Drunks

by Christopher Finan

  25. Ibid., 382.

  26. Kurtz, Not-God, 271.

  27. Ibid., 266.

  28. Roger C., “A History of Secularism in A.A.,” address delivered at Widening the Gateway, a conference for secularists in AA, Olympia, WA, January 16, 2016, William L. White Papers, http://www.williamwhitepapers.com/pr/A%20History%20of%20Secularism%20in%20A.A.pdf.

  29. White, Slaying the Dragon, 479.

  30. Ibid., 480.

  31. Thomas F. McGovern and William L. White, eds., Alcohol Problems in the United States: Twenty Years of Treatment Perspective (New York: Haworth Press, 2002), 92; White, Slaying the Dragon, 461.

  32. Milan Korcok, Addiction Treatment in Crisis (Providence, RI: Manisses Communications Group, 1999), 17.

  33. White, Slaying the Dragon, 396.

  34. Ibid., 397.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Korcok, Addiction Treatment in Crisis, 4, 9.

  37. Wendy Kaminer, I’m Dysfunctional, You’re Dysfunctional: The Recovery Movement and Other Self-Help Fashions (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 10, 21–22, 28.

  38. Herbert Fingarette, “Alcoholism: The Mythical Disease,” Public Interest 81 (Spring 1988): 4, 11; Herbert Fingarette, Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 1, 38.

  39. Fingarette, Heavy Drinking, 70.

  40. Ibid., 73.

  41. William Madsen, Defending the Disease: From Facts to Fingarette (Akron, OH: Wilson, Brown & Co., October 1988), 1, 2, 33.

  42. George E. Vaillant, The Natural History of Alcoholism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 283–84, 284–85.

  43. White, Slaying the Dragon, 341.

  44. Ibid.

  CHAPTER TEN: WAVES OF SOBRIETY

  1. Audrey Kishline to members of Moderation Management, January 20, 2000, http://www.doctordeluca.com/documents/kishlinetoldMM.htm; Sam Howe Verhovek, “Advocate of Moderation for Heavy Drinkers Learns Sobering Lesson,” New York Times, July 9, 2000.

  2. Brook Hersey, “The Controlled Drinking Debates: A Review of Four Decades of Acrimony,” 2001, http://www.drbrookhersey.com/uploads/3/1/9/2/31926129/controlled_drinking.pdf, 7.

  3. R. G. Bell, “Comment on the Article by D. L. Davies,” Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 24 (1963): 322.

  4. David J. Armor, J. Michael Polich, and Harriet B. Braiker, Alcoholism and Treatment (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1976), v; http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R1739.html.

  5. Mark B. Sobell and Linda C. Sobell, Behavioral Treatment of Alcohol Problems: Individualized Therapy and Controlled Drinking (New York: Plenum Press, 1978).

  6. Hersey, “The Controlled Drinking Debates,” 11.

  7. Jane Brody, “Alcohol Council Rejects Rand Report on Drinking,” New York Times Syndicate, published in Wilmington Morning Star, June 11, 1976; Hersey, “The Controlled Drinking Debates,” 12.

  8. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, “Statement Re: Vehicular Manslaughter Charges Against Author of Moderation Management,” June 20, 2000, http://www.charitywire.com/charity109/02018.html.

  9. Jennifer Steinhauer, “Addiction Center’s Director Quits in Treatment Debate,” New York Times, July 11, 2000.

  10. “Statement Re: Audrey Kishline’s Fatal MVA from Addiction Clinicians, Researchers, and Scholars—Circa 8/2000,” copy in possession of author.

  11. Fingarette, Heavy Drinking, 1–2.

  12. Alan I. Leshner, “Addiction Is a Brain Disease, and It Matters,” Science 278 (October 3, 1997): 45.

  13. Wayne Hall, Adrian Carter, and Cynthia Forlini, “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Is It Supported by the Evidence and Has It Delivered on Its Promises?,” Lancet 2 (January 2015): 105–10.

