 121, 132, 210, 276; death from, 14, 61, 125, 148, 158, 217, 221, 251, 264; as disease, 2, 51, 60, 72, 77, 81–82, 210, 212, 226, 229, 262, 271–72, 274–75, 277, 286; education about, 50, 212, 214, 218, 226, 248, 249; as economic problem, 221; gold to treat, 3, 99–102, 112; as grounds for job dismissal, 220; as hereditary, 61, 262; hypnotism to treat, 124; as incurable, 66, 144, 166, 170, 190, 209, 215; media coverage of, 58, 103, 190, 192, 193–94, 195, 197, 204, 225, 230, 261, 282; medications to treat, 112, 224, 271–72; and mental illness, 134; as weakness, 60, 62, 66, 77, 78, 119, 134; opposition to disease theory of, 260–62, 264–65, 266, 272; peyote to treat, 139, 140–41; “phases of,” 227–28; physiological roots of, 54, 66, 114, 211, 270–71; placebo effect to cure, 123; vs. problem drinking, 277; psychoanalysis to treat, 122–23, 132, 133; psychological roots of, 128, 131; as public health problem, 135, 205, 231, 264; and public relations, 209–10; punishment vs. treatment for, 5, 62, 72, 111, 118, 134–35, 137, 217; religion to treat, 39, 68, 82, 88, 121, 126; role of government in treating (see governments, federal and local); scientific research on, 206, 209, 211, 226, 229, 232, 262, 263; as sin, 2, 82, 218; as social problem, 133–34, 137, 275; stigma of, 174, 209, 213, 217; as subject for reform movements, 121; as suicide, 148; therapeutic goals for, 65–66, 72, 77, 137; among women, 37, 48, 144, 182, 194, 219, 252 Alcoholism and Treatment (report). See RAND Report
Alexander, Jack, 193, 194, 197, 212
Allen, Virginia, 48
Allinson, William, 22
American Association for the Cure of Inebriety (AACI), 77, 80–82, 83, 85, 99, 112, 213, 276, 286
American Civil Liberties Union, 233
American Hospital Association, 229
American Medical Association (AMA), 112, 226, 229–30. See also Journal of the American Medical Association
American Society for the Promotion of Temperance, 27
American Temperance Society, 27
American Temperance Union, 25, 38, 119
Anderson, Daniel J., 242, 243–44, 245, 246, 247, 248, 259
Anderson, Dwight, 127, 209–10, 211, 212, 213, 216
Anderson, “Happy Charlie,” 91
Anonymous People (documentary), 284
Antabuse (disulfiram), 224, 298n29
Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986), 258
Anti-Saloon League, 148
Appleton Temporary Home (Boston), 83
asylums: for alcoholics, 3, 55–56, 64, 71–77, 80–81, 83, 134; for the mentally ill, 2, 54, 64, 77, 121, 135, 196, 230. See also hospitals; institutions for alcoholics
Autobiography (Franklin), 15–16
Bacon, Selden, 205, 222, 229, 230
Bangs, Grace Allen, 208, 211, 214
Banner of Gold (newspaper), 111, 113
Baylor, Courtenay, 127–30, 149, 286
Beattie, Melody, 257
Beecher, Lyman, 118
Bellevue Hospital (New York City), 133–34, 144,145, 147, 205
Benedict, Pat, 238
Betty Ford Center, Rancho Mirage, California, 252
Betty Ford Hazelden Foundation, 285
Bi-Chloride of Gold Club, 110
Big Book. See Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism (Wilson)
Block, Marvin, 229, 230
blue ribbon movement, 98, 99–100
Booth, Evangeline, 146,147
Booth, William, 142
Botticelli, Michael, 282
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 11
Brackett, Charles, 203, 204
Bradley, Nelson, 242–45
Bradshaw, John, 257
Bradshaw On: The Family (TV series), 257
brain disease theory, 271–73
Briggs, George, 43, 44
Brown, Willard, 113
Buchman, Frank, 176–78, 180. See also Oxford Group
Bullard, Dexter M., 216
Bush, George W., administration of, 281
business and industry: and AA, 220; employers’ treatment of alcoholic employees, 220, 222, 225, 250; employment assistance programs, 222, 223, 276; employment of alcoholics, 220, 250; loss of productivity to alcoholism, 221
Butler, Patrick, 245–46
Calvary Episcopal Church (New York City), mission of, 157, 160, 181
Calvin, D. Leigh (Mrs.), 212
Campbell, Helen Stuart, 91
Campbell, John P., 100, 101
Carroll, Lynn, 241–42, 2
45–46
Catholics, 38–39, 117, 182, 187, 190
Cayuga, 10
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 278–79
Center of Alcohol Studies, Yale University, 205, 206, 211–12, 213, 221, 226, 229
Chambers, Julius, 88
Charles B. Towns Hospital for the Treatment of Drug and Alcoholic Addictions (New York City), 154–55, 156, 158, 159, 160, 168, 169, 175, 179, 235
Cheyne, George, 56–57
Choctaws, 14
Christianity, 15, 18, 39, 61, 82, 185; and AA, 185, 253; embracing, as cure for alcoholism, 11, 82, 96, 185; vs. Native American religions, 8, 12, 17–19, 21; and Oxford Group, 176–77, 188. See also religion
Christian Science, 123, 130
Christopher, James, 255
Christopher D. Smithers Foundation, 269
Clark, C. S., 106, 107–8
Cline, William B., 209
Clinton, Bill, administration of, 281
Cocaine Anonymous, 256
codependency, concept of, 257, 261
Codependent No More (Beattie), 257
Co-Dependents Anonymous, 257
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), 274
Comanche Nation, 139, 140
Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA) (2016), 285–86
Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Act (1970), 233
Connecticut Community for Addiction Recovery (CCAR), 280–81
Conoy Nation, 14
Coriat, Isador H., 122
Cornplanter, 5, 7, 9, 20
Council of the Six Nations, 22
Cronin, Pat, 240–41
Crosby, Nathan, 81–82
Crow, Sheryl, 284
Cruse, Joseph, 237, 238
Crystal Fount and Rechabite Recorder (newspaper), 44, 47
Curtis, Nathaniel, 50
Danckaerts, Jasper, 12–13
Dashaways, 70
Daughters of Samaria, 49
Davies, D. L., 266–67
Davis, Elrick B., 189–90, 195
Davis, LaSchell, 266, 268
Davis, Richard, 266, 268
Day, Albert, 64–70, 74, 80, 83, 100, 130, 272, 286; vs. Turner, 71–72. See also Washingtonian Homes
Deaconess Hospital (Cleveland), working with Alcoholics Anonymous, 189, 217
Debs, Eugene, 109
Drunks Page 37