  14. Nora D. Volkow and George Koob, “Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Why Is It So Controversial?,” Lancet 2 (August 2015): 677.

  15. Ibid., 678.

  16. Hall et al., “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction,” 109; Volkow and Koob, “Brain Disease Model of Addiction,” 678.

  17. Parton, Smoking and Drinking, 138–39; Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism, 31–32.

  18. Vaillant, The Natural History of Alcoholism, 314.

  19. Ibid., 293, 294, 315.

  20. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Alcohol Alert 36 (April 1997), http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa36.htm.

  21. Charles P. O’Brien and A. Thomas McLellan, “Myths About the Treatment of Addiction,” Lancet 347 (January 27, 1996): 240.

  22. A. Thomas McLellan et al., “Drug Dependence, a Chronic Medical Illness: Implications for Treatment, Insurance, and Outcomes Evaluation,” JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 284, no. 13 (October 4, 2000): 1694.

  23. William L. White and A. Thomas McLellan, “Addiction as a Chronic Disorder: Key Messages for Clients, Families and Referral Sources,” Counselor 9, no. 3 (2008): 2, 4, 14.

  24. Ibid., 10.

  25. Ibid., 10, 12, 14.

  26. D. A. Dawson et al., “Recovery from DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence: United States, 2001–2002,” Addiction 1 (2005): 281–92.

  27. Alliance Project, Proceedings, Faces & Voices of Recovery Summit, October 5–7, 2001, St. Paul, MN, 14, http://www.facesandvoicesofrecovery.org/sites/default/files/2001_summit_report.pdf.

  28. Ibid., 13.

  29. Josie Feliz, “Survey: Ten Percent of American Adults Report Being in Recovery from Substance Abuse or Addiction,” news release, Partnership for Drug-Free Kids, March 6, 2012, http://www.drugfree.org/newsroom/survey-ten-percent-of-american-adults-report-being-in-recovery-from-substance-abuse-or-addiction/; William L. White, Recovery/Remission from Substance Use Disorders: An Analysis of Reported Outcomes in 415 Scientific Reports, 1868–2011 (Philadelphia: Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center, Philadelphia Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual Disability Services, March 2012), http://www.naadac.org/assets/1959/whitewl2012_recoveryremission_from_substance_abuse_disorders.pdf.

  30. Alcoholics Anonymous, Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, 11, 12.

  31. Faces & Voices of Recovery, Advocacy with Anonymity, brochure, http://www.facesandvoicesofrecovery.org/sites/default/files/resources/Advocacy_with_Anonymity_brochure.pdf, 1, 2.

  32. William Cope Moyers, speech, Unite to Face Addiction Rally, October 4, 2015, Washington, DC, http://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/articles/gardner/unite-to-face-addiction.

  INDEX

  Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.

  AA. See Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

  AACI. See American Association for the Cure of Inebriety (AACI)

  AA Grapevine (newsletter), 198, 199, 214, 227

  abstinence: and AA, 273; and alcohol bans, 118; and Catholics, 38; as goal of alcoholics, 9, 26, 34, 47, 48, 50, 64, 66 –67, 118, 125, 126, 141, 255, 266, 270, 278; and “hard” vs. “soft” liquor, 27, 117; vs. limiting consumption (“controlled” or “safe” drinking), 117, 267–70, 278; pledges of, 2, 3, 24 –25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35–41, 45–48, 51, 77, 88, 93–96, 98–99, 117–18, 154; vs. resuming drinking (“normal” drinking), 266, 267, 278; as treatment, 264, 267–69, 273, 278. See also Moderation Management

  ACA. See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

  Adams, Abigail, 1

  Adams, Charles, 1, 3

  Adams, John, 1, 3, 62

  Adams, Thomas, 2

  Addams, Jane, 77

  addiction, 48, 56, 59, 216, 240, 252, 272–73; broadening definition of, 256–57; criminalization of, 265; fight against, 3, 97, 232, 252; theories of, 270–71, 274–75, 277–78, 284; within medical profession, 275–76; as moral problem, 264; to multiple substances, 252, 253; neurobiological treatment of, 250–51, 271–73; “phases of,” 227–28; physiology of, 270–71, 278; among prisoners, 258; punishment of, 3, 260; recovery from (see recovery); relapse, 275, 277; shame of, 239; as social problem, 27
5; women and, 252. See also alcoholism: as disease; delirium tremens (DTs); drugs/drug abuse; treatment

  Adult Children of Alcoholics (support group), 257

  Adult Children of Alcoholics (Woititz), 256

  Advocacy with Anonymity (pamphlet), 283–84

  African Americans, 39, 49, 253, 258

  “Against Spirituous Liquors” (Rush), 58

  Al-Anon, 256, 283

  Alateen, 256

  alcohol: as addictive drug, 227; as barter, 12–13; consumption of, 2; as “slavery,” 24, 35; as escape, 10–12, 56–57, 151; fear of, 8–9, 14; health risks of, 58–60; to impair judgment, 10; to induce euphoria, 10; as “medicine,” 8; positive view of, 2; prohibitions against, 11. See also distilled liquor; prohibitionism

  “Alcohol and Public Opinion” (Anderson), 209–10

  Alcoholic Foundation, 194–96, 199, 201, 202

  alcoholics/drunks: confinement of, 62, 79, 154, 230; families of, 1–2, 13, 35, 39, 40, 217, 250; “hitting bottom,” 144, 156, 159, 230–31, 246–47; medical treatment of, 2, 3, 174, 189, 204, 210, 213, 215–18, 220–21, 226; as morally weak, 60–61, 92; prejudice/discrimination against, 174, 204, 206, 209, 212, 234, 280; in prison, 51, 86, 217, 249; punishment of, 2, 17, 34, 50–51, 62–63, 80, 116, 135, 217, 249; recognizing one’s alcoholism, 246–48, 273; recovery of, 69, 126, 266, 273, 277; reeducation of, 129, 137–38; reform of, 24, 26, 32–33, 35–40, 43, 45; relapsing, 66, 251–52, 272–73, 277; and religion, 3, 39, 44, 48, 68, 85–86, 130, 157, 182, 185–86, 232; and shame of, 29–30, 32, 61, 76, 96, 125, 178, 181, 213, 285; “sober drunks,” 24, 46, 48–50, 76, 145, 168, 171, 181, 205, 209, 219, 223; sober alcoholics as counselors, 171, 219, 222, 240, 243–44, 246, 251–52, 265, 276; as threat to society, 135; women, 77, 144, 182, 194, 206, 219, 252, 254. See also Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); alcoholism; recovery; recovery movement

  Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 2, 3, 51, 174–202; African Americans in, 253; anonymous nature of, 199, 279, 283; among armed forces members, 223–24; conflict within organization, 200–202; criticism of, 269; diversity of, 252–53, 254; and drug addicts, 252–54, 256, 287; fund-raising for, 194, 199; generational disputes within, 253–54; Grapevine newsletter, 197–98, 214; growth of, 191–92, 194, 196, 197, 199, 214, 225; ; and Hazelden, 242; helping illiterate alcoholics, 254; hospitalization campaign, 217–19; LGBT people in, 254; and “mass production of sobriety,” 191; in Minneapolis, 241; Native Americans in, 253; and nonbelievers, 255; organization of, 194–96, 199; origin of, 168; vs. Oxford Group, 188–89; press coverage of, 190, 192, 193–94, 195, 197; problems with expansion of, 253–54; relationship with NCEA, 215; and religion, 176, 185–86, 190, 197; search for institutional base in Cleveland, 189; success rate, 263; support of Hughes bill, 235; threats to, 196–97; twelve-step program of (see twelve-step program); “twelve traditions,” 198–99; welcoming to non–Protestant faiths, 188–89, 190; women in, 252. See also Alcoholic Foundation; twelve-step program

  Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism (Wilson), 176, 195, 215, 240, 256, 257, 273; as the “Big Book,” 187; creation of, 182–87; popularity of, 194–95, 197; promotion of peer counseling, 220; religion in, 184–86; sales of, 252; the twelve steps in, 184–85, 186–87; criticism of, 185–86

  Alcoholics Anonymous for Atheists and Agnostics (Quad A), 255

  “An Alcoholics Anonymous Tradition of Relations—Twelve Points to Assure Our Future” (Wilson), 198

  alcoholism/drunkenness: among African Americans, 253; Colonial views of, 10–12, 50; curing, 54, 61, 65, 99, 121, 132, 210, 276; death from, 14, 61, 125, 148, 158, 217, 221, 251, 264; as disease, 2, 51, 60, 72, 77, 81–82, 210, 212, 226, 229, 262, 271–72, 274–75, 277, 286; education about, 50, 212, 214, 218, 226, 248, 249; as economic problem, 221; gold to treat, 3, 99–102, 112; as grounds for job dismissal, 220; as hereditary, 61, 262; hypnotism to treat, 124; as incurable, 66, 144, 166, 170, 190, 209, 215; media coverage of, 58, 103, 190, 192, 193–94, 195, 197, 204, 225, 230, 261, 282; medications to treat, 112, 224, 271–72; and mental illness, 134; as weakness, 60, 62, 66, 77, 78, 119, 134; opposition to disease theory of, 260–62, 264–65, 266, 272; peyote to treat, 139, 140–41; “phases of,” 227–28; physiological roots of, 54, 66, 114, 211, 270–71; placebo effect to cure, 123; vs. problem drinking, 277; psychoanalysis to treat, 122–23, 132, 133; psychological roots of, 128, 131; as public health problem, 135, 205, 231, 264; and public relations, 209–10; punishment vs. treatment for, 5, 62, 72, 111, 118, 134–35, 137, 217; religion to treat, 39, 68, 82, 88, 121, 126; role of government in treating (see governments, federal and local); scientific research on, 206, 209, 211, 226, 229, 232, 262, 263; as sin, 2, 82, 218; as social problem, 133–34, 137, 275; stigma of, 174, 209, 213, 217; as subject for reform movements, 121; as suicide, 148; therapeutic goals for, 65–66, 72, 77, 137; among women, 37, 48, 144, 182, 194, 219, 252 Alcoholism and Treatment (report). See RAND Report

  Alexander, Jack, 193, 194, 197, 212

  Allen, Virginia, 48

  Allinson, William, 22

  American Association for the Cure of Inebriety (AACI), 77, 80–82, 83, 85, 99, 112, 213, 276, 286

  American Civil Liberties Union, 233

  American Hospital Association, 229

  American Medical Association (AMA), 112, 226, 229–30. See also Journal of the American Medical Association

  American Society for the Promotion of Temperance, 27

  American Temperance Society, 27

  American Temperance Union, 25, 38, 119

  Anderson, Daniel J., 242, 243–44, 245, 246, 247, 248, 259

  Anderson, Dwight, 127, 209–10, 211, 212, 213, 216

  Anderson, “Happy Charlie,” 91

  Anonymous People (documentary), 284

  Antabuse (disulfiram), 224, 298n29

  Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986), 258

  Anti-Saloon League, 148

  Appleton Temporary Home (Boston), 83

  asylums: for alcoholics, 3, 55–56, 64, 71–77, 80–81, 83, 134; for the mentally ill, 2, 54, 64, 77, 121, 135, 196, 230. See also hospitals; institutions for alcoholics

  Autobiography (Franklin), 15–16

  Bacon, Selden, 205, 222, 229, 230

  Bangs, Grace Allen, 208, 211, 214

  Banner of Gold (newspaper), 111, 113

  Baylor, Courtenay, 127–30, 149, 286

  Beattie, Melody, 257

  Beecher, Lyman, 118

  Bellevue Hospital (New York City), 133–34, 144,145, 147, 205

  Benedict, Pat, 238

  Betty Ford Center, Rancho Mirage, California, 252

  Betty Ford Hazelden Foundation, 285

  Bi-Chloride of Gold Club, 110

  Big Book. See Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism (Wilson)

  Block, Marvin, 229, 230

  blue ribbon movement, 98, 99–100

  Booth, Evangeline, 146,147

  Booth, William, 142

  Botticelli, Michael, 282

  Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 11

  Brackett, Charles, 203, 204

  Bradley, Nelson, 242–45

  Bradshaw, John, 257

  Bradshaw On: The Family (TV series), 257

  brain disease theory, 271–73

  Briggs, George, 43, 44

  Brown, Willard, 113

  Buchman, Frank, 176–78, 180. See also Oxford Group

  Bullard, Dexter M., 216

  Bush, George W., administration of, 281

  business and industry: and AA, 220; employers’ treatment of alcoholic employees, 220, 222, 225, 250; employment assistance programs, 222, 223, 276; employment of alcoholics, 220, 250; loss of productivity to alcoholism, 221

  Butler, Patrick, 245–46

  Calvary Episcopal Church (New York City), mission of, 157, 160, 181

  Calvin, D. Leigh (Mrs.), 212

  Campbell, Helen Stuart, 91

  Campbell, John P., 100, 101

  Carroll, Lynn, 241–42, 2
45–46

  Catholics, 38–39, 117, 182, 187, 190

  Cayuga, 10

  Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 278–79

  Center of Alcohol Studies, Yale University, 205, 206, 211–12, 213, 221, 226, 229

  Chambers, Julius, 88

  Charles B. Towns Hospital for the Treatment of Drug and Alcoholic Addictions (New York City), 154–55, 156, 158, 159, 160, 168, 169, 175, 179, 235

  Cheyne, George, 56–57

  Choctaws, 14

  Christianity, 15, 18, 39, 61, 82, 185; and AA, 185, 253; embracing, as cure for alcoholism, 11, 82, 96, 185; vs. Native American religions, 8, 12, 17–19, 21; and Oxford Group, 176–77, 188. See also religion

  Christian Science, 123, 130

  Christopher, James, 255

  Christopher D. Smithers Foundation, 269

  Clark, C. S., 106, 107–8

  Cline, William B., 209

  Clinton, Bill, administration of, 281

  Cocaine Anonymous, 256

  codependency, concept of, 257, 261

  Codependent No More (Beattie), 257

  Co-Dependents Anonymous, 257

  cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), 274

  Comanche Nation, 139, 140

  Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA) (2016), 285–86

  Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Act (1970), 233

  Connecticut Community for Addiction Recovery (CCAR), 280–81

  Conoy Nation, 14

  Coriat, Isador H., 122

  Cornplanter, 5, 7, 9, 20

  Council of the Six Nations, 22

  Cronin, Pat, 240–41

  Crosby, Nathan, 81–82

  Crow, Sheryl, 284

  Cruse, Joseph, 237, 238

  Crystal Fount and Rechabite Recorder (newspaper), 44, 47

  Curtis, Nathaniel, 50

  Danckaerts, Jasper, 12–13

  Dashaways, 70

  Daughters of Samaria, 49

  Davies, D. L., 266–67

  Davis, Elrick B., 189–90, 195

  Davis, LaSchell, 266, 268

  Davis, Richard, 266, 268

  Day, Albert, 64–70, 74, 80, 83, 100, 130, 272, 286; vs. Turner, 71–72. See also Washingtonian Homes

  Deaconess Hospital (Cleveland), working with Alcoholics Anonymous, 189, 217

  Debs, Eugene, 109